金沙江溪洛渡水电站环境水文地质综合评价

溪洛渡水电站是我国西南地区的一座大型水电站,其规模仅次于三峡水利枢纽规模,在分析坝区水文地质条件的基础上,从温度场,同位素,水化学场以及岩体地下水动力条件等多角度解释了溪洛渡水电站坝区两岸地下水埋深水,局部温度和局部承压等异常现象,通过分析认为,坝址区水文地质工程条件良好,岩体透水性较弱,无水的控水构造,坝区不存在危害性的渗漏问题,坝基及两岸谷坡均有相对抗水介质存在。     

文山小河尾水库岩溶渗漏水文地质条件与管道位置识别

小河尾水库是云南省文山州重要的集中式饮用水水源地,承担着22万人饮水供应任务,长年受到渗漏病害问题困扰。文章在水文地质调查基础上,提出小河尾水库岩溶渗漏水文地质条件的新认识:泥盆系坡折落组硅质岩和榴江组硅质岩构成南北两侧隔水边界,中间厚约40米的分水岭组灰岩构成渗漏条带,一NE-SW向压扭性逆断层F₁构成西侧隔水边界,库水主要向东北侧渗漏。采用大功率充电法和音频大地电磁法2种物探方法探测岩溶渗漏管道位置和深度,并实施钻孔验证,综合分析水文地质调查、物探和钻探成果,认为在分水岭组灰岩与上部榴江组硅质岩、下部坡折落组硅质岩岩性接触带附近分别存在强岩溶渗漏带,并分析2处强岩溶渗漏带分布特征、规模和充填性质,为小河尾水库渗漏治理提供依据,为以后岩溶地区类似水库渗漏病害问题调查治理提供借鉴。      

地下水示踪技术在水库渗漏勘察中的应用

岩溶库区渗漏及坝基渗漏勘察往往需要投入大量人力财力和技术。给出了岩溶库区与坝基地下水渗漏勘察的3个实例,对典型岩溶库区渗漏进行的示踪试验表明,渗漏主要受库岸岩溶发育程度控制,水库蓄水水位剧烈变动成为诱发渗漏的主导因素,随着库区水位平稳及河流泥沙对库岸溶洞的淤填,渗漏会随之减弱。典型水库砂砾石坝基渗漏示踪试验显示,渗漏具有主渗通道。示踪成果为水库防渗加固治理提供重要依据。大型示踪试验是一项复杂的勘察工程,把握示踪试验过程与质量监控是取得成功的关键。      

某水库坝基渗透稳定性研究

某拟建高为22 m的混凝土重力坝坐落于第四系冰水堆积层之上。在大坝上下游水头差的作用下,产生库水渗漏。库水的大量漏失,不但可能使大坝蓄水达不到设计高程而影响工程效益,而且,水流的渗透作用还会导致地基岩（土）体的恶化,产生渗透破坏,影响大坝本身的安全。在现场调查基础上,用数值模拟方法评价了该水库在库内设置175 m长铺盖条件下的渗漏问题,计算了水库的渗流量、大坝基底的水力坡度。因其量值较大,必须在渗流出口处采取反滤层等工程措施,给相关部门提供设计依据和决策参考。     

清江大龙潭水利枢纽防渗帷幕设计及效果监测分析

大龙潭水电站坝址位于碳酸盐岩地区,岩溶发育受岩性和构造控制:在奥陶系南津关组第一段(O1n1)页岩夹灰岩、第二段第一层(O1n2-1)泥质条带灰岩及寒武系第四段第二层硅质条带灰岩(∈34m-2)中岩溶不发育,其他地层的灰岩中岩溶发育;岩溶发育方向主要沿岩层层面和顺河向的断层发育,形成岩溶通道。因此水库渗漏主要沿岩溶发育的断层产生,防渗帷幕设计以奥陶系底部18.8m页岩为防渗依托,并重点加大断层部位的工程量。后期地下水长期观测分析表明,帷幕防渗效果良好,不存在大的库水渗漏,仅在局部断层构造发育部位渗漏量略大。大龙潭水电站防渗帷幕工程成功的范例为碳酸盐岩地区其他工程的防渗优化设计提供了很好的借鉴意义。     

平原病险水库堤坝渗流控制方法研究

根据2000年实测数据绘制了在不同水位下水库堤坝测压管等水位线图,建立垂向二维有限元法渗流数值模型,模拟了尔王庄水库堤坝11个典型断面稳定渗流状态。综合分析测压管实测数据、现场勘查和计算结果,确定水库渗漏严重坝段。计算得出全封闭、悬挂式高压喷射灌浆防渗墙两加固方案下坝体单宽渗流量、浸润线、渗透比降等水力要素,结果表明全封闭设计可降低70.04%~98.32%渗流量,截渗沟或明渠处溢出渗透坡降降至0.001~0.023,控制效果显著。     

