考虑中间主应力Hoek-Brown强度准则及其适用性

为考虑中间主应力对岩石极限破坏强度作用,在广义Hoek-Brown强度准则幂率项中添加定量表征中间主应力项,构建新的三维Hoek-Brown强度准则。该准则在主应力空间是通过3个角点外接Hoek-Brown准则包络面的曲六面体,在 空间包络线是幂律型曲线。通过与Hoek-Brown准则、Drucker-Prager准则和Mogi准则分别对4组真三轴压缩强度试验数据的拟合对比分析,探讨其反映中间主应力效应的适用性。结果表明,修正的Hoek-Brown强度准则拟合试验数据效果总体最好,Mogi准则次之,Hoek-Brown准则和Drucker-Prager准则较差。从而修正的Hoek-Brown强度准则最适用于粗面岩、大理岩和花岗岩等硬脆性岩石的真三轴强度预测及中间主应力影响规律描述。     

岩体变形和破坏的各种应力途径

在真三轴应力状态下进行了各种应力途径的岩石变形和破坏实验。实验表明,三个主应力的变化(最大主应力的增加,最小主应力的减小,围压的减小以及中间主应力的增加或减小)都能引起岩石变形和破坏。而且岩石的强度、延性和脆性、体积变化和破坏前兆等都与应力途径有关。据根试验结果探讨了岩体工程中的应力途径问题。     

宏细观结合考虑主应力轴旋转的砂土破坏特性

采用宏细观结合各向异性破坏准则对主应力轴旋转条件下砂土的破坏特性进行分析。该准则是加载应力、组构各向异性程度和应力与组构几何关系3个因素的函数,可描述细观特性对任意应力旋转角度条件下破坏特性的影响。根据空心圆柱扭剪试验的特点推导一般正交坐标系下主应力轴旋转条件下的破坏关系式,考虑应力与砂土细观组构的几何关系,推导的关系式即可分析该条件下破坏特性。材料为各向异性时,主应力轴旋转造成破坏特性发生变化,细观各向异性程度越小变化越小;材料为各向同性时,则不会造成砂土破坏特性的变化。该式表明主应力轴旋转条件下不同破坏特性存在的根本原因是砂土各向异性的存在。采用空心圆柱试验结果进行验证,结果表明建立的关系式能较好描述不同应力加载角度条件下砂土的破坏特性。初步验证了由于砂土各向异性的存在使得主应力轴旋转造成了不同的破坏规律。     

广义双剪屈服准则在岩石力学中的应用

本文就适合于岩石力学的广义双剪屈服准则、双剪帽子模型、双剪角隅模型以及与洛德(Lods)参数对应的双剪参数t_τ,利用有限元法结合实际工程中的算例进行了全面研究。初次用某高地应力区花岗岩进行的真三轴试验和计算结果表明,岩石强度符合广义双剪准则。双剪强度理论具有概念清晰,考虑了应力状态的各个分量,能够反映中间主应力效应等特点,并且可以节省大量工程投资,具有较大的经济价值。     

GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪反压饱和试验探究

GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪是研究土体在循环荷载下的主应力轴旋转的理想仪器。如何使用GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪对软土空心试样进行反压饱和才能使后续试验结果更精确,探究了以GCTS空心圆柱扭剪仪为试验平台,对空心试样进行了反压饱和的试验方法。总结了空心扭剪仪反压饱和的3种加压方式：手动加压、自动加压和连续加压方式。通过一些试验探究了每种加压方式所对应的合理性参数。确定了适合吹填土的压差为15kPa。确定了孔压稳定的标准为：如果孔压在1min内的变化值小于围压和反压之间压力差的5％,则认为孔压稳定。     

