福建省东北部沿海罗源湾互花米草盐沼环境下粘性沉积物的侵蚀-沉降过程

根据在福建罗源湾互花米草盐沼内的沉积动力要素(水深、流速、悬沙浓度和沉降速率)的观测及表层沉积物的粒度分析结果,罗源湾互花米草盐沼表层沉积物组份以粉砂和粘土为主,为粘性沉积物;互花米草盐沼内的潮流流速很小,最大值不超过7cm/s,相应地,底部切应力也相对较小,悬沙在潮周期内多处于沉降状态,表层沉积物在涨潮初期和落潮后期多发生侵蚀.在台风显著影响下,潮流流速平均值变化很小,但水流紊动能量和底部切应力显著增大,导致表层沉积物多处于侵蚀状态,在台风登陆期间潮周期内净侵蚀通量可达到40.099kg/m2;台风影响过后,底部切应力逐渐减小,沉积物逐渐不发生侵蚀,悬沙多发生沉降,整个潮周期内以悬沙沉降为主.     

长江河口崇明东滩周期性淹水区域水流的基本特征

潮间带周期性淹水区域水深、流速的变化过程是潮滩水动力过程的基本组成部分,也是潮流与泥沙相互作用的基础。通过2002年4月至2003年1月4个季节的野外实测,获得了平静天气条件下,崇明东滩滩面潮流水深、流速与流向的变化过程数据。结果表明,崇明东滩盐沼和邻近光滩处涨潮历时均小于落潮历时,水深过程变化呈现出“陡涨缓落”的特点。光滩与盐沼交界处光滩一侧流速过程呈“双峰型”特征,涨落潮均出现流速峰值;盐沼（植物生长期）流速过程具有“单峰型”特点,仅在涨潮初出现峰值。研究区潮流不对称性明显,主要表现为涨潮优势,且由光滩向盐沼上部不断增强,潮沼植物和地形变化是加强盐沼区涨潮优势的主要原因。流速变化过程的差异和潮流不对称性使盐沼区域发生稳定的泥沙淤积,盐沼前缘光滩则会出现较频繁的冲淤变化,平静天气条件下,它们是控制崇明东滩泥沙输移和潮滩动力地貌过程的动力基础。     

潮间带盐沼植物对海岸沉积动力过程影响的研究进展

根据已有文献归纳出盐沼植物对水动力、悬沙运动、沉积、地貌影响研究已取得的进展，包括：①单位距离盐沼中波能的损失可为相邻光滩的数倍至数十倍；波浪传入互花米草盐沼20~30 m后，波能可全部损失；②盐沼植物可使潮流流速降低一个数量级；当植冠被淹没后，垂向流速剖面在植冠附近出现转折；③当植冠被淹没后，垂向上植冠层内的紊动强度趋于一致且明显低于植冠层以上；互花米草盐沼中的紊动强度可比相邻光滩低1~2个数量级；④盐沼植物通过2种机制影响悬沙的运动：其一是降低水体紊动，从而促进悬沙的沉降并遏制滩面沉积物再悬浮；其二是茎叶对悬沙的直接黏附。这两种机制可使盐沼中的悬沙浓度比相邻光滩低一半以上；⑤植物对细颗粒悬沙的促淤作用导致盐沼中的底床滩面沉积物细化；⑥盐沼中的垂向沉积速率可比光滩高7~8倍；盐沼中波痕和侵蚀坑等微地貌不易发育，滩面平整化；与光滩上频繁发生的冲淤交替相比，盐沼中通常只淤不冲，滩面稳定性较高；⑦植物对上述沉积动力过程的影响程度与植物的高度、密度、盖度等生态参数密切相关，因此，不同的植物种类对沉积动力过程的影响往往存在显著差异。在此基础上，展望了今后该领域研究进一步加强的几个方面。 [HT5H]关〓键〓词：[HT5K] [HT5H]中图分类号:〓〓〓文献标识码：A[HT5SS][HK]     

