沙三中亚期东营三角洲前缘滑塌浊积岩定量预测

东营凹陷沙三中亚段广泛发育三角洲-浊积体系沉积。根据砂层组沉积的垂向变化特征,将沙三中亚段沉积时期东营三角洲自上而下划分为1～9期次,自东向西向湖盆中心进积。与三角洲有关的前缘浊积体包括滑动浊积岩、滑塌浊积岩及远源浊积岩3种类型,其中滑塌浊积岩发育的规模、数目最为稳定,是前缘浊积体定量研究的重要类型。笔者采用控制变量的方法对单因素关系进行探讨,进而分析多因素综合关系,对沙三段中亚段沉积时期东营三角洲前缘浊积体进行定量研究,从而探讨三角洲沉积结构与前缘滑塌浊积体发育的定量关系。研究发现,三角洲沉积结构特征(三角洲前缘地层厚度H、砂岩百分含量x等)、浊积岩滑移距离s以及三角洲前缘斜坡坡角的大小α,可以定量地确定,并且三角洲前缘滑塌浊积体发育的厚度h与前缘厚度H、前缘砂岩百分含量x成正相关,与浊积体滑移距离s呈负相关,并且得到预测三角洲前缘浊积体厚度h的数学模型。     

断陷湖盆震浊积岩成因模拟实验

震浊积岩是陆相断陷湖盆中常见的一种油气储集体。通过室内水槽实验模拟地震浊积岩体的形成过程，认为在地震作用下，三角洲前缘发生两种类型的滑塌，可形成3种类型的震浊积岩体：液化浊积体、二级滑塌浊积体、次生叠置浊积体。它们在三角洲前方广泛发育，垂向上相互叠置、平面上成带出现。其中二级滑塌浊积体发育在底形坡折以下的深洼陷内，可形成断陷盆地内最为有利的一类隐蔽油气藏。控制地震浊积岩体分布的因素主要包括三角洲前缘的沉积特征、地震作用的强度、三角洲前缘沉积底形等。     

黄骅坳陷北大港构造带沙河街组沉积体系定量研究

针对陆相湖盆沉积特征,以T A Cross高分辨率层序地层学理论为指导,在大量岩心、测井和地震资料研究的基础上,定量研究了黄骅坳陷北大港构造带沙河街组沉积体系和沉积物源特征,确定了沙河街组沉积时期总体发育近岸水下扇、滩坝、深水重力流水道、扇三角洲前缘和滑塌浊积扇等主要沉积相类型。中期基准面旋回A-D层序沉积时期发育近岸水下扇和扇三角洲前缘—前扇三角洲—滑塌浊积扇沉积体系;中期基准面旋回E-F层序沉积期间发育有利于油气储集的近岸水下扇和滩坝砂体;中期基准面旋回G层序沉积时期主要发育重力流主水道—重力流水道侧缘以及近岸水下扇沉积砂体;中期基准面旋回H层序沉积时期主要发育重力流主水道—重力流水道侧缘沉积体系。最后,预测了有利岩性圈闭发育的沉积相带和地区。     

松南西斜坡三角洲前缘-滑塌浊积岩沉积相及展布规律

为厘清坳陷湖盆缓坡背景下形成的浊积体的沉积特征及分布规律,选取松南西斜坡缓坡带晚白垩世青一二段发育的滑塌浊积体作为研究对象,根据岩心和钻测井资料,并结合地震解释,对其沉积相及展布规律进行了研究.该区主要发育三角洲前缘-滑塌浊积岩体系,作为油气储层的滑塌浊积岩可以识别出浊积水道、浊积舌状体、浊积席状砂3种微相类型;在沉积...     

三角洲前缘滑塌浊积岩形成过程初探

通过室内水槽实验模拟了三角洲前缘滑塌浊积岩的形成过程,总结出四种滑塌浊积岩类型,即无触发机制的天然重力滑塌、地震诱发作用产生的滑塌、波浪作用产生的滑塌和与底形相关的砂岩透镜体。实验结果表明,外界触发机制是形成三角洲前缘滑塌浊积岩的重要条件,底形的变化结合波浪、地震等外界触发机制的作用更容易在三角洲前缘形成滑塌浊积体。此外,被破坏和改造的三角洲前缘更易找到滑塌浊积体;相反,形态规则、保存完好的三角洲前缘反而不利于滑塌浊积岩的形成。     

