城市化速度曲线及其政策启示——对诺瑟姆曲线的讨论与发展

诺瑟姆提出的城市化S形曲线是城市地理学的经典理论成果,对它在中国的应用却存在曲解。根据诺瑟姆原文,不是所有国家的城市化水平都能达到100%,城市化水平在30%到70%之间也不是一直处于加速状态;进而推导出城市化速度变化的四阶段倒"U"形曲线:孕育阶段、加速阶段、减速阶段、趋零阶段。其政策含义和启示在于:城市化速度变化有其规律,不能拔苗助长;中国已经迈过城市化速度的拐点,加速城市化不应是长期的主旋律;城市化依然是主要发展方向和趋势;中国城市化理念与重点均需转型;城市化与包容性增长、城乡统筹和农民工市民化是"十二五"时期的主要任务。     

EDGE CITIES: PERIPHERALIZING THE CENTER

Within the last two decades, an ostensibly new urban phenomenon—the edge city—has taken root in the U.S. metropolis. Rather than treating this sighting as an objective event to be empirically verified, the focus here is on the concept's discursive qualities. Edge city's symbolic thrust, I argue, is to resolve the ambivalence Americans have toward their cities. Ultimately, however, it fails, floundering on flawed representational tactics and a misreading of the actual dynamics of U.S. urbanization. Our urban ambivalence remains intact.     

Created unequal: China's regional pay inequality and its relationship with mega-trend urbanization

The relationship between inequality and mega-trend urbanization in China is complicated. At least in the first two decades of economic reform, urbanization is one of primary drivers of rising inequality across the country. Using between-and within-group components of Theil's T-statistics measured across regions and sectors, this paper provides new estimates of the evolution of China's regional inequality during the reform period. We particularly analyze the associations between inequality and China's megacities-oriented urbanization strategy. We find that China's overall pay inequality started to rise rapidly in the early 1990s, that it peaked in 2008, with the between-provinces component peaking as early as 2002. Since 2008 overall pay inequality has decreased, with between-province and within inequality both showing steady declines. In these respects, the evolution of pay inequality in China mirrors the trajectory expected under the hypothesis of a Kuznets' curve.     

THE AMUR-YAKUTSK MAINLINE: A SOVIET CONCEPT OR REALITY?

The assimilation of Siberia's northeast frontier has been a subliminal goal of Soviet planners since the 1930s, but economic problems, including inaccessibility, have thwarted their aim at almost every turn. The completion of the Baykal-Amur Mainline (BAM) and the renewed planning and construction of the Amur-Yakutsk Mainline (AYAM) at first promised to inspire new regional development efforts. The new policies of the Gorbachev administration appear to have altered the course, at least temporarily. This article analyzes these developments and relationships.     

西安市城市化与都市农业发展耦合关系研究

城市化以其强烈的市场效应与辐射功能带动了都市农业的发展,但同时又对都市农业的水土资源、生态环境造成负面影响;都市农业又通过其生产、社会及生态功能推动城市化发展。揭示两者之间的作用规律,对解决城市经济、社会和生态问题,快速推动都市农业发展,协调城乡关系具有重要意义。本文在构建城市化水平与都市农业发展水平测度指标体系的基础上,通过主成分分析法和相关分析法,探讨了城市化与都市农业发展之间的相互作用机制,并定量分析了两者之间的耦合关系。结果表明：① 近10 年,西安市城市化水平与都市农业发展水平都呈上升的趋势,且二者表现出显著的同步性;② 西安城市化水平和都市农业发展水平呈显著的正相关,相关系数达0.955;③ 西安城市现代化水平因子、城市生活质量水平因子和人口与经济结构因子是推动城市化的3 个主要因子,其中城市现代化水平因子是推动西安都市农业发展的主导因子。     