Method of leakage study at the karst dam site. A case study: Khersan 3 Dam,Iran

The excellent topographic condition of the limestone canyons for dam construction may be rejected if they are karstified. Karst features cause the reservoir not to be impermeable enough to permit the water to fill it and leakage occurs and often increases with time. Moreover, karst features may involve the stability of the dam itself. A few operated dam sites at the Zagros Zone encountered a leakage problem. Furthermore, more than 30 dams are presently under study for construction in the Zagros Zone. Karst conditions and leakage potential were investigated at an under-study site (Khersan 3 Dam) for assessing the general methodology for the study of leakage potentials. Conventional methods for studying karst features, geological mapping, geomorphology and extensive borings were applied before the dam was constructed. These methods are not efficient enough to precisely reveal the karst structure, especially hidden and paleokarst, nor the hydrological behaviour of the karst structure in different settings of groundwater flow. Based on the present case study and previous applied approaches by other authors, this paper introduces a methodology by means of karst structure and functioning approaches at local and regional scales that cover the conventional methods and overcome their shortages. The proposed methodology should be applied before construction of a dam and should include three steps (a) recognition of geological and hydrogeological settings, (b) delineation and functioning of the karst system related to the future reservoir, and (c) assessment of the leakage potentials. Following this methodology, the most probable leakage zone(s) and path(s) at the dam site can be highlighted.     

水库岩溶渗漏及防渗研究综述

岩溶地区水库渗漏是可溶岩地区兴建水利枢纽的主要工程地质问题之一,尤其是在可溶岩广布、岩溶发育强烈、地形复杂地区,岩溶渗漏成为了该类地区水利水电工程的一个普遍问题.库区的岩溶渗漏不仅影响建坝后的正常蓄水,还将危及坝体的安全与稳定.因此,有必要对库区渗漏,特别是岩溶地区的库区渗漏进行渗漏机理、渗漏特征、渗漏条件等进行详细分...     

燕山水库坝基防渗墙优化设计

因现场资料不足或分析手段落后等原因,当前进行水库坝基防渗墙设计,往往存在过于保守的倾向。以河南省燕山水库为例,基于优化设计的思路,采用目前较为成熟的二维有限单元法,对不同防渗条件下的坝基渗流场分别进行了模拟,并将计算所得比降、流量与允许比降、允许流量做了对比,从定量的角度提出了既安全、又经济的防渗方案:防渗墙厚度取0.8m,深度取打入破碎带5m。     

Seepage problems in the right abutment of the Shahid Abbaspour dam, southern Iran

In this study, seepage phenomena through the right abutment of Shahid Abbaspour dam are investigated. The Shahid Abbaspour dam is a 200 m high arch dam, which regulates the waters of the Karun River, serves power generation, and flood control and irrigation needs. The dam site lies in the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran. This region presents continuous series of mainly of karstic limestone, marl, shale and gypsum ranging in age from Jurassic to Pliocene. The region has subsequently been folded and faulted. Seepage from the Shahid Abbaspour reservoir occurs mainly through the karstic limestone.The basic foundation treatment of the dam consisted of consolidation grouting, a high-pressure grout curtain and a drainage curtain. Moreover, a 144 m high and 30 m wide concrete cutoff wall was built to prevent reservoir seepage through a clay-filled fracture zone in the right abutment. The grout curtain penetrates the “Principal Vuggy Zone” only beneath the central portion of the dam and below the cutoff wall. In the right abutment fan curtains were constructed to reduce drainage flows, but the seepage problem could not be solved. In order to determine the seepage direction and karstification pattern, hydrogeological studies have been carried out. Additional investigation boreholes have been drilled to monitor fluctuations in groundwater level. Besides these, water chemistry, dye tracer, pinhole and XRF tests have been carried out. As a result of these studies, seepage paths have been identified in the karstic limestone in the right abutment of the dam.     

改进遗传算法在坝基帷幕灌浆方案优化中的应用

以一般基岩上的混凝土重力坝为例,采用改进的遗传算法对坝基有排水时的帷幕灌浆参数组合进行优化研究.根据帷幕的厚度进行单元网格剖分,用有限元数值方法计算渗流场,以坝基渗流量、坝基渗透压力和幕体本身的最大水力坡降不超过允许值为约束条件,以帷幕的工程造价最小为目标函数建立优化设计数学模型,寻找一般情况下的帷幕参数的最优组合,为工程设计提供参考依据.     

