基于前期观测降水和500 hPa高度场的西北太平洋热带风暴生成频数的新预测方案

利用前期1—2月和4—5月平均的东半球格点降水与500hPa高度场资料,通过多元线性逐步回归,建立了预测西北太平洋年热带风暴生成频数的预测方案。由于分别使用了欧洲中期数值预报中心和美国国家环境预测中心的大气再分析资料,建立了两个预测模型,对1979—2002年的预测交叉检验的距平相关系数分别为0.78和0.74。预测的多年平均绝对误差是3.0和3.2,即多年平均西北太平洋年热带风暴生成频数的10%左右。进一步指出:实际预测中可以把两个模型的预测结果平均作为最后预测结果,这样的话,多年交叉检验的距平相关系数是0.88,多年平均的预测绝对误差是1.92个。这样就可能得到更加准确的预测。本文结果还只是该方案的交叉检验结果,尚需在实际预测中进一步检验其能力。     

大西洋风暴活动预测的一个潜在高效能的预测方案

A new empirical approach for the seasonal prediction of annual Atlantic tropical storm number (ATSN) was developed using precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height data from the preceding January-February and April-May. The 2.5º×2.5º resolution reanalysis data from both the US National Center for Environmental Prediction/the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) and the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF) were applied. The model was cross-validated using data from 1979-2002. The ATSN predictions from the two reanalysis models were correlated with the observations with the anomaly correlation coefficients (ACC) of 0.79 (NCEP/NCAR) and 0.78 (ECMWF) and the multi-year mean absolute prediction errors (MAE) of 1.85 and 1.76, respectively. When the predictions of the two models were averaged, the ACC increased to 0.90 and the MAE decreased to 1.18, an exceptionally high score. Therefore, this new empirical approach has the potential to improve the operational prediction of the annual tropical Atlantic storm frequency.     

El Niño teleconnections in CMIP5 models

Teleconnections associated with warm El Niño/southern oscillation (ENSO) events in 20 climate model intercomparison project 5 (CMIP5) models have been compared with reanalysis observations. Focus has been placed on compact time and space indices, which can be assigned a specific statistical confidence. Nearly all of the models have surface temperature, precipitation and 250 hPa geopotential height departures in the Tropics that are in good agreement with the observations. Most of the models also have realistic anomalies of Northern Hemisphere near-surface temperature, precipitation and 500 hPa geopotential height. Model skill for these variables is significantly related to the ability of a model to accurately simulate Tropical 250 hPa height departures. Additionally, most models have realistic temperature and precipitation anomalies over North America, which are linked to a model’s ability to simulate Tropical 250 hPa and Northern Hemisphere 500 hPa height departures. The skills of temperature and precipitation departures over the Northern Hemisphere and North America are associated with the ability to realistically simulate realistic ENSO frequency and length. Neither horizontal nor vertical resolution differences for either the model atmosphere or ocean are significantly related at the 95 % level to variations in El Niño simulation quality. Overall, recent versions of earlier models have improved in their ability to simulate El Niño teleconnections. For instance, the average model skills of temperature and precipitation for the Tropics, Northern Hemisphere and North America for 11 CMIP5 models are all larger than those for prior versions.     

动力延伸预报产品在广西月降水预报中的应用

利用1958—2005年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和2003—2005年国家气候中心的动力延伸预报产品, 运用自然正交函数展开 (EOF) 求取预报关键区内的空间特征向量及其时间系数, 结合相似离度方法查找与预报月份相似的个例, 进而作出广西月降水量预报。独立样本试验证明, 利用动力延伸预报产品制作的区域月降水预报比利用前期实况高度距平场相关区域制作的预报效果更好。     

On spatiotemporal series analysis and its application to predict the regional short term climate process

Based on the theory of reconstructing state space, a technique for spatiotemporal series prediction ispresented. By means of this technique and NCEP/NCAR data of the monthly mean geopotential heightanomaly of the 500-hPa isobaric surface in the Northern Hemisphere, a regional prediction experiment isalso carried out. If using the correlation coefficient R between the observed field and the prediction fieldto measure the prediction accuracy, the averaged R given by 48 prediction samples reaches 21%, whichcorresponds to the current prediction level for the short range climate process.     