丝绸之路经济带核心区新型城镇化驱动因素量化分析与对策——基于LASSO的变量筛选

在“一带一路”与新型城镇化两大体系融合的背景下，新疆作为丝绸之路经济带核心区，其城镇化的健康发展不仅关系着新疆社会稳定、长治久安与经济的可持续发展，同时对“一带一路”建设起到支撑作用。影响新型城镇化发展的因素众多，采用LASSO方法从可能影响新疆新型城镇化发展的经济贸易、基础设施、社会保障、政府制度、教育科技、医疗卫生、金融发展、人民生活、人口就业、民族文化、资源环境、能源消耗以及兵团建设13个方面选取64个驱动因子进行量化分析，依据模型压缩系数实现指标精简。对各因素的影响效果进行分析，从基础设施建设、兵地融合、参与“一带一路”建设、对口援疆以及水资源利用方面给出推进丝绸之路经济带核心区新型城镇化发展的对策与建议。     

晋陕蒙能源区城镇化过程及其对生态环境的影响

研究能源区城镇化过程及其生态环境影响,对于更好地认识能源富集地区发展有重要的现实意义。利用1992-2009 年的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,建立晋陕蒙能源区城镇化形态的年尺度时间折线图,探究其空间过程与动态强度,并用与NPP价值量成正比关系的植被固碳释氧效应反映生态环境影响。结果表明,城镇化过程在空间上的总强度不断上升,但单位面积强度有所波动,其形态趋于边缘复杂化和布局分散化;大部分区域NPP价值量与城镇化强度均在增加,少数城镇化快速增长区域NPP价值量下降。说明城镇中心的植被固碳释氧效应虽因不透水面增大而有所降低,但城镇化进程并未降低区域整体的固碳释氧服务功能。能源区良好生态环境的客观需求和发展积累的大量资金可能有益于推动城镇化区域的生态建设。     

Regional Urbanization,Spatial Justice,and Place

Revisiting work such as Edward Soja's Postmetropolis reminds us of the importance of a geographical perspective, as well as a thoroughly process oriented and dynamic consideration of the urban. Soja's work emphasizes multi-scalar processes that work to produce urbanization, and the complex, fragmented, and unequal spaces that result. Attention to spatial process and justice is essential, but is incomplete without consideration and real attention to the material and geographically embedded experiences of place that manifest urbanization in everyday life.     

Spatiotemporal patterns in urbanization efficiency within the Yangtze River Economic Belt between 2005 and 2014

The question of how to generate maximum socio-economic benefits while at the same time minimizing input from urban land resources lies at the core of regional ecological civilization construction. We apply stochastic frontier analysis (SFA) in this study to municipal input-output data for the period between 2005 and 2014 to evaluate the urbanization efficiency of 110 cities within the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) and then further assess the spatial association characteristics of these values. The results of this study initially reveal that the urbanization efficiency of the YREB increased from 0.34 to 0.53 between 2005 and 2014, a significant growth at a cumulative rate of 54.07%. Data show that the efficiency growth rate of cities within the upper reaches of the Yangtze River has been faster than that of their counterparts in the middle and lower reaches, and that there is also a great deal of additional potential for growth in urbanization efficiency across the whole area. Secondly, results show that urbanization efficiency conforms to a “bar-like” distribution across the whole area, gradually decreasing from the east to the west. This trend highlights great intra-provincial differences, but also striking inter-provincial variation within the upper, middle, and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The total urbanization efficiency of cities within the lower reaches of the river has been the highest, followed successively by those within the middle and upper reaches. Finally, values for Moran’s I within this area remained higher than zero over the study period and have increased annually; this result indicates a positive spatial correlation between the urbanization efficiency of cities and annual increments in agglomeration level. Our use of the local indicators of spatial association (LISA) statistic has enabled us to quantify characteristics of “small agglomeration and large dispersion”. Thus, “high- high” (H-H) agglomeration areas can be seen to have spread outwards from around Zhejiang Province and the city of Shanghai, while areas characterized by “low-low” (L-L) patterns are mainly concentrated in the north of Anhui Province and in Sichuan Province. The framework and results of this research are of considerable significance to our understanding of both land use sustainability and balanced development.     

