赞比亚铜带省谦比希盆地含矿地层地球化学特征、物源属性及其成矿地质背景研究

中非铜钴成矿带是全球重要的铜资源产地和最大的钴资源产地,其中赞比亚成矿带内90％铜(钴)资源蕴含于赞比亚铜带省的沉积型矿床中.本文选取铜带省中部谦比希盆地内穆旺巴希铜矿、谦比希西铜矿和谦比希东南铜钴矿为研究对象,对矿床(体)赋矿层位开展岩相学、主微量元素、稀土元素研究,分析其物源区组成和构造环境,探讨铜钴成矿地质背景.岩相学特征表明,赋铜(钴)地层岩性主要为敏多拉组砂岩、细砂岩和基特韦组页岩、粉砂岩、板岩、石英岩等.稀土元素标准化配分曲线呈现轻稀土富集、重稀土平坦和铕负异常特征.成分变异指数(ICV)与化学蚀变指数(CIA)的研究表明源区未遭受强的沉积物再循环及化学风化作用,从穆旺巴希矿床、谦比希西矿体到谦比希东南矿体,含矿地层风化作用逐渐减弱,沉积环境由温暖、湿润气候向寒冷、干燥气候转变.岩石地球化学判别图解显示含矿地层物源主要为长英质沉积岩和火成岩,构造性质长期处在以被动大陆边缘为主,主动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧次之的环境中.其中含钴的基特韦组地层的物源中可能伴有少量镁铁质成分的加入,构造背景主要为大陆岛弧环境.综合区域成矿年代学研究,中非成矿带铜钴成矿具有多期性,地层物源属性、沉积成岩期的氧化-还原环境以及区域构造事件最终导致了赞比亚成矿带铜钴成矿的差异性.     

赞比亚铜带省谦比希铜矿地质及矿床成因研究

谦比希铜矿位于中部非洲沉积型铜(钴)矿带上,是赞比亚铜带省上典型的沉积型矿床之一。本文通过对该矿床的矿床地质特征、岩性岩相变化及矿体中矿石矿物分布特征的研究,认为该矿床的原始沉积环境为滨浅海相,同时指出该类矿床的找矿标志。     

赞比亚罗恩(ROAN)铜矿床地质特征及找矿标志

罗恩铜矿床产于中南部非洲赞比亚-刚果(金)铜钴成矿带南东端卢安夏盆地的东端,为该成矿带内一个典型的铜矿床,其矿床分布和产状严格受区域构造、地层、岩相古地理条件控制。本文旨在通过对该矿床勘查、开采历史地质资料整理,研究其成矿规律、总结找矿标志,指导卢安夏盆地深边部找矿。经对罗恩铜矿床矿体就位空间、容矿岩石、控矿构造、矿化富集规律、矿化分带等特征的研究总结,建立了罗恩-穆利亚希盆地地质矿体模型,指出矿床位于盆地东南部紧窄部位,矿体定位于沉积建造盆内的下罗恩亚群RL6地层泥质板岩和白云质片岩中,明显受后期构造变形作用影响,含矿地层与褶皱同步褶曲、折叠形成厚大矿体,"盆"、"层"、"相"、"位"、"带"为该矿床的找矿标志。     

赞比亚谦比希矿床(西矿体)成矿规律控矿因素与成因探讨

谦比希铜矿床为赞比亚铜带省谦比希盆地北部的一个超大型矿床。通过对谦比希铜矿西矿体勘查资料特别是近些年矿区深部勘查最新的新成果的分析整理,系统总结了矿床地质特征,进而分析了控矿因素与成矿规律。其结果表明：已探明的西矿体中部长约1300 m,沿倾向最长延深约1800 m,矿体厚度3～40 m,平均品位2%,保有铜金属50万吨,矿石类型主要为硫化矿和氧化矿,并以原生硫化矿石为主。研究认为：矿化主要受地层岩性、盆地的基底构造形态、古地理环境等因素控制,其成矿规律表现：(1)矿体在下罗恩亚群的板岩和片岩中呈层状产出;(2)西矿体主体和主矿体一样,主要发育在大的基底凹陷部位,且品位较高、厚度较大的矿段往往与盆地边缘的次级凹陷有关,而地表和浅部把西矿体和主矿体分开的“古代山”是隐伏的基底花岗岩隆起区域,在这个基底隆起区域的上覆地层沉积厚度小,矿体变薄甚至尖灭;(3)矿化分布具垂向分带和水平分带规律,并与沉积相变化密切相关。研究成果可为该矿床下步的勘查找矿工作提供参考。     

赞比亚谦比希铜矿床地质特征

谦比希铜矿床产于中南部非洲赞比亚-刚果(金)铜钴成矿带内,为该成矿带内一典型的铜矿床。为了建立该类矿床的找矿标志并寻找该类矿床,本文从区域地层、区域构造、矿床地质特征和矿床成因等方面着手,对赞比亚谦比希铜矿床勘探地质资料进行综合研究,并与国内同类型大型-超大型矿床在矿床建造、后期改造、矿床成因等方面进行对比研究。提出了该类型矿床在成矿时-空分布、容矿岩石、控矿构造、成矿条件、矿床的后期改造方面的问题讨论。     