Karstification below dam sites: a model of increasing leakage from reservoirs

Unnaturally steep hydraulic gradients below foundations or across abutments of dams may cause solutional widening of fractures in karstifiable rocks of carbonates or gypsum. This could cause increasing leakage which may endanger the performance of the construction. To investigate this problem recent models on natural karstification have been applied. We have performed numerical simulations of leakage below a model dam with a grouting curtain reaching down to 100 m below its impermeable foundation of 100 m width. Water is impounded to a depth of 100 m. The dam is located on a terrane of fractured rock dissected by two perpendicular sets of fractures with spacing of 5 m, and with a log-normal distribution of their initial aperture widths of about 0.02 cm. In the first state of karstification these fractures widen slowly, until a pathway of widened fractures below the grouting has reached the downstream side with exit widths of about 1 mm. This causes a dramatic increase of leakage, and turbulent flow sets in. After this breakthrough at time T, in the second state of karstification, dissolution rates become even along these fractures and cause widening of about 0.1 cm year^-1 for limestone, and at least of 1 cm year^-1 for gypsum. This leads to an increase in leakage to excessive rates within 25 years for limestone, but only 5 years for gypsum. We have performed a sensitivity analysis of breakthrough time T for the various parameters which determine the problem. The result shows breakthrough times in the order of several tens of years for both limestone and gypsum. We have also modelled leakage to caves or karst channels 200 m below the bottom of the reservoir, which could induce the formation of sinkholes. The model can be extended to more realistic settings. In conclusion, our results support the prediction that increasing leakage at dam sites can be caused by recent karstification which is activated after filling the reservoir, possibly leading to serious problems within its lifetime.     

灰岩渗透性参数的模糊综合评判方法

针对钻孔较少的灰岩分布区渗透系数的难确定性,结合实例,在分析影响灰岩渗透性因素的基础上,提出了构建评判灰岩渗透性参数的因子集和评判集;然后用模糊综合评判方法确定灰岩渗透系数。     

心墙堆石坝渗透稳定可靠性分析的随机响应面法

将大规模渗流有限元计算与随机响应面法相结合,对双江口心墙堆石坝进行渗透稳定可靠性分析。在基于随机响应面法的可靠度分析框架内,堆石坝稳定渗流有限元计算过程和可靠度分析过程分开独立进行,通过对心墙渗透坡降较大区域的节点建立统一的渗透稳定功能函数,采用渗流有限元分析方法和随机响应面法,计算出该区域每个节点处的渗透破坏失效概率,并将最大失效概率作为心墙的失效概率。最后,分析了心墙渗透系数、覆盖层渗透系数、上游水位与心墙具有最大失效概率节点处渗透坡降的相关关系,以及心墙渗透系数和上游水位的变异性对心墙渗透破坏失效概率的影响。计算结果表明,随机响应面法3阶Hermite展开就能够保证良好的计算精度,且计算耗时较小;双江口堆石坝心墙具有最大失效概率节点处的渗透坡降与上游水位密切相关,而与心墙本身的渗透系数呈弱负相关关系,与覆盖层渗透系数的相关性不显著;随着上游水位变异性的增大,心墙失效概率急剧增大,而这种效应对于心墙渗透系数并不明显。研究成果为随机响应面法在实际工程中的应用奠定了一定的基础。     

改进遗传算法在坝基帷幕灌浆方案优化中的应用

以一般基岩上的混凝土重力坝为例,采用改进的遗传算法对坝基有排水时的帷幕灌浆参数组合进行优化研究。根据帷幕的厚度进行单元网格剖分,用有限元数值方法计算渗流场,以坝基渗流量、坝基渗透压力和幕体本身的最大水力坡降不超过允许值为约束条件,以帷幕的工程造价最小为目标函数建立优化设计数学模型,寻找一般情况下的帷幕参数的最优组合,为工程设计提供参考依据。     

水布垭面板堆石坝垫层料渗透与渗透变形特性试验研究

水布垭水电站混凝土面板堆石坝高达233 m,垫层料的良好性能对于大坝的变形和渗流控制极为重要。文中介绍了基于混凝土面板堆石坝工程建设经验以及水布垭水电站可行性研究阶段试验成果确定的垫层功能要求和垫层料具体设计要求,垫层料的渗透性和渗透变形特性在设计要求中占有重要的位置,详细介绍了施工设计阶段针对垫层料进一步开展的系列渗透变形试验。水平试验取得的渗透系数、临界比降、破坏比降均有大于垂直试验值的趋势,水平试验模型更接近垫层实际填筑情况及其中的水流流态,所以水平试验成果更反映垫层的工程特性;随着垫层料级配和密度的变化,其渗透系数变化范围较大,总体上满足10-4～10-2 cm/s渗透系数的要求。但是,粗级配和低密度试样的渗透系数超越设计要求的上限值;临界比降和破坏比降随着垫层料级配和密度的变化没有呈现明显的规律变化,试样内部结构欠稳定。研究成果进一步说明,垫层料级配和填筑密度控制非常重要,垫层的渗透稳定性有赖于过渡区提供有效的反滤保护作用。     

