遥感与GIS支持下的松嫩平原农牧交错区土地沙漠化调查研究

以1986年和2000年两个时期的LANDSATTM数据作为主要信息源,对松嫩平原农牧交错区的土地沙漠化现状、程度和发展趋势进行遥感解译和实地调查。分析研究结果表明:区域内的土地沙漠化总体上呈逆转趋势。主要表征为沙漠化土地面积减少,平均每年减少0.71×10⁴hm²,年递减率为0.8%;沙漠化程度渐轻,微度沙漠化土地增加92.9%,而轻、中、重度沙漠化土地减少了44.3%。该地区的土地沙漠化整体上以逆转趋势为主,还有一些局部区域沙漠化程度仍在发展,土地沙漠化的状况不容忽视。人类活动对区域土地沙漠化的影响比较明显,气候变化和地理环境也对土地沙漠化产生重要的影响,沙漠化土地类型由以草地为主转为以旱地为主。     

全新世气候变化与中国北方沙漠化

气候变化是中国北方地区荒漠化形成发展的主要控制因素。新生代以来伴随着青藏高原的隆升和内陆盆地的下降逐渐形成的气候格局造就了北方地区荒漠化土地的分布。北方西部内陆盆地以干旱气候为主要特征,中部高原是受季风系统中夏季风和冬季风的消长变化影响最为显著的地区,东部地区则以暖湿气候为主,受夏季风控制。第四系以来气候的波动则控制着沙漠化的发展或逆转。末次间冰期以来一直持续的大约以1500a为周期的气候振荡对中国北方地区的沙漠化有重要的影响或控制作用。全新世以来,北方地区约在10000aBP、8000aBP、5500aBP、4000aBP、3000aBP、1500aBP的沙漠化过程分别与北大西洋第7、5、4、3、2和1次的浮冰事件相应,沙漠化扩大过程与全球气候变化的主要事件相一致。十年尺度上气候变化的周期性振荡对沙漠化有一定的影响,至少在生态环境脆弱的敏感地带对沙漠化可以起到控制作用。年际尺度上,6.7a和3.38a气候变化周期控制着我国北方地区沙尘暴的发生。此外,北方不同地区近150a以来的人类活动对沙漠化的扩大起到了重要作用。     

近10年来沙漠-黄土边界带荒漠化土地动态分析--以陕北榆林地区为例

沙漠-黄土边界带生态环境脆弱,对气候变化和人类活动反应敏感。近10年来,榆林地区由于重视沙漠化的防治工作,沙漠化出现逆转态势,但是其潜在威胁不容忽视。水蚀荒漠化状况依然比较严重。应当进行积极有效的防治。荒漠化是一个自然过程。荒漠化加速发展是在脆弱的生态环境基础上,由于人类不合理的土地和水资源利用方式而诱发的。应当处理好人口、资源和环境三者之间的关系,走社会经济可持续发展之路。     

中国北方半干旱和半湿润地区沙漠化的成因

通过对我国北方半干旱和半湿润地区沙质荒漠化的综合分析后认为,第四纪期间不同时间尺度沙漠化的成因是有差异的。1万年前的更新世期间,人类对生态环境的破坏作用甚微,沙漠化的出现和逆转主要受地球轨道要素制约的万年以上时间尺度的全球气候变化控制;1万年来的全新世特别是近2000年的历史时期,人类对生态环境的作用已越来越大,但沙漠化仍然主要受制于千年和百年尺度的气候波动;20世纪以来的现代时期,沙漠化过程既受数十年或数年的干湿气候波动作用,也受到人类不合理的经济活动的影响,但后者是主要的。     

呼伦贝尔地区土地荒漠化动态变化

呼伦贝尔地区是中国重要的天然草原和畜牧基地, 随着该地区经济和社会的发展及人类对资源的不合理利用, 土地荒漠化现象加重。笔者应用RS和GIS技术, 以1970 年MSS、2000 年ETM和 2007年CBERS数据为数据源, 主要采用人工目视解译方法, 并辅助野外调查验证, 获得三期解译数据, 并利用空间分析、网格剖分方法, 对呼伦贝尔地区荒漠化的时空变化情况进行研究。结果表明: 近40年来, 该地区土地荒漠化总面积不断增加, 1970 年该地区土地荒漠化面积为7408.76 km2 , 2000年为7 539.52 km2 , 2007年增加到7 852.12 km2 , 共增加面积443.36 km2。1970-2000年间, 沙漠化减轻、盐碱化加重的面积为134.09 km2 , 沙漠化加重、盐碱化减轻的面积为53.35 km2 ; 2000- 2007年间, 沙漠化减轻、盐碱化加重的面积为41.71 km2 , 沙漠化加重、盐碱化减轻的面积为172.8 km2。     