The Performance of Atmospheric Component Model R42L9 of GOALS／LASG

This paper examines the performance of an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG/IAP). It is a spectral model truncated at R42(2.8125°long×1.66°lat) resolution and with nine vertical levels, and referred to as R42L9/LASG hereafter. It is also the new version of atmospheric component model R15L9 of the global ocean-atmosphere-land system (GOALS/LASG). A 40-year simulation in which the model is forced with the climatological monthly mean sea surface temperature is compared with the 40-year (1958-97) U.S. National Center for Environmental Prediction (NGEP) global reanalysis and the 22-year (1979-2000) Xie-Arkin monthly precipitation climatology. The mean DJF and JJA geographical distributions of precipitation, sea level pressure, 500-hPa geopotential height, 850-hPa and 200-hPa zonal wind, and other fields averaged for the last 30-year integrat     

DOWNSCALING FORECAST OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION OVER GUANGXI BASED ON BP NEURAL NETWORK MODEL

Variables fields such as enstrophy, meridional-wind and zonal-wind variables are derived from monthly 500 hPa geopotential height anomalous fields. In this work, we select original predictors from monthly 500-hPa geopotential height anomalous fields and their variables in June of 1958 - 2001, and determine comprehensive predictors by conducting empirical orthogonal function (EOF) respectively with the original predictors. A downscaling forecast model based on the back propagation (BP) neural network is built by use of the comprehensive predictors to predict the monthly precipitation in June over Guangxi with the monthly dynamic extended range forecast products. For comparison, we also build another BP neural network model with the same predictands by using the former comprehensive predictors selected from 500-hPa geopotential height anomalous fields in May to December of 1957 - 2000 and January to April of 1958 - 2001. The two models are tested and results show that the precision of superposition of the downscaling model is better than that of the one based on former comprehensive predictors, but the prediction accuracy of the downscaling model depends on the output of monthly dynamic extended range forecast.     

Significant enhancement in atmospheric biweekly disturbance over Northeast Asia during the recent warming hiatus

Based on daily 500-hPa geopotential height from ERA-Interim reanalysis data, this study analyzed the day-to-day circulation variance in cold season (October–March) by composite and correlation analysis. Two same-length time periods were compared, namely, the hiatus period (1999–2013) and the rapid warming period (1984–1998). Spectral analysis revealed that over the mid–high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, the most outstanding peak in the daily 500-hPa geopotential height variance was of quasi-biweekly timescale (about 10–20 days), accounting for about 32% of the total variance. During the warming hiatus, quasibiweekly disturbance (QBD) changed remarkably in Northeast Asia. On average, within the domain 42°–50 °N, 128°–142 °E, the QBD variance changed from 1860 m² in the rapid warming period to 2475 m² in the hiatus period, increasing by about 33% and statistically significant at the 95% confidence level. Lead–lag analysis showed that the QBD signal could be traced back by about 14 days, with an origin around the Ural Mountains. Then, the signal developed and propogated southeastward, with its location about 10 days prior to its peak in West Siberia, and about 6 days prior to its peak in the Sayan Mountains, and finally moving to Northeast Asia. By comparing the propagation process between the two periods, we found that the propagation paths were basically the same, but there were evident differences in the intensity of the signals. The intensification of QBD may have been related to the increased energy conversion from mean flow to QBD transients. The frequency of low-temperature extremes in negative QBD phases was much higher than under normal conditions or in positive phases. Associated with the enhanced QBD, the probability of extreme low temperature increased from 19% during the rapid warming period to 27% during the warming hiatus.     

集合样本数影响月平均500 hPa高度场预测技巧分析

气候系统模式输出结果是当前开展气候预测业务的重要参考依据之一,如何提高气候系统模式输出结果的可信度是改进气候业务预测能力的关键之一。利用1999—2010年NCEP CFSv2模式每日四次预测未来45天的回算数据,分析了集合样本数对模式预测能力的影响。分析结果表明,模式对月平均500 hPa位势高度的预测技巧在热带地区较高,而中高纬度地区较低;模式对500 hPa位势高度时间异常的预测能力优于空间异常。无论是空间异常还是时间异常,随着模式超前时间的增加,预测技巧均逐渐降低,但是在不同区域和不同月份,模式预测技巧随超前时间的变化存在差异。此外,模式预测技巧存在非常大的年际变率。增加集合样本数,对不同月份和不同起报时间预测技巧的稳定度和预测技巧值均有明显正效果,特别是对亚洲中纬度地区改善度较大。增加集合样本数也可以在一定程度上降低模式预测技巧年际变率。集合样本数增加对于500 hPa位势高度空间异常的改进优于时间异常。      

