气象要素影响下雪冰离子淋溶过程研究——以乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川为例

为了更好地理解化学离子在雪坑中的迁移和保存,进一步解释冰芯记录,基于乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川海拔4130 m处的雪冰化学资料,研究了气温和降水与离子淋溶过程的关系.结果表明：气温与离子浓度呈负相关关系,夏季的雪坑离子浓度波动剧烈,冬季的雪坑离子浓度相对稳定.离子浓度随正积温的升高呈指数衰减趋势,当正积温至0℃以上时,离子浓度急剧降低;当正积温升至60℃左右时,离子浓度呈缓慢降低.不同离子的淋溶过程对正积温的响应有所不同,随着正积温的增加,SO₄^2-,NO₃^-,Na⁺,Cl^-,NH₄⁺和Ca²⁺的衰减趋势非常显著,而Mg²⁺和K⁺则呈现无规律性的变化.淋溶因子指出,融水渗浸作用导致雪坑中大部分离子被淋溶;不同离子的淋溶因子也有明显差异,Mg²⁺淋溶因子最小（0.43）,SO₄^2-淋溶因子最大（0.84）,说明Mg²⁺最为稳定,而SO₄^2-最易淋溶.降水对雪坑离子浓度的影响较为微弱,主要通过增加表层雪离子浓度而提升整个雪坑的离子浓度.     

西南极乔治王岛冰芯研究——冰雪层定年、微粒记录及离子迁移

在分析南极乔治王岛冰帽大冰穹顶部降水和成冰条件的基础上,利用冰芯上部层物理特征参数确定的5个年层及其附近气象站相应的降水记录,结合多年降水资料将大冰穹45m冰芯划分为15个年层.应用此年层剖面,证实了微粒含量的两个异常峰值分别对应于1987年Deception岛和1980年的SealNunataks两次火山喷发.乔治王岛冰帽属于温性冰帽,大、小冰穹冰芯阴阳离子受沉积后融水渗浸淋溶作用的影响.对冰芯阴阳离子的淋溶次序分析显示,大冰穹为SO₄^2->Mg²⁺>Ca²⁺>K⁺>Cl^->Na⁺>NO₃^->Br^-,而小冰穹为Mg²⁺>Ca²⁺>SO₄^2->K⁺>Cl^->Br^->Na⁺.     

中国第二次北极科学考察沿线气溶胶成分分析

对2003年7月15~9月28日间中国第二次北极科学考察沿线所采集的气溶胶样品进行分析,获得了Na⁺、NH₄⁺ 、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、MSA、SO₄^2- 等11种离子的浓度数据(文中使用当量浓度).根据相关分析, 可将11种离子分为3类: 海盐源离子, 包括Na⁺、Mg²⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、SO₄^2-; 人为源, 包括NH₄⁺ 、NO₃^-; 其它源, 包括 CH₃COO^-、MSA、C₂O₄^2-. 气溶胶以海盐气溶胶为主, Cl^-、Na⁺ 离子分别是阴阳离子中含量最大的离子, (Na⁺ +Cl^-)对气溶胶载量(所测定的阴阳离子的总和)的贡献平均为60.2%, 占气溶胶总量的一半以上. NH₄⁺ /SO₄^2- 的比值的平均为0.45, 根据当地的大气环境和气溶胶的离子平衡, 认为气溶胶样品中NH₄⁺ 和 SO₄^2- 主要是以 NH4HSO4的形式结合. 根据考察沿线 NO₃^- 浓度的变化, 把考察沿线大致分为3个区: 日本海区, 中值为15.2 neq·m^-3; 鄂霍次克海及白令海区, 中值为1.8 neq·m^-3; 北冰洋区, 其浓度较低, 中值为0.4 neq·m^-3. 考察沿线白令海是MSA的高产区.     

秦岭主峰太白山北麓降水化学特征分析

利用太白山北麓2011年12月-2013年7月共39次降水样品数据资料, 定量分析了该区域降水化学的特征和时间变化规律. 结果表明: 太白山北麓地区降水中, 除常量离子Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、F^-、Cl^-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-外, CO₃^2-、HCO₃^-、PO₄^3-及低分子有机酸也占有相当比例. 研究区降水常量离子浓度的顺序依次为: NH₄⁺ > SO₄^2- > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > F^-, 离子总浓度表现出明显的季节变化: 夏季(轻度污染) < 秋季(中等污染) < 春季(严重污染) < 冬季(极重污染). 利用因子分析法得出太白山北麓地区降水组分主要有三种来源; Na⁺、Cl^-、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺主要来自地壳源, SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺主要来自人为源, K⁺和F^-主要由海盐源和人为源共同贡献. 根据Hysplit 后向气流轨迹分析, 得出不同路径气团降水离子组分不同: 受地形等因素影响, 北方路径的气团比南方路径气团离子总浓度较高; 受土壤类型影响, 西北方向气团降水Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺浓度较高; 受人为活动影响, 东北方向SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺浓度较高.     