基于Logistic模型的中国城镇化演进阶段特征及趋势探析

加快推进中国城镇化进程是十八大提出的重要发展战略,科学揭示城镇化演进规律及趋势,对指导城镇化健康、可持续发展具有重要借鉴意义。依据Northam城镇化发展阶段划分思想,基于Logistic模型,借助SPSS分析软件,采用回归分析方法,对中国城镇化发展前景进行了预测,并对城镇化发展三阶段的特征点进行了探索。结果表明：（1）2020、2030、2040、2050年,中国城镇化率将分别达到57.52%、65.09%、70.53%、74.16%。（2）城镇化发展速度极值点出现在2002～2003年,极值点处发展速度为1.068个百分点·a-1,城镇化水平为40%左右,加速度两个极值点分别出现在1978年、2028年前后,两极值点城镇化发展速度均为0.712个百分点·a-1,城镇化水平分别为16.90%、63.09%。（3）中国城镇化加速发展起始时间点为改革开放初,持续时长为49.32 a,2028年前后发展速度将趋于平缓,加速发展期内年平均时速为0.94个百分点·a-1,由此得到的启示为：中国城镇化发展尚存较大空间,未来积极推进城镇化建设,契合城镇化演进规律;适度控制城镇化发展速度,发展速度以1个百分点·a-1为宜;既要重视城镇化发展速度,更要重视城镇化发展质量。研究结果可为管理层制定城镇化发展规划及政策提供理论参考。     

广东省人口城镇化变动趋势

本文分析了８０年代以来广东省人口城镇化的变化特征，认为以工业化为核心的经济快速发展是广东省城镇化的主要动力。指出今后庆充分发挥地区优势，以产业结构的深入高速为动力，引导劳动力的合理流劝，促进各区域城镇化的协调发展。     

珠江三角洲乡村城市化的思考

论述乡村城市化的涵义,分析了珠江三角洲乡村城市化的基本特点,制约因素及加速城市化进程的任务和对策,指出不同国情应有不同的城市化模式。我国幅员辽阔,地域差异大,不同地区乡村城市化的形式也应有所区别。珠江三角洲是目前国内乡村城市化发展较快的区域,但于工业化发展速度相比仍显得滞后,城市化属初级阶段,呈粗放化特点。为加快珠江三角洲城市化进程,必须抓好如下几个方面：①进一步形成区域现代化的经济发展格局;②形     

Finding the Gentrification Frontier Using Census Data: The Case of Portland,Maine

The purpose of this paper is to identify of the gentrification frontier. The gentrification frontier represents a divide between gentrified and ungentrified areas of the city. Based on a case study of Portland, Maine, field research is combined with an analysis of census-derived variables to delineate the gentrification frontier in three time periods 1980-1990, 1990-2000, and 1980-2000. This paper suggests that the existence of an amenity, a revitalized urban waterfront can act as a catalyst for gentrification of the adjacent urban space, thereby creating a gentrification frontier associated with reinvestment in the waterfront. The results of the analysis show that because of low levels of gentrification before 1990 it is only possible to identify the gentrification frontier in the period from 1990-2000. As expected, the gentrification frontier is fragmented and discontinuous. It is located adjacent to an almost continuous area of gentrification that extends along Portland's waterfront.     

跨江城市群城镇化空间格局演变及机制研究——以皖江城市带为例

以皖江城市带为例,采用空间自相关模型对其新型城镇化空间相关格局进行分析并提出建议;分析跨江城市群新型城镇化发展的特有机制。结果表明：(1)从2010年以来,皖江城市带新型城镇化水平呈上升趋势但不稳定,区内差异性减弱且质量有所提高,新型城镇化水平与经济发展水平不一致;(2)从全局空间关联角度来看,皖江城市带新型城镇化水平在空间上存在明显的正相关性即存在空间集聚现象;(3)从局部自相关角度来看,H-H集聚区即热点区存在沿长江东移的趋势,H-L集聚区主要位于宣城,L-H集聚区向铜陵演变,L-L集聚区位于皖江城市带西部六安、安庆、池州,且发展稳定;(4)江河功能的嬗变、政府政策的鼎革、城市之间竞速发展与地理扩散是跨江城市群新型城镇化发展的特有机制。     