COUPLING PATTERNS OF AIR-SEA INTERACTION AT MIDDLE & LOWER LATITUDES AND THEIR INTERDECADAL OSCILLATION

Diagnostic studies have been done of the seasonal and interdecadal variations of the coupling patterns for the air-sea interactions in the northern Pacific region, by using 500-hPa geopotential height field of the Northern Hemisphere and monthly mean SST field of northern Pacific Ocean (1951 ～ 1995) and with the aid of the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) technique. The results show that: (1) The distribution patterns of SVD, which link with the El Nifo (or La Nina) events, are important in the interaction between the atmosphere and ocean while the atmosphere, coupling with it, varies like the PNA teleconnection does. The coupling of airsea interactions is the highest in the winter (January), specifically linking the El Nino event with the PNA pattern in the geopotential height field. Of the four seasons, summer has the poorest coupling when the 500-hPa geopotential height field corresponding to the La Nina event displays patterns similar to the East Asian-Pacific one (PJ). The spring and autumn are both transitional and the coupling is less tight in the autumn than in the spring. (2) Significant changes have taken place around 1976 in the pattern of air-sea coupling, with the year's winter having intensified PNA pattern of 500-hPa winter geopotential height field, deepened Aleutian low that moves southeast and the summer following it having outstanding PJ pattern of 500-hPa geopotential height field.which is not so before 1976.     

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE SUMMER PRECIPITATION IN NORTHEAST CHINA AND THE GLOBAL SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ANOMALY (SSTA) IN PRECEDING SEASONS

1 INTRODUCTION Chilling damage, flooding and drought in summer are the major climatic disasters inNortheast China. Before the 1980s chilling damage often occurred, and after 1990s flooding and drought disasters were more noticeable in this region. These c…     

A Comparison of Three Kinds of Multimodel Ensemble Forecast Techniques Based on the TIGGE Data

Based on the ensemble mean outputs of the ensemble forecasts from the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts),JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency),NCEP (National Centers for Environment...     

大气再分析资料中潜在可预报性的特征及其差异

利用1957年9月—2002年8月ECMWF和NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,分别讨论了冬季和夏季SLP(sea level pressure,海平面气压)、500hPa高度、200hPa纬向风和850hPa经向风年际变率的潜在可预报性特征。结果表明:热带地区的潜在可预报性较高,尤其是赤道中东太平洋地区,而中高纬地区的潜在可预报性则较低。比较两套资料潜在可预报性的异同后发现:南半球的差异均明显大于北半球,特别是南极地区;低层变量的差异均大于中高层变量;东亚大陆在冬、夏季均具有一定的潜在可预报性;冬季各变量均表现出东亚冬季风具有较高的年际变率潜在可预报性,且两套资料的差异较小;500hPa位势高度表现的东亚夏季风潜在可预报性在两套资料中较一致,而低层变量(SLP和850hPa经向风)表现的东亚夏季风年际变率潜在可预报性在两套资料中存在较大差异。     

ON STRONG SIGNALS OF MONTHLY PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN EARLY RAINING SEASON OF GUANGDONG AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS OF PREDICTION

Reanalysis data from NCEP/NCAR are used to systematically study preceding signals of monthly precipitation anomalies in the early raining season of Guangdong province, from the viewpoints of 500-hPa geopotential height field, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) field, sea surface temperature (SST) and fourteen indexes of general circulation depicting atmosphere activity at high, middle and low latitutes. Being multiple tools of information, a number of conceptual models are formulated that are useful for prediction of the magnitude of monthly precipitation (drought, flood and normal conditionss).     

CGCM3 predictors used for daily temperature and precipitation downscaling in Southern Québec, Canada

This study provides some guidance on the choice of predictor variables from both reanalysis products and the third version of the Canadian Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3) outputs for regression-based statistical downscaling models (SDMs) for climate change application in southern Québec (Canada). Twenty CGCM3 grid points and four surface observation sites in the study area were employed. Twenty-five deseasonalized predictors and four deseasonalized predictands (daily maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation occurrence and wet day precipitation amount) were used to investigate correlation coefficients among predictors and to evaluate their predictive ability when used in a multiple linear regression (MLR) downscaling model. The basic statistical characteristics of vorticity at 1,000-, 850- and 500-hPa levels, U-component of velocity at 1,000-hPa level, temperature at 2?m (T ₂) and wind direction at 1,000- and 500-hPa level of CGCM3 showed a larger difference with those of the NCEP reanalysis data. Therefore, those seven variables require high caution to be included as predictors in statistical downscaling models. Specific humidity at 1,000-, 850- and 500-hPa levels, geopotential height at 850- and 500-hPa levels and T ₂ were the most sensitive predictors for future climate conditions (i.e. A1B and A2 emission scenarios). Specific humidity and geopotential height at different levels and T ₂ were important explainable predictors for the daily temperatures. Mean sea level pressure, specific humidity, U and V components and divergence showed potential as predictors for daily precipitation. Spatial explained variance of MLRs between predictors of every different CGCM3 grid points and the four predictands showed large values at the CGCM3 grid points located near the observation sites, whereas relatively small values were shown at the CGCM3 grid points located more than 400?km from the sites. The explained variance of the downscaled predictands by predictors of three or four CGCM3 grid points located near the observation site produced 2–5% larger R-squares than those by predictors of the nearest grid point. The results illustrated that the use of predictors from more than one AOGCM grid points located near the observation site can increase the skill of the MLR downscaling models.     