锦屏普斯罗沟坝址右岸地下水连通试验

连通试验证明普斯罗沟溪水与PD07、PD47、PD01、PD29及其邻近泉存在水力联系。地下水涌水点的分布受T2-3z^2(4)层和NW向张性裂隙带控制。涌水点水的电导率曲线具双峰特征，揭示右岸地下水系统具岩溶管道与岩溶裂隙双重并联型特征。右岸坝肩内地下水水力坡度较大，且裂隙及岩溶裂隙通道较为发育。普斯罗沟沟水是右岸坝肩地下水的重要补给源，但并非右岸坝肩地下水的唯一补给源，可能还存在其他补给源，锦屏山断裂属于区域性的导水带，通过该导水带有一定量的地下水从其南侧的解放沟方向越过普斯罗沟潜入了右岩坝肩。     

岩溶水库坝基防渗帷幕灌浆幕深与幕长的结构形式及处理

防渗帷幕灌浆是处理岩溶地区水库坝基坝肩渗漏的主要方法之一，它可以杜绝深、浅层的复杂的岩溶漏水问题，帷幕设计的合理性及其效果取决于水文地质、地下水的补排条件，水工建筑物结构之间的帷幕体的搭接形式，布置格局和边界范围。本文根据34处渗漏水库的灌浆实践，提出确定帷幕的深度和长度的原则，并得出了相关曲线和经验公式，对岩溶地区水库的渗漏处理进行探讨。     

复杂岩溶水系统势汇区建坝成库可行性研究

北盘江流域沿线山高谷深,岩溶水文地质条件复杂,局部区域水资源短缺,岩溶渗漏问题成为水利水电工程建设的瓶颈。文章综合地质调查测绘、钻探及物探、水文地质试验、岩溶水系统分析、地下水均衡分析等方法,论证了PCH水库不会发生邻谷渗漏及绕坝基深部的岩溶管道型渗漏,但发生溶隙型渗漏的可能性较大。采用有限元法模拟溶隙渗漏显示:随着T₁yn1-1灰岩溶蚀率的增大,坝基抗滑稳定系数稍有降低,潜在失稳模式为后缘剪断T₁yn1-2岩体,前缘沿T₁yn1-2层内岩屑夹泥型软弱结构面剪出;坝基渗漏量呈线性增加,T₁yn1-1灰岩溶隙密集带为坝基主要渗漏区。当溶隙密集带沿T₁yn1-1灰岩与T₁yn1-2泥灰岩接触带水平发育且集中分布时,坝基抗滑稳定系数将明显减小,坝基渗漏量将明显增大;当溶隙密集带垂直发育、分散发育或主要分布于坝后区域时,其对坝基抗滑稳定及坝基渗漏量影响微弱。岩溶水文地质分析及数值模拟均显示,复杂岩溶水系统势汇区下游区域多以溶隙渗漏为主,其工程影响有限,具备建坝成库条件。      

某磷石膏尾矿库堆积坝渗透稳定性分析

随着尾矿库堆积坝高度的增加,库内的地下水渗流场将发生改变,当尾矿堆积坝处的实际水力梯度大于临界水力梯度时,尾矿库堆积坝将产生渗透变形或失稳破坏。为了预测某已建磷石膏尾矿库堆积坝的渗透稳定性,本文运用地下水位计水位恢复试验去确定磷石膏尾矿渗透系数并计算水力梯度,同时采用Geo-studio软件中的SEEP/W模块分析磷石膏堆积坝在不同工况下的渗透稳定性。计算和分析结果表明当堆积坝处于945m堆积高程,在无干滩和100m干滩情况下,实际水力梯度分别为0.784和0.583;当堆积坝处于960m堆积高程,无干滩情况下,实际水力梯度为0.692,在以上两种情况下,堆积坝渗出点高程高于初始坝高程,堆积坝将出现流土变形,坝体处于不稳定状态。当堆积坝处于960m堆积高程100m干滩时,堆积坝上无渗出点,堆积坝处于稳定状态。分析研究结果对该尾矿库的安全运行和维护管理提供技术依据,同时为同类型尾矿库堆积坝渗透稳定性评价提供参考。