水泥土微观结构特征的定量评价

介绍了利用图像处理技术对土体进行微观结构定量分析方法,讨论了表征结构单元体和孔隙大小、形态及定向性等结构要素的定量评价指标。通过对加入水泥固化后软土的微观结构图像分析,论证了水泥土的微观结构特征定量分析方 法,得出了以此来分析评价土体微观结构特征的方法。     

真空加固前后软土工程地质性质研究

借助X-射线、扫描电镜及计算机图像处理等技术，对海积软土真空预压加固前后的结构特征进行定量分析，并结合室内试验，对比研究土体微观结构和工程性质的变化，探讨真空预压加固的机理。研究表明真空预压加固效果明显，软土工程性质得到改善。加固前软土的微结构以蜂窝状、团粒-絮凝状结构为主，大孔隙较多；加固后以团粒状结构为主，粒内和粒间孔隙变小；加固后结构单元体和孔隙未形成明显的定向性。这与堆载预压加固的结构变化显著不同。真空预压加固是在球应力即等向压力下固结。     

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙河街组页岩油储层微观孔隙特征

通过场发射环境扫描电镜、低温氮气吸脱附实验、高分辨率背散射电子图像定量分析等技术方法,对渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙河街组页岩油储层的微观孔隙类型、结构特征及孔隙分布进行了系统研究。结果表明:沙河街组页岩油储层微观孔隙类型多样,包括粒间孔、粒内孔、晶间孔、溶蚀孔和晶内孔5类孔隙。有利储集空间为孔径在100~3000nm的孔隙,以粒间孔、粒内孔和溶蚀孔为主。泥岩类和灰岩类孔隙形态包括细颈瓶状(墨水瓶状)和平行板状;白云岩类孔隙形态为平行板状,连通性最好。白云岩类定量面孔率最大且孔隙发育最好,其次为泥岩类,灰岩类较差。影响微观孔隙特征的主要因素包括矿物成分及含量、有机质生排烃和热液作用,其中黏土矿物和泥级颗粒有利于储层微孔发育,方解石的胶结作用和重结晶作用不利于孔隙发育。生排烃产生的有机酸和热液作用增进了次生孔隙的形成。     

渗流作用下吹填土微观结构特征定量化研究

吹填土的工程性状受土体的物质组成和微观结构综合影响,而微观结构在以往的研究中涉及较少。以天津滨海地区吹填土为研究对象,进行室内渗流作用下吹填土的沉降试验。利用图像处理技术对土体的微观结构作定量分析,讨论天津滨海地区吹填土结构单元体、孔隙的大小、丰度和定向频率等评价指标在渗流作用下的变化情况及形成机理,可为评价吹填土的工程地质性质提供一定的理论依据。试验分析表明：随着渗流压力的增大,土中结构单元体从较为松散的状态转变为团聚状态,呈现出不同程度的扁圆形,但没有明显定向性;土体中的孔隙由于失去平衡,变为小而紧密的球形体,孔隙定向角集中分布在0°～10°。     

山东兖州煤矿区侏罗纪红层孔隙测试及其影响因素分析

在山东兖州煤矿区,侏罗纪红层含有较为丰富的地下水,赋水空间以孔隙为主。综合利用宏观岩芯观察和微观形态分析对红层的孔隙类型进行了较为详细地论述,主要有粒间溶蚀扩大孔隙、粒间缩小孔隙、胶结物溶蚀孔、粒内孔隙和晶间孔隙。指出岩石颗粒组分、颗粒分选磨圆程度、胶结方式及胶结程度等是影响红层中孔隙发育的主要因素,对照扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察和压汞试验曲线对它们的影响方式和程度作了详细的论述。通过对比具近似孔隙率岩样的压汞测试结果,认为相同孔隙率的岩样可具有不同的孔隙结构形态,结构形态对赋水性能具有决定作用,孔隙结构形态的差异决定了红层储水空间内在结构特征的不同。     