东濮凹陷濮卫环洼带层序划分与沉积体系

根据地层基准面原理,通过对岩心、测井、录井资料的综合分析,将研究区Es3.3-Es3.2层段的地层划分出4个中期地层旋回（层序）：MSC1,MSC2,MSC3,MSC4。其中大致发育2种类型的层序,即陆源碎屑岩层序和膏盐岩层序。陆源碎屑岩层序多形成于基准面上升期,以发育泥质岩夹浊积砂体、三角洲前缘砂质沉积为主;膏盐岩层序多形成于基准面下降期,以发育厚层的盐岩、膏盐岩、膏岩、泥膏岩、膏泥岩夹浊积席状砂为特征。识别出3种类型的沉积体系：较深水湖－浊积扇、较深水盐湖、浅湖－三角洲体系,并在层序格架内分析了各旋回的沉积体系构成和储层砂体的发育情况。综合分析生、储、盖条件后认为,在垂向上,MSC2上升半旋回为本区最有利的储集层段;在平面上,本区的油气勘探应主要寻找洼陷东、西两侧断层下降盘的浊积砂体,主要储层砂体类型为浊积水道及浊积席状砂。     

济阳坳陷牛庄洼陷沙三段三角洲前缘浊积岩特征

根据地质、测井、地震资料的综合分析,对济阳坳陷牛庄洼陷沙河街组三段三角洲前缘的浊积岩特征进行了研究。结果表明,该区存在砂质浊积岩体和细粒浊积岩体两种浊流沉积物。其中砂质浊积岩体粒度较细、结构成熟度和成分成熟度较低,结构和构造均反映了砂体具有滑塌再沉积的特点,可用Bouma序列来描述,常发育CDE,BCD,ABCD型浊流组合。砂质浊积岩体可进一步划为有根式和无根式两类。有根式砂体常呈扇形,可分为内扇槽道、中扇辫状水道、水道间、水道前缘和外扇无水道五种微相;无根式砂体常呈片状、舌状,可分为中心微相和边缘微相两个相带。细粒浊积岩属于低密度流的产物,不能用Bouma序列来解释,主要发育递变纹层泥岩和不均匀的块状泥岩两种细粒浊积岩。根据两类沉积物的沉积特征,建立了该区三角洲一浊积岩体综合沉积模式。论述了三角洲前缘浊积岩的成因及石油地质意义。     

湖盆三角洲沉积坡度带特征及其与滑塌浊积岩分布关系的初步探讨

三角洲前缘滑塌浊积岩是分布于深水环境中一种重要的储集砂体,也是陆相湖盆中一种重要的岩性油气藏。三角洲沉积体系一般存在三个地形坡度转折点,即顶积层与前积层之间的转折点、三角洲前缘斜坡与前三角洲沉积之间的转折点、三角洲沉积体系与正常湖泊沉积作用之间的转折点,其中前缘斜坡的地形坡度最大。前缘斜坡地形坡度是控制滑塌作用和形成滑塌浊积岩的关键因素之一,滑塌作用一般发生于前缘斜坡的上部,而滑塌浊积岩主要分布于前缘斜坡的根部和前三角洲外侧,这些地区是三角洲沉积体系中地形坡度的转折点。前缘斜坡的坡度决定了前三角洲外侧坡度转折点的位置,坡度越大,转折点越靠近前缘斜坡带,结合东营三角洲的精细解剖分析,建立了两者之间的定量关系式。     

松辽盆地白垩系非海相沉积层序模式

本文阐述了层序地层学在松辽盆地应用的主要依据,总结了白垩系层序地层的基本特征。归纳出层序边界的识别标志。在岩芯中层序边界附近见古土壤或根土层、河床滞留砾岩、水进滞留砾岩、水下滑塌、钙质结核及相突变现象,层序边界之上覆盖风暴岩、三角洲前缘席状流沉积、冲积扇、鲕粒灰岩、生物屑灰岩、物性良好的砂岩和火山岩。层序边界的测井响应特征为退积/前积渐变型、退积/加积突变型、加积/前积型、前积/前积型等。在地震剖面上,层序边界处见削截、上超、顶超等反射结构。根据地震、测井和岩芯资料的综合解释,重点论述了主要含油层系的体系域特征,由此提炼出松辽盆地白垩系层序地层理想模式。低水位体系域由滞后平衡表面之下的冲积扇、河口砂坝、“下切谷”充填物、滑塌、碎屑流沉积、浊积岩及三角洲前缘席状流沉积组成;水进体系域发育风暴岩、砂滩、砂坝、三角洲前缘席状砂、叠层石和碳酸盐浅滩;典型的密集段形成于海泛期,赋存于水进体系域顶部和高水位体系域底部;高水位体系域主要有三角洲、扇三角洲和曲流河体系组成。经对比,松辽盆地与海相基准面变化的二级旋回趋近,但三级旋回高于后者。     