岩石空心圆柱扭剪仪试验能力

针对自行研制的岩石空心圆柱扭剪仪可独立控制4个加载参数（轴力、扭力、内围压和外围压）的功能,通过数学和力学分析,系统地整理出几种易于实现且符合实际工程的应力路径及加载方式：在轴力与内围压满足一定关系的前提下,可以获取岩石的抗拉强度,提供一种新型测量岩石抗拉强度的方法;通过控制内外围压及轴力,可以进行常规三轴试验与真三轴试验,克服了现阶段岩石真三轴试验中试验装置复杂、试样加载面摩擦大的缺点;在轴力与内、外围压分别满足一定关系时,可以分别实现平均应力p不变与中主应力系数b不变的应力路径,用于研究应力主轴旋转对岩石力学性质的影响。上述应力路径的实现对岩石力学性质的研究以及现阶段岩石室内试验的发展具有重要意义。     

中间主应力对岩石强度的影响程度和规律

本文根据普通三轴试验中随着围压的增加岩石的变形和破坏特性的变化,划分出低围压,中等围压及高围压的界限。通过分析国内外学者的岩石真三轴试验结果,总结出了中等围压下中间主应力对不同岩石强度的影响程度和规律,并指出了莫尔(Molr)准则的适用范围。     

岩石空心圆柱扭剪试验系统研制

针对深部工程岩体开挖时围岩内部应力状态复杂变化的特点,研制了可实现主应力量值变化和应力主轴旋转等复杂应力路径的岩石空心圆柱扭剪试验系统,可用于开展复杂应力作用下岩石的强度、变形和破坏形态的室内试验研究。介绍了该试验系统的基本结构、工作原理及技术参数。该试验系统具有如下特点：（1）通过利用空心圆柱试样与上、下压头的特点,克服了岩石试样扭矩施加的技术困难,将施加轴向力和扭矩的两个加载轴合二为一,彻底解决了轴向力加载与扭矩施加机构之间相互影响的技术难题。（2）通过采用新型自平衡加载三轴室,实现了轴向力、扭矩、内围压和外围压4种荷载的独立施加和控制。（3）采用应力与流量的加载控制方式,并通过软件集成,实现了主应力量值改变和应力主轴旋转耦合应力路径的准确模拟以及加载过程的稳定控制。（4）该试验系统结构简单,功能多样,操作方便。采用该试验系统进行了初步试验,验证了试验系统的可行性与实用性,表明该试验系统具有实现应力主轴旋转及主应力量值改变的复杂应力路径的功能。     

岩石材料的一种非线性三参数强度准则及应用

为了更好地描述岩石材料在多种复杂应力作用下的强度状态,在已提出的双T~2强度理论基础上,建立了一种新的非线性三参数强度准则。通过与Westerly花岗岩等5种岩石材料试验数据的比较,对准则在σ_1=σ_2σ_3,σ_1σ_2=σ_3,σ_3=0、σ_10、σ_20,σ_30和σ-τ 5种复杂应力状态下的合理性和适用性进行了讨论。研究表明:待定系数A、B、C可通过简单的试验确定且具有明确的物理意义;不同岩石材料的极限应力比α和β对应不同的强度理论;非线性三参数强度准则的π平面迹线介于单剪强度理论和Mises准则、双剪强度理论之间,符合各向同性材料屈服面三轴对称和外凸的公设;理论预测曲线可反映岩石材料中主应力效应的区间性与静水压力效应,并与多种岩石材料在复杂应力状态下的强度变化趋势基本吻合。     

考虑应变率效应的广义Hoek-Brown动态强度准则

岩石强度特性具有明显的围压效应和应变率效应,研究复杂应力状态下动态强度准则对于岩石动力学分析至关重要。利用10~(-5)~10~(2.32) s~(-1)应变率范围内砂岩静动态间接拉伸和单、三轴压缩强度试验数据,进行了广义Hoek-Brown强度准则预测砂岩动态强度的适用性研究,分析了材料参数的应变率效应。结果表明,广义Hoek-Brown强度准则能够较好地描述同一应变率下较低拉应力区到较高压应力区砂岩强度规律,低应变率区单轴抗压强度c_s和参数a变化不大,高应变率区随应变率的增加非线性增大,而参数m几乎不受应变率影响。基于分析建立了单轴抗压强度c_s和参数a的应变率效应函数关系,提出了由低应变率到高应变率下的广义Hoek-Brown动态强度准则统一表达式,进一步探讨了岩石强度依赖应变率效应和围压效应的物理机制。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an