结构性吹填土剪切破坏的微结构效应

室内压缩试验、剪切试验和灵敏度试验分析表明吹填土的微观结构对其力学性质有很大的影响,是一种强结构性土。通过对剪切试验过程土样微观SEM照片进行微结构定量分析,探讨了孔隙和结构单元体微结构参数与轴向应变之间的关系。最后,对结构性吹填土剪切破坏的微结构效应进行了简要分析。结果表明,吹填土的剪切过程经历了孔隙气体压缩-水分运移、团粒散裂-颗粒滑移明显-结构破坏和新结构形成三个阶段。     

增压式真空预压加固吹填超软土微观结构特征分析

先进行常规真空预压法（CVP）和增压式真空预压法（AVP）两组模型试验,分别对吹填超软土进行加固处理,对比分析其加固效果。再利用电镜扫描试验（SEM）和压汞试验（MIP）分别对两种方式加固后的吹填超软土进行微观结构测试,分析在两种加固方式下吹填超软土微观结构特征的变化,并通过Image-Pro Plus图像处理技术进行定量分析,模型试验结果分析表明增压式真空预压的加固效果优于常规真空预压,从土体骨架颗粒形态、骨架颗粒接触形式和骨架颗粒间孔隙3个角度说明了增压式与常规真空预压加固后土体的微观结构特征变化,微观结构定量分析表明,与常规真空预压相比,增压式真空预压加固后土体的孔隙数量、扁平度K、形状系数ff更大;土体的孔隙率、分形维数D更小;定向概率熵Hm没有明显的变化规律;孔径分布增量的峰值位置在左侧,说明增压式真空预压加固后土体的小孔隙数量更多。从微观角度证明了增压式真空预压法的加固效果优于常规真空预压法。     

含水率对分散性土抗剪强度特性影响的微观解释

分散性土作为一种水敏性特殊土,具有遇水失稳解体的特性,该特性对水利和岩土工程极为不利。为了加强分散性土力学强度及力学强度影响机理方面的研究,以吉林西部乾安地区分散性土为研究对象,通过直接剪切试验和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）分别对不同含水率（5.0%~24.0%）的重塑试样的抗剪强度（垂直压力50、100、200和300 kPa）和微观结构进行测试与观察。结果表明：1）含水率的增加会导致剪应力-剪切位移曲线从应变软化向应变硬化转变,过渡区间为8.0%~11.0%,转变优先出现在高垂直压力下。2）随含水率的增加,内聚力总体呈下降趋势,拐点含水率分别为17.0%和23.0%,内摩擦角则表现出减小—增大—减小的规律,拐点含水率分别为11.0%和17.0%;内聚力的变化受盐分赋存状态和含水率共同作用,内摩擦角的变化受内聚力和黏滞阻力共同影响。3）在Na⁺作用下,随含水率的升高,黏粒结合水膜迅速增厚,结构单元体逐渐解体,颗粒的胶结作用逐渐减弱;结构单元体由大颗粒向小颗粒转变,土体孔隙由大孔隙向小孔隙发展。4） SEM图像定量分析提取到的土颗粒结构单元体形态参数与抗剪强度表现出良好的相关性（显著性水平p<0.05）,表明抗剪强度的降低是含水率引起分散性土微观结构单元体变化的宏观表现。     

洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土固结过程微观结构变化

砂纹淤泥质土是一种特殊的夹有微薄层粉细砂的洞庭湖湖相沉积软土,具有独特的薄砂层构造。该软土固结过程中的微观结构变化,对解释宏观的工程现象、揭示土体变形的本质和采取合理的地基处理措施具有重要意义。本文利用X射线微区衍射试验和扫描电子显微镜试验,研究洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土的矿物成分和微观结构,同时结合固结试验探讨砂纹淤泥质土微观孔隙与结构单元体参数变化特征。研究结果表明:洞庭湖砂纹淤泥质土主要矿物成分为绿泥石、白云母和石英,微观结构为片状或板状聚体结构;随着固结压力增加,等效粒径增长呈先快速后放缓的规律,结构单元体形态参数则先增大后减小;砂纹淤泥质土压缩系数与竖直切面结构单元体定向概率熵呈明显负相关关系。     