近20年来昆明市城市化进程对城市热岛效应的影响研究

近年来,城市化对城市气温影响是气候变暖研究中备受关注的问题之一。利用1987~2006年昆明及周围3个站点的气象数据分析城区和周围站点的气温变化差异,给出城市和郊区在不同年份、不同季节城市化影响下的气温变化趋势。研究发现:近20年来,城区年平均温度为15.7℃,郊区为14.9℃,受城市化的影响,昆明市城区热岛效应一直呈现增幅的趋势,其中在冬季热岛强度最大且增幅为0.399℃/10 a,而热岛强度最小的是夏季,UHI最高气温增幅为0.29℃/10 a,UHI最低气温增幅为0.56℃/10 a。在此基础上结合昆明城区的城市发展资料,运用熵值法、主成分分析方法探讨了城市发展对年热岛强度的影响,结果表明在不同时段影响因素不同,1987~1994年主要因素是建成区面积和人均GDP,而1995~2006年则是人均GDP和城镇人口。     

Urbanization of Capital or Capitalization on Urban Land? Land Development and Local Public Finance in Urbanizing China

This study examines the relationship between urban land development and municipal finance in a Chinese regional economy undergoing rapid urbanization. Drawing upon insights from the perspective of political economy, this study analyzes how municipalities in coastal Jiangsu Province have engaged in the land-dominated urbanization process, and the developmental landscape that has emerged from the new approach toward local public finance. Land development has not functioned simply as a passive outcome of urbanization, but has been actively pursued by local governments as a means of revenue generation to finance local economic growth. An inverse correlation is found between the growth of land conveyance income and the level of the regional economies in China's administrative hierarchy. We call for greater attention to be directed to the interrelationship between land development, local public finance, and urbanization in the ongoing transformation of the Chinese political economy.     

中国城市化发展质量的综合测度与提升路径

城市化质量是经济城市化质量、社会城市化质量和空间城市化质量的有机统一,城市化发展质量的提升是加快推进我国城市化进程健康发展的关键。本文借助象限图法,通过对城市化质量、速度与城市化水平互动协调关系的分析,从经济、社会、空间三方面提出了由三类指标、12项具体指标组成的城市化发展质量综合测度的三维指标球及判别标准值,引进阿特...     

张家界旅游业与城镇化协调发展研究

在对旅游业与城镇化互动关系进行理论分析的基础上,阐述了张家界旅游业发展对城镇化的作用,并就目前张家界在推进城镇化进程中与旅游业发展之间存在的矛盾进行了分析。提出了张家界旅游业与城镇化协调发展的一些建议。     

中国小城镇产业结构特征及影响因素研究

分析揭示了2015年中国小城镇产业结构特征与空间差异,并利用加权最小二乘法实证估计了中国小城镇非农产业占比的影响因素。研究得出中国小城镇非农产业占比呈正态分布,非农产业占比较高的区域主要集中在东部沿海、长江经济带和边境口岸地区。东部地区小城镇非农产业占比呈负偏态分布,中部地区呈正态分布,而西部和东北地区则呈现正偏态分布特征,产业结构相对落后。小城镇规模、所在县域经济发展水平与小城镇非农产业占比显著正相关。县域第二产业占比提高带来的拉动效应略高于第三产业,小城镇产业更多的是为县域第二产业发展提供配套支撑。地级城市（地区、自治州、盟）规模的扩大对辖区内小城镇产业结构升级产生的扩散效应强于虹吸效应。     

THE NINETEENTH‐CENTURY EVOLUTION OF LOCAL‐SCALE ROADS IN KENTUCKY'S BLUEGRASS

ABSTRACT. In the nineteenth century, local‐scale roads in central Kentucky were built subject to local knowledge and cultural tradition but within the context of legal authority and folk‐ or science‐based engineering precepts. This study demonstrates how legal and engineering standards‐though conceived as transcendent and objective‐were in fact contingent on the region's physical attributes as well as its cultural traditions and character. Thus local road alignment and construction have been influenced by and contingent on local knowledge, dialogue, and debate since frontier times.