牡丹江市主城区第四系地下水主要离子特征与成因分析

以牡丹江市主城区为研究区,对该区采集的24组第四系地下水样品中常规离子进行检测和分析,利用数理统计、Piper三线图、Gibbs模型、离子比例关系等方法识别地下水主要离子成因。结果表明,研究区第四系地下水中主要离子含量变化均具有较强的离散性,阴离子平均浓度HCO₃^->SO₄^2->Cl^-,阳离子平均浓度Ca²⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺>K⁺,地下水整体为淡水,呈中性偏弱酸性,水化学类型以HCO₃—Na·Ca型水为主;水中的化学组分主要来源于岩石风化溶解,其中,Na⁺和K⁺主要来源于硅酸盐矿物的溶解,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要受碳酸盐、硫酸盐和硅酸盐矿物风化溶解作用共同控制,同时水中阳离子间存在一定交换作用。     

祁连山老虎沟地区夏季大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的变化特征

为了研究青藏高原东北缘老虎沟地区大气颗粒物中水溶性无机离子组分的变化特征,于2016年7月16日至8月11日共采集13个PM_2.5样品和4套粒径分级样品。研究结果显示：非沙尘期间,水溶性离子总质量浓度为2.35 μg·m^-3,主要离子SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺和NO₃^-的浓度分别为1.28、0.33、0.32和0.28 μg·m^-3,约占水溶性离子浓度总和的94%;沙尘期间,水溶性无机离子总质量浓度为12.63 μg·m^-3,是非沙尘期间浓度的5倍,主要离子SO₄^2-、Ca²⁺、Cl^-、Na⁺和NO₃^-的浓度依次为5.36、4.77、0.80、0.62和0.61 μg·m^-3,约占水溶性离子浓度总和的96%。分级样品分析结果表明,NO₃^-主要分布在粗颗粒模态,可能是前体物在粉尘表面发生非均相反应产生。在沙尘时期,SO₄^2-主要为粉尘贡献,集中分布在粗颗粒模态。在非沙尘时期,SO₄^2-在粗颗粒模态和积聚模态都有较多的分布。积聚模态的SO₄^2-主要是通过前体物与NH₃发生均相反应产生。据估算,非沙尘时期的二次反应对PM_2.5中SO₄^2-的贡献约为80%。     

1844 AD以来珠穆朗玛峰地区大气环境变化高分辨率冰芯记录

根据珠穆朗玛峰东侧东绒布冰川海拔6450 m处长度为80.36 m的冰芯1886个样品的δ¹⁸O与主要离子浓度资料,研究了1844 AD以来珠穆朗玛峰地区大气环境在季节及年际尺度上的变化特征.结果表明:δ¹⁸O与Na⁺、K⁺和Cl^-相关不明显,与Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和NH₄⁺具有较强的相关性.据相关分析及因子分析的结果,可以把8种主要离子分成5组来研究,它们主要表现为:海盐离子Na⁺可反映印度夏季风强弱变化;K⁺和Cl^-在一定程度上可以反映印度等南亚地区生物质燃烧量的变化;陆源Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺离子表现为春季的峰值和夏季的低值,冬春季高浓度的Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺可能主要来自南亚的塔尔沙漠,以及西亚的干燥少雨的高原地区,或更遥远的北非撒哈拉沙漠,同时,青藏高原本身也可能是一个重要的沙尘源区;NO₃^-和SO₄^2-离子浓度表现出高频的季节变化特征,存在春季的峰值和夏季的低值,20世纪70年代初期至90年代初期,NO₃^-和SO₄^2-离子浓度一直维持在较高的水平;NH₄⁺浓度在20世纪40年代以来的大幅度上升可能是世界大战后,社会趋于稳定,南亚地区农业迅速发展而大量使用化学肥料的结果.     