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其模式

利用岩心、测井资料和重力流沉积理论,系统研究了鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组重力流沉积特征及其沉积模式。该区重力流沉积物可分为浊积岩、砂质碎屑流沉积物、泥质碎屑流沉积物和滑塌岩。其中,浊积岩发育正粒序;砂质碎屑流沉积物以冻结块状沉积为特征;泥质碎屑流沉积物以泥质为主,内部含少量砂质颗粒和砂质团块;滑塌岩发育包卷层理等液化构造。不同重力流沉积物发育程度差异明显,浊积岩和砂质碎屑流沉积物的钻遇井数最多,泥质碎屑流沉积物最少。在重力流单期沉积厚度方面,砂质碎屑流沉积物单期沉积厚度平均为0.986m,明显高于其他类型;浊流沉积厚度最低,平均厚度为0.414m。本区重力流是由三角洲前缘沉积物失稳滑塌所致,砂质碎屑流沉积物和浊积岩是主要的重力流沉积类型,其次为滑塌岩和泥质碎屑流沉积物。砂质碎屑流沉积物主要发育于北东向曲流河三角洲前缘前方的深水区;浊积岩主要发育于西部、西南部和南部物源形成的辫状河三角洲前缘前方的深水区域;泥质碎屑流沉积物和富含泥砾砂质碎屑流沉积物在平面分布极少,且规律不明显。     

Timing and distribution of calciturbidites around a deeply submerged carbonate platform in a seismically active setting (Pedro Bank, Northern Nicaragua Rise, Caribbean Sea)

The sedimentological study of thirteen sediment cores from the periplatform setting surrounding Pedro Bank (Northern Nicaragua Rise, Caribbean Sea) shows that during the last 300 ka turbidite deposition is controlled by at least four factors: (1) late Quaternary sea level fluctuations, (2) prolific fine-grained sediment production and export resulting in oversteepening of the upper slope environment, (3) the proximity to the bank margin, and (4) local slope and seafloor morphology. The most intriguing finding of this study is the paucity of turbidites, with only 101 turbidites in 13 cores in this tectonically active setting near the Caribbean plate boundary. Throughout the last 300 ka, the frequency of turbidite input during interglacial stages is three times higher than during glacial stages. Also it is obvious that changes in sea level influence the timing of turbidite deposition. This is especially evident during the transgressions resulting in rapid renewed bank-top flooding, subsequent neritic sediment overproduction, and offbank export. The flooding event during each transgression is usually recorded by the onset of turbidite deposition at various sites along several platform-to-basin transects in down- and upcurrent slope settings. Overall, however, more turbidites are deposited during the regressive rather than the transgressive phases in sea level, probably as a result of sediment reorganisation on the slope resulting in slope failure. Five cores show "highstand bundling" of calciturbidites, i.e. higher number of turbidites during highstands than during lowstands in sea level.     

Glacially-influenced deep-marine sedimentation of the Late Precambrian Gaskiers Formation, Newfoundland, Canada

The Late Proterozoic Conception Group, exposed on the Avalon Peninsula in Newfoundland, Canada, is a 4 km thick turbidite succession containing a conformable 300 m thick sequence of diamictites (the Gaskiers Formation) near the base. Massive and crudely-stratified diamictites form beds up to 25 m thick which have a tabular geometry with slightly erosive basal contacts and are interbedded with mudstones and fine-grained, thin-bedded turbidites. These diamictites are interpreted as submarine debris flow deposits. Disrupted diamictites form strongly deformed units that contain large, complexly folded rafts of mudstone and turbidite facies. These diamictite units are interpreted as submarine slumps. Diamictites contain glacially-striated and faceted clasts; clasts and matrix are predominantly of volcanic provenance. One outcrop shows interbedded volcanic agglomerate and diamictite, and volcanic bombs can also be identified. The interbedding of diamictites with turbidites and the stratigraphic context provided by the thick sequences of turbidites below (Mall Bay Formation) and above (Drook Formation) indicate a deep marine slope setting of diamictite deposition. Diamictite facies record remobilization and downslope transfer of large volumes of unstable volcanic and glacial debris initially deposited in a shallower water marginal marine zone. The regional tectonic framework suggests the Conception Group accumulated in a deep, southward-opening ensialic rift basin with active but waning volcanic centres to the north. The Gaskiers Formation may be representative of other Late Precambrian glacially-influenced diamictite sequences that were deposited around the North Atlantic region and in Europe. These deep marine diamictite sequences characterized by debris flows, turbidites, and slump deposits, can be contrasted with more extensive shallow marine shelf diamictite sequences found in association with dolomites and tidally influenced shallow water facies in other basinal settings.     