江苏中部潮滩长期演变规律及其受米草生长影响

在江苏盐城川东港南侧潮滩设置了一系列水准桩,使用滩面高程观测仪对滩面高程进行7 a（2012年10月—2018年11月）的逐月现场观测,结合遥感资料获取米草前缘位置变化,探究淤泥质潮滩中长期演变规律及米草生长在潮滩地貌演变中的作用。结果表明:高滩区域地下过程（土体膨胀、压缩等）对滩面变化起控制作用;盐沼区米草生长促进滩面沉积,随米草前缘向海生长,盐沼中部区域年增长率降低,靠近米草前缘区域滩面年淤积量增加,但米草向海推进对光滩区域演变影响小;潮滩剖面自陆向海依次可分为基本稳定带、快速淤积带、基本稳定带、快速冲刷带,潮间带中部坡度逐步增大;滩涂面积保有量在2012—2018年观测时段内逐年降低。     

江苏中部沿海潮滩对台风暴潮的响应

通过近年来对江苏沿海有影响的台风暴潮作用前后的滩面高程观测,结合台风浪资料分析,探究了江苏中部沿海潮滩对风暴潮的响应过程。结果显示:潮滩剖面在风暴潮期间呈现"低滩侵蚀、沿岸输运、高滩稳定",明显区别于沙质海岸在台风浪作用下"高滩侵蚀、离岸输运、低滩淤积"的演变特征。应用Delft3D平面二维水沙动力数学模型,模拟了正常天气和台风浪情况下的滩面演变,从动力学角度解释了潮滩间不同区域演变特征差异的原因,论证了台风浪对地貌演变的短历时"插曲式"作用,阐明了涨潮优势流是风暴侵蚀后泥沙沿岸向输运的主控因子。     

黄土陡坡降雨冲刷试验及其三维颗粒流流-固耦合模拟

针对坡角为70°的黄土边坡,进行2.7 mm/min降雨强度下的室内坡面冲刷试验。根据边坡冲刷破坏的过程特征,将边坡侵蚀方式演变过程归纳为试验初期的片蚀、中期的细沟侵蚀、到后期的切沟侵蚀和坍塌。试验中坡顶处侵蚀强度大于其他部位,当坡面形成上下贯通的切沟之后,水流开始掏蚀沟槽底部土体,随着冲刷的持续,切沟两侧土体强度降低,坡顶土体发生坍塌。以此为基础利用三维颗粒流软件PFC3D对边坡降雨冲刷过程进行流-固耦合模拟,在模拟颗粒大变形的同时得到颗粒运动轨迹、孔隙率、流体单元内流速等重要参数,这些参数的定量变化过程反映了降雨过程中边坡遭受侵蚀程度及水流侵蚀能力的分布规律:坡顶处侵蚀最为强烈、水流侵蚀能力最强,且两者随高度降低呈减小趋势,与室内试验结果一致。     

江苏盐城海岸侵蚀淤积现状及原因

海岸线是陆地与海洋的分界线,海岸侵蚀淤积变化对海岸带的保护与开发利用会产生重要的影响。基于实地调查资料,结合以往调查数据,从典型岸滩剖面、遥感解译等不同角度分析了近30年来盐城海岸侵蚀淤积变化特征,发现盐城海岸侵蚀范围不断南移,明显处于北蚀南淤的动态变化过程。初步探讨了盐城岸线侵蚀淤积变化原因。     

福建罗源湾潮滩沉积过程对人类活动和台风事件的响应

潮滩地区是人类活动和台风事件影响最为显著的地区之一,利用潮滩沉积记录可以提取影响区域重大人类活动和台风事件的历史变化。罗源湾潮滩中上部盐沼和光滩柱状沉积物粒度分析结果显示,罗源湾潮滩沉积物以细颗粒为主,盐沼内部和潮滩中上部光滩柱状沉积物平均粒径分别为5.41~45.00 μm和5.4~68.82 μm,但在不同深度出现多次沉积物变粗的现象;利用210Pb测试计算得到的沉积速率分别为1.96 cm/a和1.23 cm/a;近年来的围填海活动导致潮间带地区沉积速率显著增大,互花米草的引种也进一步导致潮间带上部沉积速率增大。台风的强烈影响使得潮间带沉积出现间断,在沉积间断界面出现沉积物粒度变粗的现象,由此推断了近170年来显著影响罗源湾地区的台风事件沉积层的位置,并由此计算了不同时段的沉积速率。根据柱状沉积物粒度分析结果,不仅可以反演近百年来的对罗源湾产生重要影响的台风事件,也可以反演20世纪50年代以来罗源湾经历的几次较大规模的人类活动。     