中国首次北极科学考察沿线气溶胶可溶性成分的分析

中国首次北极科学考察沿线采集的大气气溶胶样品可溶性成分分析表明,大气气溶胶的平均载量为195neq·m^-3,Na⁺和Cl^-的贡献为0%,NH₄⁺和SO₄^2-的贡献为27%,nssSO₄^2-对SO₄^2-的贡献为8%.气溶胶中阴、阳离子总量基本相当,大气环境呈中性.气溶胶中可溶性成分具有较强的纬度变化特征.根据离子的变化态势可将离子分为3大类,即1)Na⁺,Cl^-,SO₄^2-,K⁺,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺;2)NH₄⁺,NO₃^-;3)MSA.Na⁺和Cl^-具有较好的线性关系,Cl^-/Na⁺的当量浓度比为1.01,小于其在海水中的比值1.1.NH₄⁺和NO₃^-的浓度随纬度的增加呈现减少的趋势,说明在低纬度近海岸地区人类活动的污染相当强烈.MSA的浓度在白令海区出现高值,与Shemya(52°N,174°E)站夏季浓度1.79±0.83neq·m^-3(170±79ng·m^-3)相当.通过与不同海区夏季释放DMS的通量对比,进一步证明了低温有利于DMS向MSA的转化.     

秦岭太白山南麓降水中常量无机离子特征及其来源研究

以2011年11月至2014年9月连续采集的74个有效降水样品为研究载体,运用趋势分析法和相关分析法分析太白山南麓黄柏塬地区降水中常量无机离子（NH₄⁺、Ca²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、Cl^-、F^-）的化学特征,并结合富集因子法、端源贡献法及后向气流轨迹模型探究其来源。结果表明：研究区降水中各离子浓度大小顺序为Ca²⁺ > SO₄^2- > NH₄⁺ > NO₃^- > K⁺ > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Cl^- > F^-,主要阳离子是Ca²⁺和NH₄⁺,共占阳离子总量的76.21%,主要阴离子是SO₄^2-和NO₃^-,共占阴离子总量的90.83%。降水总离子年平均浓度为404.64 μeq·L^-1,相对于国内外已研究的其他高山站点偏高,表现出典型的大陆型及人为源干扰的特征。受排放源、气象因子、植被、降水量等因素影响,降水总离子浓度表现出显著的季节差异,依次为冬季 > 春季 > 秋季 > 夏季。源解析结果显示降水中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-95%以上由人为源贡献,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺主要来源于地壳风化,Na⁺海盐源和非海盐源贡献约各占一半,K⁺主要来自于非海盐贡献,而F^-和NH₄⁺则几乎全部由人为源贡献。不同路径气团影响下的降水离子组分具有明显不同,北方气团途径太原、石家庄、北京、兰州等工业发达城市,工业燃煤交通废气排放量大,降水中SO₄^2-、NO₃^-浓度均偏高,离子总浓度也明显高于南方气团。     

慕士塔格卡尔塔马克冰川作用区的水文与水化学特征

利用2003年6月1日~8月25日实测的水文数据,分析了慕士塔格峰卡尔塔马克冰川融水径流的变化特征.卡尔塔马克冰川融水径流主要集中在6~8月,其存在着明显的日变化过程,融水径流受控于温度及降水要素.同时,对8月10~23日采集的冰川径流样品及部分降水样品的pH、EC(电导率)和主要离子(Na⁺,K⁺,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺,Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,未检测降水样品的离子含量)的测定结果进行了分析讨论.径流样品略偏碱性,pH和EC呈正相关关系.SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺是所测离子中主导的阴阳离子.除NO₃^-外,样品中各离子含量具有一致的变化特征;各离子浓度与流量或水位具有相反的变化趋势.初步讨论了离子的来源,结果表明冰川融水中化学物质组分主要来源于地表.     

天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川融水径流水化学特征研究

2006年和2007年的整个消融期内,在天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川末端水文控制点逐日定时采集融水径流样品,对样品的主要可溶离子、pH、电导率EC、总溶解固体TDS和悬移质颗粒物SPM进行了分析. 结果表明：天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川融水径流离子类型为Ca²⁺-HCO₃^--SO₄^2-,呈弱碱性. 融水径流中TDS变化受日径流量调节显著,表现为消融初期和末期浓度较高,消融强烈时浓度较低;SPM以细颗粒物质为主,各粒度组分含量变化幅度较大,且质量浓度SSC年内变化与TDS呈相反的变化趋势. 融水径流中离子组成主要受岩石风化作用影响,离子摩尔比值和Piper图分析表明,控制冰川径流离子组成的主要过程是碳酸盐、黄铁矿和长石类矿物风化作用.     