中国东北平原西部荒漠化现状、成因及其治理途径研究

中国东北平原西部土地荒漠化,主要表现为土地沙漠化和土地盐碱化,它属于荒漠化的两种类型。东北 平原西部分布着科尔沁沙地和松嫩沙地,前者是全国五大沙漠之一。文章全面、系统地对该地区编制了 1∶1000000荒漠化图和量算出土地沙漠化面积。东北平原西部土地沙漠化面积为72280.6km²,占土地总面积的 22.2%。自20世纪50年代至80年代末,土地沙漠化面积迅速扩大,平均每年以1.5%～3.7%的速度递增;自9 年代以来,沙漠化呈现出逆转趋势,但就总体而言,沙漠化发展仍然大于逆转。东北平原西部土地盐碱化面积 33850.79km²,占土地总面积10.44%,主要分布在松嫩平原,面积为23329.19km²,占土地总面积15.2%,它是世 界上苏打盐碱化土壤的三大片之一,土地盐碱化每年以1.4%～2.5%速率正在发展。所以,该地区的土地荒漠化 不仅制约着当地农、牧业和农村经济的发展,影响周围和毗邻国家的生态环境安全,而且已危及当地人民的生存。 东北平原西部荒漠化的形成有自然因素和人为因素,前者有物源和气候变化等原因,后者有草原超载过牧、滥 垦、滥伐滥櫵、乱挖,河流上中游修建水库等原因,以及冻融作用的特殊原因,致使荒漠化形成和发展。文章总结了 该地区沙漠化正、逆过程的演变,并提出荒漠化的治理应根据荒漠化     

沙漠化:从圈层耦合到全球变化

从沙漠化概念提出伊始 ,沙漠化成因机理的研究就一直成为学术界关注的焦点。沙漠化过程究竟有多少是由自然因素所致 ,多少是由人类活动所为 ,诸因素与沙漠化之间有何内在关系 ,沙尘天气发生发展过程及其诱因等 ,当属地球系统科学应解决的难题。文章从全球变化的角度 ,将沙漠系统视作一种类生命的非线性动力系统 ,指出沙漠化源于地球表层系统各圈层之间复杂的相关与耦合作用 :气候变化是控制沙漠进退的首要因素 ;陆表水持续亏损则是导致干旱、半干旱地区沙漠化发展的直接原因 ;岩石圈构造运动塑造了不同的地形地貌单元 ,奠定了沙漠分布的地理格局 ;人类的不当活动和气候变化引起的生物生产力的衰退及土地覆盖的破坏 ,造成了现代沙漠化的快速扩张。     

蒙古高原东南缘现代灌丛沙丘的发育过程及其对沙漠化的指示意义

在蒙古高原东南缘,灌丛沙丘是主要的风沙地貌类型,也是与风蚀和沙漠化密切相关的风沙堆积,一般在土地开垦后大规模发育,因而记录了区域沙漠化的发展过程.本文对发育在这一地区的灌丛沙丘沉积物地球化学元素的变化进行了详细的解析,结果表明,沙丘沉积物的Zr/Rb比值良好地记录了区域风沙活动的演变情况:当沙丘高度发育至10 ～30cm,39 ～ 59cm,67 ～ 77cm,95～ 105cm,118～ 130cm和138 ～ 140cm时,区域处于风沙活动的活跃期;沙丘高度发育至78 ～ 94cm时,区域处于近80年以来风沙活动的低谷期.结合区域土地开垦史、现代器测气象资料、风沙活动与沙漠化等情况,可以确定,自20世纪30年代以来,蒙古高原东南缘经历了30年代末期至50年代初期沙漠化的初步发展时期,50年代后期至80年代中后期、90年代中后期和本世纪初的沙漠化快速发展时期,以及80年代末期至90年代中前期的沙漠化逆转期.鉴于无航测资料时期沙漠化正逆过程演变研究的缺失,这一区域所发育的灌丛沙丘是延长区域环境变化记录特别是沙漠化演变研究的良好载体.     