长江口盐沼土壤有机质分布与矿化的空间差异

在长江口崇明东滩两类植被(互花米草、土著植被)区域分别选择一条纵向剖面,在高潮滩、中潮滩及光滩取得柱状样,利用颗粒有机碳(POC)含量、碳稳定同位素组成、土壤C/N比与颗粒组成等资料,研究盐沼有机质的分布与矿化特征。结果表明,两个纵向剖面的相同高程部位柱样之间,颗粒有机碳δ13C与POC含量的深度特征均存在显著差异;两个柱样的δ13C与POC含量的平均值均相差较大。互花米草对高潮滩柱样有机质的含量与组成均产生了明显影响,对中潮滩柱样有机质组成已有一定影响;土著植被对高潮滩柱样有机质组成的影响显著。盐沼植被对土壤有机质的分布与矿化均产生了明显影响。高潮滩柱样矿化阶段不同的有机质组分混杂,中潮滩柱样有机质的组成相对简单,矿化程度较弱。柱样粘粒含量与含水量在垂向上变化频繁,盐沼原始沉积层序对柱样的物质分布特征具有本底制约。不同高程部位柱样之间,有机质的深度分布特征以及矿化程度差异显著,盐沼碳动态受到潮滩特征性动力沉积过程的显著影响。     

滩涂围垦对盐沼湿地碳收支的影响研究进展

滨海盐沼湿地是全球重要的碳库,也是典型的脆弱生态系统。近年来,随着人口的增加,滨海盐沼湿地围垦开发已经成为缓解区域人口压力,保障粮食安全,促进经济发展的一项重要措施,特别是在发展中国家。围垦活动过程中必然会改变原有生态系统碳循环的路径和模式,进而影响全球的碳收支平衡。通过对大量文献的检索与总结,对国内外3种滨海盐沼湿地类型(红树林盐沼湿地、河口潮滩盐沼湿地和海岸潮滩盐沼湿地)土壤有机碳含量、固碳速率、碳排放速率以及围垦后的变化进行梳理和概括,给出滨海盐沼湿地围垦后土壤碳循环的一般规律与变化趋势,结果表明:(1)欧美长期滩涂开发形成的认识与滩涂围垦后的生态环境效应演变不适用于东亚发展中国家的短期高强度农业围垦,应注重东亚地区海岸围垦方式下的碳效应研究;(2)从滩涂湿地有机碳含量及其固碳速率来看,红树林盐沼湿地最高,河口潮滩盐沼湿地次之,海岸潮滩盐沼湿地最低。土壤黏粒、团聚体和埋藏速率对其具有较为明显的正向效应;淹水频率、盐分、地下水位反之。滩涂围垦后土壤有机碳含量呈先降后增的趋势,其转折点在围垦后30年左右,水田耕作对滩涂土壤有机碳富集效果最明显;(3)滩涂盐沼湿地的主要碳排放方式是CH_4和CO_2,其中CO_2的排放强度和通量都较大,且以红树林盐沼湿地最高。芦苇和互花米草的土壤碳排放强度相比于光滩要大很多。涨潮的过程中湿地碳排放强度要明显低于涨潮前后。滩涂围垦后的土壤碳排放强度要明显高于自然滩涂土壤,特别是围垦后的旱田耕作下的CO_2排放。从监测的结果来看,围垦前滩涂湿地表现为较强的碳汇,而围垦后表现出较为明显的碳源。最后,提出今后研究的重点方向和内容:抓紧开展滨海盐沼湿地碳收支清单的制定;不同围垦方式对滨海盐沼湿地碳循环影响的定量表达;加强开展未来滨海围垦模式及其土壤碳循环响应的刻画与模拟研究。     