祁连山大雪山地区大气PM2.5细粒子中可溶性离子特征

为了研究祁连山大雪山地区大气PM_2.5细粒子中可溶性无机离子组分的变化特征, 于2010年7月至2011年7月在祁连山冰川与生态环境综合观测站附近采集46个大气PM_2.5的Telfon滤膜样品, 并应用离子色谱对可溶性离子进行了分析.结果显示: 所测样品的阴、 阳离子中, SO₄^2-、 NO^-₃、 Ca²⁺和NH⁺₄的质量浓度分别为1.54μg·m^-3、 0.38μg·m^-3、 0.73μg·m^-3和0.22μg·m^-3, 累计约占到水溶性离子总量的88%.可溶性离子浓度呈现出春夏季节明显高于秋冬季节的特征, 夏季的浓度最高, 其次是春季、 冬季和秋季. Cl^-、 Ca²⁺、 Na⁺和Mg²⁺之间的相关性极高, SO₄^2-和NO^-₃与大部分阳离子的相关性都很高, 说明大部分硫酸盐是来自于中亚沙尘源区的自然源, 而并非是通过人类活动造成的一次污染物通过二次反应过程得到的. NH⁺₄仅与SO₄^2-通过相关性检验说明, 该地区NH₃主要中和了大气中硫酸并生成(NH₄)₂SO₄.该地区的大气环境主要来源于自然源的影响, 但夏季风期间人为污染排放已经不可忽视, 这也得到HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式的计算验证.     

Environmental significance of snowpit chemistry in the typical monsoonal temperate glacier region,Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong,China

Samples were collected from two snowpits in Baishui glacier no. 1, Mt Yulong, China, in May 2006. Snowpit chemistry was studied, using ion tracer techniques, HYSPLIT model, factor analysis, correlation and trend analysis. It indicated that total cation concentration is higher in 4,900-m snowpit than in 4,750-m snowpit, whereas total anion concentration is higher in 4,750-m snowpit. Cations, especially Ca²⁺, dominate ionic concentrations in Baishui glacier no. 1. According to correlation analysis and factor analysis, ions can be categorized as follows: Cl⁻ and NO₃ ⁻ as Group 1, SO₄ ²⁻ as Group 2, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ as Group 3, Na⁺ as Group 4, K⁺ as Group 5. Contribution made by terrestrial dust to ionic concentration accounts for 52.27, 100, 99.36, 98.91, 96.16 and 99.97% of Cl⁻, NO₃ ⁻, SO₄ ²⁻, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺, respectively, in 4,900-m snowpit, and for 64.00, 100, 99.57, 98.63, 96.25 and 99.97% in 4,750-m snowpit. Local dust is the principal source of snowpit chemical components. Pollutants brought from industrial areas of South Asia, Southeast Asia and South China by monsoonal circulation also makes some contribution to anion concentrations, but pollution associated with human activities makes a very slight contribution in study area. The chemical characteristics of two snowpits are different owing to the difference of deposition mechanism and local environment in different altitudes.     

玉龙雪山地区大气降水中粉尘颗粒物特征研究

以在玉龙雪山地区采集的大气降水样品为主要研究载体,分析了大气降水中粉尘颗粒物随时间的变化特征和影响大气降水中粉尘含量的潜在因素. 结果表明：大气降水中颗粒物浓度和典型粉尘特征化学离子含量的变化具有很好的一致性,且季风期末大气降水中的微粒含量显著升高,显示了明显的季节性变化特征. 丽江市和甘海子盆地大气降水中粉尘化学离子含量(SO₄^2-,Mg²⁺,Ca²⁺,K⁺,NH₄⁺,NO₃^-,粉尘浓度)之间具有较好的相关性,反映了这些离子共同的来源. 降水中pH值和电导率的变化很大程度上受到粉尘活动的影响,海盐气溶胶粒子对玉龙雪山地区大气降水中典型粉尘微粒(除Cl^-和部分Na⁺之外)的沉降没有贡献. 此外,降水化学和微粒分析表明,丽江市区的大气环境不排除人为活动的影响.     