陕北现代化煤炭开采区土地沙漠化影响及原因——以大柳塔—活鸡兔矿区为例

为了弄清楚陕北现代化煤炭开采对沙漠与黄土交界处土地沙漠化和地质环境的影响,以神府煤田的大柳塔—活鸡兔矿区为例,采用遥感解译、大比例尺地面调查以及GIS技术,对矿区近20年来煤炭开采区沙漠化土地及地质环境的演化特征进行分析,探讨了土地沙漠化的影响因素。结果表明：近20年来研究区土地沙漠化总体呈好转趋势,1986—1996年是矿区沙漠化好转的主要时期,主要因为该时期煤炭开采规模较小,采空塌陷区增加缓慢;20世纪80年代中期以来,矿区因煤矿采空所形成的塌陷区面积不断扩大,但采空塌陷至少对严重和中度沙漠化土地的影响微弱;1996年以来,随着煤炭开采力度不断加大,采空塌陷区面积呈指数增长,但土地沙漠化仍处于一个相对稳定的时期;煤炭资源开发造成大面积地面塌陷和裂隙、地下水水位下降、泉水流量减少甚至干涸,以及地表径流减少等,会导致区域生物多样性的减少和湿地植被的演替,使生态环境更加脆弱。因此,影响矿区土地沙漠化的主要因素是气候变化和其他人为因素,而不是矿区生态特征和采空塌陷因素。设立重要的生态环境和水资源保护区是保护有限的水资源和生物资源必要手段,也是减轻土地沙漠化的重要途径。     

全球变化与区域可持续发展耦合模型及调控对策

全球气候变化和土地利用/覆盖变化已经导致许多地区水资源短缺、生态系统服务退化和巨灾风险增加等一系列生态环境问题。如何有效地应对气候变化风险,促进全球和区域的可持续发展,是当前全球变化研究中的一个重要论题。国家重点基础研究发展计划项目"全球变化与区域可持续发展耦合模型及调控对策(2014CB954300)"以可持续性科学为主要依据,以有序人类活动理念为指导思想,以实地观测、模型模拟和情景分析为主要手段,揭示气候变化和人类活动的定量关系,评估气候变化条件下人类活动对区域生态系统服务和人类福祉的影响,建立气候变化—有序人类活动—区域可持续发展耦合模型,提出景观及区域尺度上人类适应全球变化的综合策略。该研究项目将有助于发展和完善景观可持续性科学,促进我国半干旱地区主动适应全球气候变化的土地系统设计的理论和实践。     

Aeolian desertification from the mid-1970s to 2005 in Otindag Sandy Land, Northern China

Aeolian desertification in Otindag Sandy Land has expanded dramatically during the past 50 years. This research explored processes and causes of aeolian desertification in the study area. The results showed that aeolian desertification development in Zhenglan Qi of typical region located at the center in the study area can be divided into three stages including rapid occurrence before 1987, parts of rehabilitation and most of deterioration from 1987 to 2000 and little rapid rehabilitation occurrence from 2000 to 2005, according to remote sensing images and field investigations. Gradually declining MI indicated that climate change was not the major cause of aeolian desertification development during the last 40 years, while increasing population should be the underlying cause of local aeolian desertification. Irrational human activities mainly including unsuitable reclamation in the 1960s and lasting over-grazing after 1980 are direct causes contributing to local aeolian desertification, especially over-grazing, while climate change often played a revealer of irrational human activities mainly through drought events. Over-grazing and undesirable climate have different functions during the whole aeolian desertification process. Over-grazing gradually changed grasslands to slight aeolian desertified lands at the initial stage, while climate with windy days or droughts often accelerated formation of serious aeolian desertified lands. Aeolian desertification in the study area both possesses occurrence possibility and great rehabilitative potential. At present, more integrated countermeasures combating local aeolian desertification still are expected.     

Quantitative assessment of the contributions of climate change and human activities on global grassland degradation

Grassland degradation received considerable concern because of its adverse impact on agronomic productivity and its capacity to provide goods and service. Climate change and human activities are commonly recognized as the two broad underlying drivers that lead to grassland degradation. In this study, a comprehensive method based on net primary productivity (NPP) was introduced to assess quantitatively the relative roles of climate change and human perturbations on worldwide grassland degradation from 2000 to 2010. The results revealed that at a global scale, 49.25 % of grassland ecosystems experienced degradation. Nearly 5 % of these grasslands experienced strong to extreme significant degradation. Climate change was the dominant cause that resulted in 45.51 % of degradation compared with 32.53 % caused by human activities. On the contrary, 39.40 % of grassland restoration was induced by human interferences, and 30.6 % was driven by climate change. The largest area of degradation and restoration both occurred in Asia. NPP losses ranged between 1.40 Tg C year^?1 (in North America) and 13.61 Tg C year^?1 (in Oceania) because of grassland degradation. Maximum NPP increase caused by restoration was 17.57 Tg C year^?1 (in North America). Minimum NPP was estimated at 1.59 Tg C year^?1 (in Europe). The roles of climate change and human activities on degradation and restoration were not consistent at continental level. Grassland ecosystems in the southern hemisphere were more vulnerable and sensitive to climate change. Therefore, climate change issues should be gradually integrated into future policies and plans for domestic grassland management and administration.     