赞比亚巴鲁巴铜矿床地质特征及成因初探

巴鲁巴铜矿床位于赞比亚铜带省卢安夏市罗恩-穆利亚希盆地北缘,赋存于晚元古加丹加超群下罗恩组的白云质片岩中。矿体的形态受复式向斜褶皱构造控制,呈飘带状。铜矿化主要以条带状、浸染状、脉状及网脉状产出。地层岩性与矿物分带组合特征表明,巴鲁巴铜矿区的沉积环境由早到晚,可能经历了陆缘到滨浅海环境,同时成岩成矿环境经历了氧化到还原的变化过程。矿区地层的沉积特征和矿化密切相关,表明了两者之间存在成因关系,具典型层控矿床特征。区域变质作用不仅改造了矿体的形态,同时也活化了早期沉积-成岩期所形成的部分成矿物质,形成脉状铜矿化。巴鲁巴铜矿床为沉积-改造型层控铜矿床。     

海相砂页岩型铜矿成矿模式与地质对比——以中国云南东川铜矿和阿富汗安纳克铜矿为例

从海相砂页岩型铜矿时空分布、经济特征、成矿地质背景与沉积环境入手,对中国云南东川-易门铜矿带和阿富汗安纳克铜矿床（带）等进行典型矿床分析与地质特征对比,从成矿物质来源、成矿机制（流体的性质、作用和动力学,金属元素迁移、富集、沉淀和就位机制）等方面对海相砂页岩型铜矿床成因进行探讨,系统分析各种＂沉积-成岩-改造＂成矿模式、成矿作用与过程,对阿富汗安纳克、云南东川落雪式铜矿床等沉积岩容矿的层状铜矿床成因模型进行总结;在此基础上,进一步深入阐述了海相砂页岩型铜矿成矿与超级古大陆事件的耦合性及衍生成矿作用。通过分析,对中国东川-易门铜矿带,以及与阿富汗安纳克铜矿床毗邻的新疆西昆仑成矿省的海相砂页岩型铜矿找矿前景进行评价和预测。     

海相砂页岩型铜矿成矿模式与地质对比——以中国云南东川铜矿和阿富汗安纳克铜矿为例

从海相砂页岩型铜矿时空分布、经济特征、成矿地质背景与沉积环境入手,对中国云南东川-易门铜矿带和阿富汗安纳克铜矿床(带)等进行典型矿床分析与地质特征对比,从成矿物质来源、成矿机制(流体的性质、作用和动力学,金属元素迁移、富集、沉淀和就位机制)等方面对海相砂页岩型铜矿床成因进行探讨,系统分析各种"沉积-成岩-改造"成矿模式、成矿作用与过程,对阿富汗安纳克、云南东川落雪式铜矿床等沉积岩容矿的层状铜矿床成因模型进行总结;在此基础上,进一步深入阐述了海相砂页岩型铜矿成矿与超级古大陆事件的耦合性及衍生成矿作用。通过分析,对中国东川-易门铜矿带,以及与阿富汗安纳克铜矿床毗邻的新疆西昆仑成矿省的海相砂页岩型铜矿找矿前景进行评价和预测。     

赞比亚铜矿带控矿要素浅析

赞比亚-刚果铜矿带(中非铜矿带)是世界著名的沉积型铜矿集中区,带内分布着诸多世界级大型铜矿床。该铜矿带由赞比亚铜矿带和刚果铜矿带两部分组成,其中赞比亚铜矿带长约150km,宽约50km,主要分布于赞比亚铜带省和西北省,位于区域性的Lufilian(卢弗里安)褶皱弧东南端。加丹加超群构成了赞比亚铜矿带主要的沉积盆地,该盆地中的罗安组,特别是下罗安组地层是区内大多数铜矿床的主要含矿层位。沉积盆地中特定的氧化-还原分带和岩相分带决定了从盆地边缘到中心,矿物相由铁氧化物带到铜硫化物带再到黄铁矿带的变化规律,由此总结出铜矿床多产于距沉积盆地边缘10km左右的范围内。因此,越靠近盆地中心,所接受的成矿物质(物源)越少,且成矿环境越趋向于还原环境,多形成黄铁矿,不利于铜矿化。将以上控矿要素归纳为"盆"、"层"、"相"、"位",分别表示沉积盆地、矿化层位、沉积相及空间位置,并对其分别进行简要阐述,旨在为赞比亚铜矿带的成矿规律研究和找矿工作起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

赞比亚西北省姆维尼伦加地区成矿地质特征及找矿远景研究

赞比亚西北省姆维尼伦加地区的金属矿产丰富,具有层控型铜-钴矿、热液型铜-钴矿、沉积型铁矿、矽卡岩型铁矿,与新生代火山岩及韧性剪切带有关的金矿等矿产。铜矿体主要赋存于新元古界加丹加超群下罗安组地层中,矿体主要受地层、穹窿构造、卢菲利安弧、前陆盆地控制。提出了具有良好找矿前景的4处成矿远景区。     