Major ions chemistry of groundwater in the arid region of Zhangye Basin, northwestern China

As one of the most arid regions in the world, the study area, Zhangye Basin is located in the middle reaches of the Heihe River, northwest China. Besides aridity, rapid social and economic development also stimulates greater demand for water, which is gradually fulfilled by groundwater extraction. In this study, the conventional hydrochemical techniques and statistical analyses were applied to examine the major ions chemistry and hydrochemical processes of groundwater in the Zhangye Basin. The results of chemical analysis indicate that no one pair of cations and anions proportions is more than 50% in the groundwater samples of the study area. High-positive correlations were obtained among the following ions: HCO₃ ^?–Mg²⁺, SO₄ ^2?–Mg²⁺, SO₄ ^2?–Na⁺ and Cl^?–Na⁺. TDS depends mainly on the concentration of major ions such as HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, Cl^?, Mg²⁺ and Na⁺. The hydrochemical types in the area can be divided into two major groups: the first group includes Mg²⁺–Na⁺–HCO₃ ^?, Mg²⁺–Na⁺–Ca²⁺–HCO₃ ^?–SO₄ ^2? and Mg²⁺–Ca²⁺–Na⁺–SO₄ ^2?–HCO₃ ^? types. The second group comprises Mg²⁺–Ca²⁺–SO₄ ^2? type, Mg²⁺–Ca²⁺–SO₄ ^2?–Cl^? type and Mg²⁺–Na⁺–SO₄ ^2?–Cl^? type. The ionic ratio plot and saturation index calculation suggests that the silicate weathering, to some extent, and evaporation are dominant factors that determine the major ionic composition in the study area.     

Hydrogeochemical investigation and groundwater quality assessment of Pratapgarh district,Uttar Pradesh

Hydogrochemical investigation of groundwater resources of Paragraph district has been carried out to assess the solute acquisition processes and water quality for domestic and irrigation uses. Fifty-five groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, hardness, major anions (F^?, Cl^?, NO₃, HCO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?) and cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺). Study results reveal that groundwater of the area is alkaline in nature and HCO₃ ^?, Cl^?, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and Ca²⁺ are the major contributing ions to the dissolved solids. The hydrogeochemical data suggest that weathering of rock forming minerals along with secondary contributions from agricultural and anthropogenic sources are mainly controlling the groundwater composition of Pratapgarh district. Alkaline earth metals (Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺) exceed alkalis (Na⁺+K⁺) and weak acid (HCO₃ ^?) dominate over strong acids (Cl^?+SO₄ ^2?) in majority of the groundwater samples. Ca-Mg-HCO₃ and Ca-Mg-Cl-HCO₃ are the dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the groundwater of the area. The computed saturation indices demonstrate oversaturated condition with respect to dolomite and calcite and undersaturated with gypsum and fluorite. A comparison of groundwater quality parameters in relation to specified limits for drinking water shows that concentrations of TDS, F^?, NO₃ ^? and total hardness exceed the desirable limits in many water samples. Quality assessment for irrigation uses reveal that the groundwater is good for irrigation. However, values of salinity, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), %Na and Kelley index are exceeding the prescribed limit at some sites, demanding adequate drainage and water management plan for the area.     

Water soluble components of PM10 Chongqing, China

The concentrations of water soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^-, Cl^-, and SO ₄ ^2- ) in PM₁₀ samples collected on cellulose filters by a medium-volume cascade impactor were determined, which were obtained from three kinds of areas in Chongqing: industrial area (Jiulongpo district), commercial and residential area (Jiangbei district) and background area (Jinyun Mountain in the Beibei district). The results showed that except for the background site, the annual average values of PM₁₀ are 23% – 61% higher than the national air quality standard (GradeII) (0.1 mg/m³), even that the value of the control site is still 20% higher than American standard (0.05 mg/m³). This implied that serious pollution of fine particles occurred in Chongqing. Nine kinds of soluble ions in water of PM₁₀ were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC) and the annual average concentrations follow the order of [SO ₄ ^2- ] > [NO³ _-] > [Cl^-] > [F^-], and [Ca²⁺] > [NH₄ ⁺] > [K⁺] > [Na⁺] > [Mg²⁺]. Their values were different in these areas: the industrial area > the commercial and living area > the control area. As for NH_{4 +}, K⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃ ^- and SO ₄ ^2- , their seasonal average concentrations show a similar variation trend: the values in spring and fall were higher than those in summer and winter. The seasonal average concentrations of [Cl^-], [F^-], [Na⁺] and [Mg²⁺] are much lower than those of other ions. However, the concentrations of [Na⁺] changed more greatly in different seasons than those of the other three ions. Correlation coefficients showed that the three areas have been polluted by coal smoke and dust to different extents, while some local resources of pollution should be taken into consideration as well.     