Investigating the relationship of meteorological/climatological conditions and wildfires in Greece

During the last decades, wildfires have received growing attention because of their major impact on the natural and anthropogenic infrastructures worldwide. The present paper focuses on investigating the relationship between the meteorological/climatological conditions and wildfires in Greece on a variety of temporal and spatial scales. This is performed through the identification of the mean surface temperature, the sea-level pressure, and the absolute humidity anomalies during wildfires at 26 meteorological stations covering both maritime and land environments in the Greek domain and the subsequent construction of the derived GIS surface contour maps. A case study analysis through composite anomaly maps of temperature, pressure, precipitable water, 500-hPa geopotential height, specific humidity, and vector wind is also performed. It is concluded that positive surface temperature, absolute/specific humidity, 500-hPa geopotential height, and vector wind anomalies are observed during wildfires while sea-level pressures are anomalously negative. Furthermore, western regions display lower magnitude anomalies compared to the more central and central-eastern regions during wildfires. The above meteorological/climatological findings in conjunction with medium range to seasonal climate forecasts could be used by wildfire risk managers to provide increased wildfire prediction accuracy and thus benefit many aspects of the natural and built environment.     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIPOLE OSCILLATION OF SSTA OF AND TEMPERATURE IN CHINA

The work is a general survey SSTA data of the Indian Ocean and of precipitation at 160 Chinese weather stations over 1951～1997(47years).It reveals that the dipole oscillation of SST,especially the dipole index of March～May,in the eastern and western parts of the ocean correlates well with the precipitation during the June～August raining season in China.As shown in analysis of 500-hPa Northern Hemisphere geopotential height height by NCEP for 1958-1995,the Indian Ocean dipole index(IODI) is closely related with geopotential height anomalies in the middle-and higher-latitudes in the Eurasian region.As a negative phase year of IODI corresponds to significant Pacific-Japan(PJ) wavetrain,it is highly likely that the SST for the dipole may affect the precipitation in China through the wavetrain.Additionally,correlation analysis of links between SST dipole index of the Indian Ocean region and air temperature in China also shows good correlation between the former and wintertime temperature in southern China.     

Distribution of blockings in the middle troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere

Distribution of pressure systems in the Northern Hemisphere is analyzed in the latitudinal range of 40°–60° from the data of three sets of reanalysis. It is shown that the latitude-mean value of the 500-hPa isobaric surface tends to grow during last decades. By means of analysis of tropospheric frontal zone characteristics, the cases are revealed with blocking deformation of the pressure field. Occurrence frequency of blockings is analyzed.     

南半球西风指数变化与中国夏季降水的关系

根据NCEP/NCAR提供的1950～2007年南半球12～2月、6～8月500 hPa位势高度的月平均再分析资料,采用合成分析方法讨论与中国夏季3类雨型相对应的南半球500 hPa距平高度场的分布特征;运用多变量方差分析方法确定12～2月和6～8月与3类雨型相对应的南半球西风指数波动关键区A;分析关键区A的西风波动与中国夏季降水之间的关系;寻找南、北半球西风相互作用影响中国夏季降水分布的可能途径。分析表明,6～8月与3类雨型相对应的南半球500 hPa距平高度场显示出不同的距平分布形式,并存在显著差异区在（35°N～50°N,35°E～80°E）。12～2月南半球的西风指数变化关键区A在22.5°W～2.5°W,6～8月关键区A在10°E～55°E。南半球关键区A的西风指数强弱变化与中国夏季降水的关系密切,且12~2月南半球的西风波动对北半球夏季关键区的西风环流的变化有预测意义,而前期南半球关键区A的平均西风指数与北半球夏季高度场的显著负相关区在贝加尔湖。南、北半球大气环流经向传播是两半球西风相互作用的可能途径,前期南半球的异常西风使夏季贝加尔湖的平均槽强度变化,进而造成北半球关键区的西风环流异常,从而影响中国夏季雨型的分布。     

南半球对流层中部大气环流的若干特点

分析了南半球对流层５００ｈＰａ平均地转西风随纬度的分布特点,平均地转西风季节变化特点,计算分析了南半球位势高度对纬向平均的偏差,分析了超长波的分布特征。以上结果均与北半球同期计算结果作了对比比较,指出了南北半球大气环流的异同点。