台风风暴潮影响下潮滩沉积动力模拟初探--以江苏如东海岸为例

以江苏如东潮滩为研究区,采用沉积动力学垂向二维概念模型来模拟正常天气和台风期间潮滩沉积的空间分布特征,探讨台风风暴潮对潮滩正常沉积层序的改造作用.模拟结果表明,在涨落潮时间-流速对称特征明显的如东海岸,潮汐作用使潮滩沉积呈显著的分带性,且剖面形态向“双凸形”演化,两个“凸点”分别位于平均高潮位和平均低潮位附近.在台风期间风暴增水效应下,开边界悬沙浓度差异将导致潮滩冲淤和沉积分布格局的变化,潮上带和潮间带上部均堆积泥质沉积物,潮间带中下部在风暴过程中普遍遭受不同程度的砂质沉积物侵蚀或之后堆积泥质沉积物,在沉积层序中形成风暴冲刷面.因此,潮滩的风暴沉积记录存在于潮间带上部或更高部位.以此模型为基础,可进一步综合考虑极浅水边界层水动力结构、沉积物粒度分布变化、波-流联合作用、台风降水、互花米草等生物活动、潮沟摆动及人工围垦等因素,从而建立风暴事件在沉积层序中的时间序列,更好地解译沉积记录中的古环境信息.     

A Model Study of the Estuarine Turbidity Maximum along the Main Channel of the Upper Chesapeake Bay

A three-dimensional, intratidal sediment transport model is developed for the estuarine turbidity maximum (ETM) in the upper Chesapeake Bay. The model considers three particle size classes, including the fine class mostly in suspension in the water column, the medium class alternately suspended and deposited by tidal currents, and the coarse size suspended only during the times of relatively high energy events. Based on the results of a box model, depth-limited erosion with continuous deposition is employed for the medium and coarse classes by varying the critical shear stress for erosion as a function of eroded mass. For the fine class, mutually exclusive erosion and deposition is employed with a small constant value for the critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition to assure quick erosion of recently deposited fine particles but without allowing further erosion of consolidated bed sediments. The model is run to simulate the annual condition in 1996, and the model generally gives a reasonable reproduction of the observed characteristics of the ETM relative to the salt limit and tidal phase. The model results for 1996 are analyzed to study the characteristics of the ETM along the main channel of the upper bay in intertidal and intratidal time scales. Under a low flow condition, local erosion/deposition and bottom horizontal flux convergence are the main processes responsible for the formation of the ETM, with the settling flux confining the ETM to the bottom water. Under a high flow condition, a distinctive ETM is formed by strong convergence of the downstream flux of sediments eroded from the upstream of the null zone and the upstream flux of sediments settled at the downstream of the null zone. Intratidal variation of the ETM is mainly controlled by erosion and the tidal transport of eroded sediments for a low flow condition. Under the direct influence of a high flow event, the ETM is mainly formed by erosion during ebbing tidal current strengthened by large freshwater discharge and by convergence of ebbing freshwater discharge and flooding tidal current. During the rebounding stage of a high flow event, intratidal variations are mainly controlled by tidal asymmetry caused by the interaction between tidal currents, gravitational circulation, and stratification.     

强潮河口区近底部沉积动力过程的高分辨率观测与分析

现场试验表明,三角架观测系统稳定性良好,获取了边界层内多层位、连续的温、盐、流速、浊度同步观测数据,适用于浅海近底部沉积动力过程高分辨率观测及物质输运研究。观测结果显示:观测期间,边界层内存在向陆的余流,并呈现逐渐减小的趋势,其主要由涨、落潮流的不对称造成,大风天气和密度环流亦是影响余流强弱的重要因素;观测期间多数时刻底部切应力大于起动切应力,底质沉积物可产生明显的搬运甚至再悬浮;悬沙浓度对沉积动力的响应在涨、落潮,大、小潮阶段均有各自的特点,水动力的变化、潮流加/减速时间的长短、床面泥沙的供应量、上部水体泥沙的沉降是导致悬沙浓度变化的主要原因;底部边界层内,涨、落潮期间不对称输沙导致潮周期内悬沙净向河口湾内输运。     

Dedication: Dr. Scott W. Nixon (1943–2012)