Chemistry of snow and lake water in Antarctic region

Surface snow and lake water samples were collected at different locations around Indian station at Antarctica, Maitri, during December 2004–March 2005 and December 2006–March 2007. Samples were analyzed for major chemical ions. It is found that average pH value of snow is 6.1. Average pH value of lake water with low chemical content is 6.2 and of lake water with high chemical content is 6.5. The Na⁺ and Cl^? are the most abundantly occurring ions at Antarctica. Considerable amount of SO ₄ ^2? is also found in the surface snow and the lake water which is attributed to the oxidation of DMS produced by marine phytoplankton. Neutralization of acidic components of snow is mainly done by NH ₄ ⁺ and Mg²⁺. The Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺ and K⁺ are nearly equally effective in neutralizing the acidic components in lake water. The NH ₄ ⁺ and SO ₄ ^2? occur over the Antarctica region mostly in the form of (NH₄)₂SO₄.     

Chemistry and source identification of wet precipitation in a rural watershed of subtropical China

South China is one of the regions severely suffering from acid rain in the world.However,few systematic studies of rural precipitation chemistry have been performed in comparison with the extensive studies on their urban counterparts of this region.In order to characterize the current acid rain status and identify its possible sources in the rural area of South China,we analyzed precipitation collected event by event from a rural forested watershed in southern Anhui Province between March 2007 and February 2010.The results showed that the concentrations of major ions within precipitation in the studied rural area were significantly lower than those reported for the urban areas of the same latitude in China.Nevertheless,the precipitation acidity(with an average pH value of 4.49) and the frequency of acid rain(95%) were considerably high.The relatively high ratio of(SO42+ NO 3)/(Ca2+ +NH4+) was the main cause of acid rain in this rural area,as SO 2 and NO x were the main precursors of acid rain,while Ca2+ and NH4+acted as the dominant neutralizers to the acidity.Source identification indicated that Ca2+ and Mg2+ mainly were derived from alkaline dust,SO42,NO 3 and NH4+originated mainly from anthropogenic sources such as industrial and agricultural activities,most Na +,Cl,K + and some of Mg2+ were derived from the sea.The results suggested that the major ions within precipitation in the rural area of South China were related to the meso-scale and long-range transport of particles and aerosols in the air.     

Hydrogeochemical investigation and qualitative assessment of surface water resources in West Bokaro coalfield,India

A hydrogeochemical study of surface water of the West Bokaro coalfield has been undertaken to assess its quality and suitability for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes. For this purpose, fourteen samples collected from rivers and ponds of the coalfield were analysed for pH, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), major cations (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and K⁺), major anions (HCO₃^-, F^-, Cl^-, SO₄^2- and NO₃^-) and trace metals. The pH of the analysed water samples varied from 7.3 to 8.2, indicating slightly alkaline in nature. The electrical conductivity (EC) value varied from 93 μs cm^-1 to 906 μs cm^-1 while the TDS varied from 76 mg L^-1 to 658 mg L^-1. HCO₃^- and SO₄^2- are the dominant anion and Ca²⁺ and Na⁺ the cation in the surface water. The concentration of alkaline earth metals (Ca²⁺ + Mg²⁺) exceed the alkali metals (Na⁺ + K⁺) and HCO₃^- dominates over SO₄^2- + Cl^- concentrations in the majority of the surface water samples. Ca²⁺ -Mg²⁺ -HCO₃^- and Ca²⁺ -Mg²⁺ -Cl^- are the dominant hydrogeochemical facies in the surface water of the area. The water chemistry is mainly controlled by rock weathering with secondary contribution from anthropogenic sources. For quality assessment, analyzed water parameter values compared with Indian and WHO water quality standard. In majority of the samples, the analyzed parameters are well within the desirable limits and water is potable for drinking purposes. However, concentrations of TDS, TH, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe are exceeding the desirable limits in some water samples and needs treatment before its utilization. The calculated parameters such as sodium absorption ration, percent sodium, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index and magnesium hazard revealed good to permissible quality and suitable for irrigation purposes, however, higher salinity, permeability index and Mg-ratio restrict its suitability for irrigation at few sites.