固化软土微观结构效应

为了尽快提高地基加固的效率,对吹填土采用水泥和石灰进行快速加固,对加入添加剂固化后吹填土的微观结构应用计算机图像处理技术进行了定量分析,得出了袁征结构单元体和孔隙大小、形态及定向性等结构要素的定量评价指标.不同的添加剂含量对结构单元体大小的影响较大,当水泥掺入比为15%而石灰的掺入比为20%时,添加剂的胶结作用表现最好;添加剂的加入使得孔隙变小,结构变得比较致密,固化后土体强度得到了一定提高.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Global repeating events in the history of the Earth and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy

Chronological analyses of correlations between certain global repeating events (mass extinctions of marine organisms, meteorite impacts, and flashes in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals) during the Phanerozoic Eon and the motion of the solar system in the Galaxy are presented for five rotationally symmetrical models for the regular Galactic gravitational field. Thirteen of sixteen mass-extinction events can be described by a repetition interval of 183±3 million years. This is in agreement with the anomalistic period (interval between two subsequent passages of the Sun through the apocenter of its Galactic orbit) in the model of Allen and Martos. The positions of the minima and maxima in Gaussian functions approximating the frequency distribution for geomagnetic reversals also agree with the times of passage of the Sun through the apocenter and pericenter, respectively, of its Galactic orbit in this model. The maximum in the distribution of the deviations of the dates of mass extinctions from the nearest dates of impacts of large, crater-forming bodies is close to zero, providing evidence that many such events are correlated. As a rule, extinctions follow impact events. The impacts of large bodies have occurred most often when the solar system passes through the Galactic plane, while mass extinctions occur more often at some distance from the Galactic plane (about 40 pc). As a rule, intervals of increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals coincide with dates of impacts of large bodies. At the same time, these intervals do not show a clear correlation with the dates of mass extinctions. The intensity of mass extinctions, like the energy released by impacts, is consistently higher in periods when the Sun is moving from the apocenter toward the pericenter of its orbit, than when it is moving from the pericenter toward the apocenter. Thus, there is evidence for a variety of relationships between repeating global events in the Phanerozoic and the motion of the Sun in the Galaxy. Long-period variations in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with the orbital motion of the Sun, and increases in the frequency of geomagnetic reversals are correlated with impacts. Mass extinctions are correlated with the impacts of large bodies, whose motions may have been perturbed by clouds of interstellar material concentrated toward the Galactic plane and by the shock front associated with the Perseus spiral arm, through which the solar system passes. The velocity of the Sun relative to the spiral pattern is estimated.     

从榴辉岩与围岩的关系论苏鲁榴辉岩的形成与折返

位于华北和扬子两板块碰撞带中的苏鲁榴辉岩形成的温压条件不但是超高压，而且是高温。榴辉岩的PTt轨迹表明其为陆-陆磁撞俯冲带的产物。榴辉岩的区域性围岩花岗质片麻岩为新元古代同碰撞期花岗岩，榴辉岩及其他直接围岩皆呈包体存在于其中，并见新元古代花岗岩呈脉状侵入榴辉岩包体中。区域性围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石中发现有柯石英、绿辉石等包裹体，表明新元古代花岗岩的组成物质也经受过超高压变质作用，且榴辉岩与围岩新元古代花岗岩的锆石U-Pb体系同位素年龄基本相同。但新元古代花岗岩所记录的变质作用和变形作用期次（或阶段）却少于榴辉岩。椐上述可得如下推断：超高压榴辉岩与新元古代花岗岩岩浆是同时在碰撞带底部（俯冲板块前部）形成的；榴辉岩的第一折返阶段是由新元古代花岗岩岩浆携带上升的，其第二折返阶段是和新元古代花岗岩一起由逆冲及区域性隆起而上升，遭受剥蚀。     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值问题探讨

通过对广珠东线高速公路横沥大桥的试桩及土体的工程地质条件分析,总结出影响摩擦桩基桩土间极限摩阻力取值的一般问题以及解决问题的方法和措施。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.