The availability of suspended sediments will be a dominant factor influencing the stability of tidal wetlands as sea levels rise. Watershed-derived sediments are a critical source of material supporting accretion in many tidal wetlands, and recent declines in wetland extent in several large river delta systems have been attributed in part to declines in sediment delivery. Little attention has been given, however, to changes in sediment supply outside of large river deltas. In this study, significant declines in suspended sediment concentrations (SSCs) over time were observed for 25 of 61 rivers examined that drain to the East and Gulf Coasts of the USA. Declines in fluvial SSC were significantly correlated with increasing water retention behind dams, indicating that human activities play a role in declining sediment delivery. There was a regional pattern to changes in fluvial sediment, and declines in SSCs were also significantly related to rates of relative sea level rise (RSLR) along the coast, such that wetlands experiencing greater RSLR also tend to be receiving less fluvial sediment. Tidal wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic, Mississippi River Delta, and Texas Gulf especially may become increasingly vulnerable due to rapid RSLR and reductions in sediment. These results also indicate that past rates of marsh accretion may not be indicative of potential future accretion due to changes in sediment availability. Declining watershed sediment delivery to the coastal zone will limit the ability of tidal marshes to keep pace with rising sea levels in some coastal systems.     

Impacts of a Wave Farm on Waves,Currents and Coastal Morphology in South West England

This study investigates impacts of a wave farm on waves, currents and coastal morphology adjacent to the wave farm, which is located in the Southwest of England (the Wave Hub). In this study, we focus on the interaction between waves and tides due to the presence of the wave farm and its effects on wave radiation stresses, bottom shear stresses and consequently on the sediment transport and the coast adjacent to the wave farm, using an integrated numerical modelling system. The modelling system consists of the near-shore wave model SWAN, the ocean circulation model ROMS and a sediment transport model for morphological evolution. The results show that tidal elevation and tidal currents can have a significant effect on waves and that tidal forcing and waves have a significant effect on bottom shear stresses. Waves can impact on the processes related to the bottom boundary layer and mixing intensity in the water column. The wave farm has an impact on the gradients of radiation shear stresses and bottom shear stresses that modify current speeds and wave heights, which in turn impact on the near-shore sediment transport and the resulting morphological changes. Bed load transport rates show a decrease when the wave farm is present, even during storm conditions. The results highlight the importance of the interactions between waves and tides when modelling coastal morphology with presence of wave energy devices.     

黄河入海泥沙沉积固结过程抗侵蚀性变化研究

河口入海泥沙沉积固结过程中抗侵蚀性的变化直接决定着沉积物的再悬浮和二次迁移,对河口岸滩的稳定具有重要决定作用。在现代黄河三角洲潮滩模拟入海泥沙快速沉积,现场测试不同固结时间沉积物的抗侵蚀性和物理力学指标的变化。研究发现,黄河入海泥沙沉积物的抗侵蚀性随固结时间增长迅速提高,当沉积固结时间达8h时,其临界侵蚀切应力就超过了原状潮滩表层沉积物;新沉积泥沙的临界侵蚀切应力与其重度、贯入阻力、剪切强度呈良好的正相关关系,与含水率呈良好的负相关关系。黄河入海泥沙临界侵蚀流速的试验值随固结时间的增长速率要高于各泥沙起动公式计算值的增长速率,前者是后者的1.5～4.1倍。     

岛屿海岸工程作用下的水沙动力过程研究

岛屿海岸所处的水动力泥沙环境以及工程实施后引起的相关变化都具有自身的独特性和复杂性。根据历史资料,在对嵊泗中心渔港海区已建工程影响下的水沙动力过程变化深入分析的基础上,利用波浪和潮流共同作用下的二维泥沙数学模型,对拟建工程引起的潮流场、含沙量场以及海床冲淤变化进行了分析和预测。研究表明,已建与拟建防波堤工程会引起港区水动力减弱,海床演变以淤积作用为主,年淤积强度0.1~0.3 m;已围与拟围海造地工程则会束窄潮流通道,导致水动力增强,海床以轻微冲刷为主。拟建工程与已建工程作用下的水沙动力过程具有良好的类比性。     