Delta-fed turbidites in a lacustrine rift basin: the Eocene Dongying depression,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Sediment avalanche from delta ramp is one of the significant development mechanisms for a turbidite system in a lacustrine basin. To advance our understanding of deep-water sedimentary processes in a lacustrine delta ramp, delta-fed turbidites in the Eocene Dongying depression of the Bohai Bay Basin were studied using core data, 3-D seismic data and well log data. Sandy debris flows, muddy debris flows, mud flows, turbidity currents, slides, sandy slumps and muddy slumps were interpreted based on the identification of lithofacies. Data indicates that deep-water sedimentary processes in the study area were dominated by debris flows and slumps, which accounted for ～68% and 25% (in thickness) of total gravity flow deposits, respectively; turbidity-current deposits only accounted for ～5%. Mapping of turbidites showed that most were deposited after short-distance transportation (<20 km), restricted by the scale of deep-water areas and local topography. Channels, depositional lobes, debris flow tongues, muddy turbiditic sheets, slides and slumps were identified in a delta-fed ramp system. Slides and slumps were dominant at the base of slopes or at the hanging walls of growth faults with strong tectonic activity. Channels and depositional lobes developed in gentle, low-lying areas, where sediments were transported longer distances. Sand-rich sediment supply, short-distance transportation and local topography were crucial factors that controlled sedimentation of this ramp system. Channels generally lacked levees and only produced scattered sandstones because of possible hydroplaning of debris flow and unstable waterways. In addition to lobes, debris flow tongues could also be developed in front of channels. These findings have significant implications for hydrocarbon exploration of deep-water sandstone fed by deltas in a lacustrine basin.     

Anatomy of shelf deltas at the edge of a prograding Eocene shelf margin, Spitsbergen

Abstract Although shelf‐edge deltas are well‐imaged seismic features of Holocene and Pleistocene shelf margins, documented outcrop analogues of these important sand‐prone reservoirs are rare. The facies and stratigraphic architecture of an outcropping shelf‐edge delta system in the Eocene Battfjellet Formation, Spitsbergen, is presented here, as well as the implications of this delta system for the generation of sand‐prone, shelf‐margin clinoforms. The shelf‐edge deltas of the Battfjellet Formation on Litledalsfjellet and Høgsnyta produced a 3–5 × 15 km, shelf edge‐attached, slope apron (70 m of sandstones proximally, tapering to zero on the lower slope). The slope apron consists of distributary channel and mouth‐bar deposits in its shelf‐edge reaches, passing downslope to slope channels/chutes that fed turbiditic lobes and spillover sheets. In the transgressive phase of the slope apron, estuaries developed at the shelf edge, and these also produced minor lobes on the slope. The short‐headed mountainous rivers that drained the adjacent orogenic belt and fed the narrow shelf, and the shelf‐edge position of the discharging deltas, made an appropriate setting for the generation of hyperpycnal turbidity currents on the slope of the shelf margin. The abundance of organic matter and of coal fragments in the slope turbidites is consistent with this notion. Evidence that many of the slope turbidites were generated by sustained turbidity currents that waxed then waned includes the presence of scour surfaces and thick intervals of plane‐parallel laminae within turbidite beds in the slope channels, and thick spillover lobes with repetitive alternations of massive and flat‐laminated intervals. The examined shelf‐edge to slope system, now preserved mainly below the shelf break and dominated by sediment gravity‐flow deposits, has a threefold stratigraphic architecture: a lower, progradational part, in which the clinoforms have a slight downward‐directed trajectory; a thin aggradational zone; and an upper part in which clinoforms backstep up onto the shelf edge. A greatly increased density of erosional channels and chutes marks the regressive‐to‐transgressive turnaround within the slope apron, and this zone becomes an angular unconformity up near the shelf edge. This unconformity, with both subaerial and subaqueous components, is interpreted as a sequence boundary and developed by vigorous sand delivery and bypass across the shelf edge during the time interval of falling relative sea level. The studied shelf‐margin clinoforms accreted mostly during falling stage (sea level below the shelf edge), but the outer shelf later became estuarine as sea level became re‐established above the shelf edge.     