Landscape change and sandy desertification in arid areas: a case study in the Zhangye Region of Gansu Province, China

The Zhangye Region of Gansu Province is an important agricultural base in arid northwestern China. During the twentieth century, especially in the last five decades, the region has experienced sandy desertification. To document the status and causes of this deterioration, satellite images, meteorological and socioeconomic data to assess landscape change from 1993 to 2002 were interpreted and analyzed. The results show that during the intervening 9-year period the area of sandy lands has increased by 642.2 km², which consist of aeolian sand dune (357.1 km²) and potential sandy land (216.3 km²). Although the development and reversion of sandy desertification co-exist, the sandy desertification in this area seems serious and is attributable to the irrational use of water and land.     

定量评估我国西北干旱区土地利用变化对植被指数的影响

在全球变化的背景下,定量区分人类活动和气候波动对干旱区植被的影响具有重要意义。采用多种统计学方法,分析了我国西北干旱区1990-2010年土地利用/覆被变化（LUCC）和1982-2010年归一化植被指数（NDVI）的时空变化特征,并定量评估了LUCC对NDVI变化的影响。结果表明：1990-2010年,西北干旱区耕地增加量最多,高达13 476 km²,其次是林地和水域,各地类增加的面积主要来自草地（12 590 km²）和未利用地（6 025 km²）。各土地类型变化速度快慢依次为：耕地 > 建设用地 > 水域 > 林地 > 草地 > 未利用地。2000-2010年,研究区土地利用程度综合指数（0.79）明显高于1990-2000年（0.23）,表明近年来人类活动对土地利用变化的影响程度显著增强。1982-2010年,西北干旱区NDVI呈增加态势,但近年来（2002-2010年）NDVI略有下降。其中,1990-2000年,LUCC对西北干旱区NDVI总变化的贡献率较低,仅为2.9%;而1990-2010,LUCC的贡献率为26.7%,表明气候变化对植被指数变化的贡献率高达73.3%。     

Rocky desertification and its causes in karst areas: a case study in Yongshun County,Hunan Province,China

Rocky desertification, a process of land degradation characterized by soil erosion and bedrock exposure, is one of the most serious land degradation problems in karst areas, and is regarded as an obstacle to local sustainable development. It is well known that human activities can accelerate rocky desertification; however, the effects of climate change on rocky desertification in karst areas are still unclear. This study focused on the effects of temperature and precipitation changes and human activities on rocky desertification in karst areas to determine the impacts of climate change and human disturbances on rocky desertification. Areas of different level of rocky desertification were obtained from Landsat TM (1987) and Landsat ETM+ (2000) images. The results show that, although the total desertification area increased by only 1.27% between 1987 and 2000, 17.73% of the slightly desertified land had degraded to a moderate or intense level, 2.01 and 15.71%, respectively. Meanwhile, between 1987 and 2000, the air temperature increased by 0.7°C, and precipitation increased by 170 mm. Statistical results indicate that the increase in precipitation was caused by heavy rainfall. In addition, under the interactive influences of heavy rainfall and temperature, the average karst dissolution rate was about 87 m³ km⁻² a⁻¹ during the 14 years in the study area. Further analysis indicated that rocky desertification was positively related with the increase in temperature and precipitation and especially with the heavy rainfall events. Climate change accelerated rocky desertification in the karst areas. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

近10年西藏高原土地沙漠化动态变化与发展态势

依据生态基准面的理论制定了西藏高原沙漠化土地分类分级体系。运用遥感、野外调查与 GIS等方法,对20世纪90年代沙漠化动态变化进行了研究,研究结果表明：西藏高原沙漠化扩大 2151．68km 2,升级率达 2．3％,动态度为 0．154％,沙漠化程度明显加重,形成沙漠化发展、稳定及逆转三种类型区。高原沙漠化发展演化的内在驱动力是以气候为主的自然因素,外在驱动力则是人为的"三滥"活动。预测到2005年、2010年沙漠化仍将缓慢发展。西藏高原是我国沙漠化正在发展-强烈发展的区域,发展态势严峻。高原沙漠化防治的基本策略应是全面保护、综合治理、适度开发、协调发展。     