莱州湾悬沙输运机制研究

基于2012年实测的潮流、含沙量及表层沉积物数据及资料等,分析了潮流、余流、潮流底应力及底质类型对含沙量变化的影响,并运用物质通量分析方法,探讨了莱州湾悬浮泥沙的输运机制.研究结果表明:研究海域受半日潮控制呈往复流特征,涨、落潮期间近底含沙量与流速及潮流底应力显著相关,存在明显的再悬浮现象,含沙量呈现潮周期变化特征;底质类型与含沙量大小密切相关,细颗粒物质更容易发生悬浮;平流输运与潮泵效应是莱州湾海域的悬沙输运的主要动力因素.     

Morphological response of tidal marshes,flats and channels of the Outer Yangtze River mouth to a major storm

Systematic morphological changes of the coastline of the outer Yangtze River mouth in response to storms versus calm weather were documented by daily surveys of tidal marshes and flats between April 1999 and May 2001 and by boat surveys offshore during this and earlier periods. The largest single event during 1999 to 2001 was Typhoon Paibaian, which eroded the unvegetated tidal flat and lower marsh and led to accretion on the middle-to-upper marsh and in the subtidal channel. The greatest erosion of 21 cm occurred at the border between the marsh and the unvegetated flat due to the landward retreat of the marsh edge during the storm. Strong waves on the flats increased suspended sediment concentration by 10–20 times. On the upper marsh, where the frequency of submergence by astronomical tides is only 3%, Typhoon Paibian led to 4 cm of accretion, accounting for 57% of the net accretion observed over the 2-yr study. Typhoon Paibian led to 4 cm of accretion, accounting for 57% of the net accretion observed over the 2-yr study. Typhoon Paibian and other large storms in the 1990s caused over 50 cm of accretion along the deep axis of the river mouth outlet channel. During calm weather, when hydrodynamic energy was dominated by tides, deposition was centered on the unvegetated flats and lower, marsh with little deposition on the high marsh and erosion in the subtidal channel. Depositional recovery of the tidal flat from typhoon-induced erosion took only several days, whereas recovery of the subtidal channel by erosion took several weeks. A conceptual model for the morphological responses of tidal marshes, flats, and subtidal channels to storms and calm weather is proposed such that sediment continually moves from regions of highest near-bed energy towards areas of lower energy.     

Vertical sediment fluxes and wave-induced sediment resuspension in a shallow-water coastal lagoon

The present study describes variations in the vertical fluxes measured concurrently with sediment traps at both a shallow water (4 m) and a deeper water (7.5 m) position in a coastal lagoon in April 1995. A tripod equipped with five sediment traps (trap openings at 0.35 m, 0.75 m, 1.05 m, 1.40 m, and 1.80 m above the seabed) was placed at the shallow water position. This tripod was deployed three times during the study period and deployment periods varied between 2 d and 5 d. The second sediment trap, placed at the deep water position in the central part of the lagoon, measured vertical flux for intervals of 12 h at 1.4 m above the seabed. The horizontal distance between the sediment traps was 8 km. The average maximum vertical flux at the shallow water position reached 27.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ during a period of high, westerly wind speeds, and a maximum vertical flux of 16.9 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was reached at the deep water position during a period of high, easterly wind speeds. Both strong resuspension events were closely related to increased wave shear stress derived from surface waves. Maximum wave-induced resuspension rate was 10 times higher at the shallow water position and 3.8 times higher at the deep water position compared with the net sedimentation rate in the lagoon. Small resuspension events occurred at the shallow water position during periods of increased current shear stress, Estimations of conditions for transport of sediment between shallow water and deep water showed that particles must be resuspended to a height between 3 m and 4 m and that current speeds must be higher than about 0.1 m s⁻¹. An average sedimentation rate of 3.8 g m⁻² d⁻¹ was obtained at the shallow water position during a period without wave shear stress and low current shear stress. This rate measured by sediment traps is similar to a net sedimentation rate in the lagoon of 4.4 g m⁻² d⁻¹, which was determined by radiocarbon dating of a sediment core (Kristensen et al. 1995).