藏北那曲盆地中—上侏罗统拉贡塘组浊流沉积特征及微量元素地球化学

藏北那曲地区中上侏罗统拉贡塘组发育典型的深水浊流沉积,根据浊积岩鲍马序列和粒度特征,可以进一步将其区分为近源砂质浊积岩和远源细屑浊积岩。微量及稀土元素地球化学研究表明,拉贡塘组浊积岩富集Cr、Co、Sc、Th等元素,无Ce负异常或负异常不明显,沉积物物源主要来自于变质岩区或再循环的沉积岩分布区。那曲盆地是冈底斯中生代多岛弧盆系统的组成部分之一,中上侏罗世深水浊流沉积形成于活动大陆边缘中的弧后盆地环境,该弧后盆地的形成与班公湖怒江中特提斯洋盆的洋壳向南的俯冲作用有关。     

华南海相深水重力沉积相模式

通过对华南地区诸多海相盆地深水沉积物的详细解剖,识别出一个由重力搬运沉积形成的完整岩类系列,包括孤立岩块、滑动滑塌和重力流沉积三个基本端元大类。这些重力流沉积以不同的型式组合构成了三大类七亚类各具特征的深水沉积体系。Ⅰ陆源碎屑体系包括(1)海底扇和(2)轴向搬运沉积亚体系。Ⅱ碳酸盐体系包括(1)碳酸盐缓坡,(2)沟槽型碳酸盐斜坡和(3)碳酸盐陡坡。Ⅲ混合物源体系包括(1)碳酸盐斜坡体系与陆屑海底扇组合;(2)碳酸盐斜坡体系与火山碎屑重力流轴向搬运沉积体系。     

Gravity Flow on Slope and Abyssal Systems in the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea

The study of new seismic data permits the identification of sediment gravity flows in terms of internal architecture and the distribution on shelf and abyssal setting in the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB). Six gravity flow types are recognized: (1) turbidite channels with a truncational basal and concordant overburden relationship along the shelf edge and slope, comprising laterally-shifting and vertically-aggrading channel complexes; (2) slides with a spoon-shaped morphology slip steps on the shelf-break and generated from the deformation of poorly-consolidated and high water content sediments; (3) slumps are limited on the shelf slope, triggered either by an anomalous slope gradient or by fault activity; (4) turbidite sheet complexes (TSC) were ascribed to the basin-floor fan and slope fan origin, occasionally feeding the deep marine deposits by turbidity currents; (5) sediment waves occurring in the lower slope-basin floor, and covering an area of approximately 400?km2, were generated beneath currents flowing across the sea bed; and (6) the central canyon in the deep water area represents an exceptive type of gravity flow composed of an association of debris flow, turbidite channels, and TSC. It presents planar multisegment and vertical multiphase characteristics. Turbidite associated with good petrophysical property in the canyon could be treated as a potential exploration target in the QDNB.     

内蒙古开鲁盆地陆东凹陷九佛堂组层序地层格架与岩性圈闭

本文应用Vail层序地层学原理,综合利用地震、钻井、测井资料,对内蒙古开鲁盆地陆东凹陷早白垩统九佛堂组进行层序地层学研究,进而分析了层序格架内岩性圈闭的发育情况。研究发现,九佛堂组顶、底分别为上超面和削截面,内部可识别出初始湖泛面和最大湖泛面。在层序格架内九佛堂组发育扇三角洲、近岸浊积扇、远岸浊积扇和湖泊相。研究结果表明:九佛堂组为一个三级层序,可划分出低位、湖侵和高位体系域。九佛堂组岩性圈闭的发育类型及分布模式受层序格架及沉积相带控制。在盆地陡坡带主要发育构造-岩性圈闭,在深洼带主要发育砂岩透镜体圈闭,在盆地的缓坡带主要发育砂岩上倾尖灭圈闭。     

白音查干凹陷层序地层格架及充填样式

二连盆地白音查干凹陷是一个北断南超型的箕状断陷盆地。通过岩心、录井剖面、测井曲线和地震资料的综合研究，结合EXXON公司的层序地层划分模型和T.Cross高分辨层序地层的基准面旋回模式，将凹陷的主要研究目的层－下白垩统巴彦花群划分出2个超层序，6个三级层序；识别出冲积扇、扇三角洲等6种沉积相类型，其中冲积扇、扇三角洲发育在凹陷的北部陡坡带，辫状河三角洲和浊积扇发育在凹陷南部缓坡；发现凹陷经历3次大的湖泛，在层序演化上具有早期形成及继承性发育的特点。