Re-evaluating the impacts of human activity and environmental change on desertification in the Minqin Oasis, China

The Minqin Oasis and its adjacent regions in northern China experienced significant desertification beginning 2,000 years ago and continuing to the present, and numerous studies have claimed that human activities, especially the flourishing of agriculture, have played a major role in environmental change in this region. Our analysis suggests that the observed desertification was mainly controlled by changes in the water component of the ecosystem and the arid climate. The impacts of cultivation on desertification from 2,000 years ago to the mid-1900s appear to have been relatively minor compared to the impacts of the area’s arid climate and its native geomorphological processes. Although human activity has increased from the late-1940s to the present, and the areas of the oasis reclaimed for agriculture have reached a maximum, desertification over the past 50 years appears to be a continuing process that began thousands of years ago, and is mainly controlled by decreasing water levels caused by the arid climate, local geomorphological processes and overuse of water in the upstream. Although both human activities and climate variation are important drivers of the desertification process, and it is not possible to completely separate the human influence from the climate impact, key factors on controlling desertification should be investigated before we place the blame solely on the flourishing of agriculture in this region.     

Driving forces of aeolian desertification in the source region of the Yellow River: 1975–2005

The source region of the Yellow River, located in the northeastern portion of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, plays a critical role in water conservation, biodiversity protection, and wetland conservation. Aeolian desertification of this area is an important concern. Remote sensing and GIS technology were employed to assess the trends in aeolian desertification from 1975 to 2005. The monitoring results showed that, aeolian desert land increased from 15,112 to 17,214 km² during 1975–2005. In addition, it was found that the area of aeolian desertification increased rapidly from 1975 to 1990, was stable from 1990 to 2000, and slightly decreased from 2000 to 2005. Increasing temperature, overgrazing, and drainage of wetlands have been key driving factors of aeolian desertification. Thus, to control the expansion of aeolian desert lands in the source region of the Yellow River and to rehabilitate existing desert areas, the priority should be given to altering human behavior in these areas.     

32 a来气候扰动下中国沙质荒漠化动态变化

借助遥感、GIS技术,利用1975年MSS、2000年ETM和2007年CBERS数据、气温和降水数据,采用基于像元的灰色关联度方法,研究1975-2007年气候因素扰动下中国沙质荒漠化时空变化规律。研究结果表明,中国沙质荒漠化虽然在2000-2007年面积减少、程度减轻,但在1975-2007年面积依然呈小幅增加趋势（增加面积为6 179.8 km²,其中重度沙质荒漠化增加面积最大）,程度加重。通过对内蒙古、新疆2个典型区的灰色关联度分析,进而研究全国范围可知,气温对沙质荒漠化变化的作用（沙质荒漠化减轻/加重与气温的相关系数分别为0.973,0.976）大于降水（沙质荒漠化减轻/加重与降水的相关系数分别为0.884,0.882）。气候因素扰动下,沙质荒漠化变化的总体趋势为,沙质荒漠化与气温变化呈正比,与降水呈反比。该趋势以甘肃、陕西为界,界线以西较为明显,而最显著区集中在新疆北部、东部,西藏北部。     

Land use history and status of land desertification in the Heihe River basin

An analysis, over historical times, of the influence of natural factors such as climate, geological activity, existing landforms, and the activity of aeolian sands on the desertification of oases and other lands in the Heihe River basin of northwestern China revealed that desertification occurred more or less quickly according to whether the prevailing climate was cold or warm, respectively. In the 1990s, the area of desertified lands in the lower reaches of the Heihe River (Ejin region) was 29.1% greater than in the mid 1980s. However, the rate of desertification in the middle reaches of the Heihe River basin was relatively slower, only 9.4% from 1949 to 1990 (or 0.27% per year). Since 1990, the rate of desertification has been stable. By 2000, the total area of land desertification in the mid to lower reaches of the Heihe River basin was 13,508.4 km², or 11.8% of the region monitored. Of the total land desertification area, the regions of Linze, Gaotai, Sunan, Jiuquan, Jia Yuguan, and Jinta accounted for 1.70, 1.71, 1.43, 0.85, 0.28, and 9.39%, respectively, whereas the Ejin region’s 11,434.64 km² accounted for 84.65%, indicating that land desertification in the lower Heihe River basin was particularly severe. The causes responsible for the occurrence and development of land desertification in the Heihe River basin were analyzed.