Genesis of sediment-hosted stratiform copper–cobalt deposits, central African Copperbelt

The Neoproterozoic central African Copperbelt is one of the greatest sediment-hosted stratiform Cu–Co provinces in the world, totalling 140 Mt copper and 6 Mt cobalt and including several world-class deposits (10 Mt copper). The origin of Cu–Co mineralisation in this province remains speculative, with the debate centred around syngenetic–diagenetic and hydrothermal-diagenetic hypotheses.The regional distribution of metals indicates that most of the cobalt-rich copper deposits are hosted in dolomites and dolomitic shales forming allochthonous units exposed in Congo and known as Congolese facies of the Katangan sedimentary succession (average Co:Cu = 1:13). The highest Co:Cu ratio (up to 3:1) occurs in ore deposits located along the southern structural block of the Lufilian Arc. The predominantly siliciclastic Zambian facies, exposed in Zambia and in SE Congo, forms para-autochthonous sedimentary units hosting ore deposits characterized by lower a Co:Cu ratio (average 1:57). Transitional lithofacies in Zambia (e.g. Baluba, Mindola) and in Congo (e.g. Lubembe) indicate a gradual transition in the Katangan basin during the deposition of laterally correlative clastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks exposed in Zambia and in Congo, and are marked by Co:Cu ratios in the range 1:15.The main Cu–Co orebodies occur at the base of the Mines/Musoshi Subgroup, which is characterized by evaporitic intertidal–supratidal sedimentary rocks. All additional lenticular orebodies known in the upper part of the Mines/Musoshi Subgroup are hosted in similar sedimentary rocks, suggesting highly favourable conditions for the ore genesis in particular sedimentary environments. Pre-lithification sedimentary structures affecting disseminated sulphides indicate that metals were deposited before compaction and consolidation of the host sediment.The ore parageneses indicate several generations of sulphides marking syngenetic, early diagenetic and late diagenetic processes. Sulphur isotopic data on sulphides suggest the derivation of sulphur essentially from the bacterial reduction of seawater sulphates. The mineralizing brines were generated from sea water in sabkhas or hypersaline lagoons during the deposition of the host rocks. Changes of Eh–pH and salinity probably were critical for concentrating copper–cobalt and nickel mineralisation. Compressional tectonic and related metamorphic processes and supergene enrichment have played variable roles in the remobilisation and upgrading of the primary mineralisation.There is no evidence to support models assuming that metals originated from: (1) Katangan igneous rocks and related hydrothermal processes or; (2) leaching of red beds underlying the orebodies. The metal sources are pre-Katangan continental rocks, especially the Palaeoproterozoic low-grade porphyry copper deposits known in the Bangweulu block and subsidiary Cu–Co–Ni deposits/occurrences in the Archaean rocks of the Zimbabwe craton. These two sources contain low grade ore deposits portraying the peculiar metal association (Cu, Co, Ni, U, Cr, Au, Ag, PGE) recorded in the Katangan sediment-hosted ore deposits. Metals were transported into the basin dissolved in water.The stratiform deposits of Congo and Zambia display features indicating that syngenetic and early diagenetic processes controlled the formation of the Neoproterozoic Copperbelt of central Africa.     

赞比亚谦比西铜矿花岗岩年龄及其指示意义

赞比亚谦比西铜矿位于新元古代卢菲利安弧构造带内。矿体呈似层状分布于新元古代罗安组的砂页岩中。罗安组地层不整合于古元古代穆瓦系砂砾岩之上,穆瓦系砂砾岩不整合于下部谦比西花岗岩基底之上。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明谦比西花岗岩年龄为(1984±6)Ma~(1986±6)Ma;穆瓦系年龄上限为(1932±8)Ma。谦比西花岗岩岩石地球化学、稀土元素与球粒陨石配分特征均表现为S型花岗岩的特征。区域地质资料表明,可能由于古元古代班韦卢地块与坦桑尼亚太古宙克拉通碰撞作用诱发了卢菲利安古元古代花岗岩基底的形成;太古宙刚果克拉通于早元古代(2100~1800 Ma)期间活化,并形成一稳定块体。     

安徽铜陵冬瓜山铜(金)矿床成矿模式

长江中、下游断裂坳陷带是我国重要的铜、金、铁、硫成矿带,存在一系列块状硫化物矿床及与其伴生的矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿床.本文以铜陵矿集区冬瓜山铜、金矿床为例,探讨了这类矿床的成矿模式.冬瓜山矿床主要由层状硫化物矿体组成,伴有矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.层状硫化物矿体产于晚泥盆世砂岩和晚石炭世碳酸盐岩之间,具明显的层控特征,矿体下盘发育细脉-网脉状硫化物矿化以及硅化和绢云母化,矿体中伴有热水沉积岩,矿石具典型的沉积构造.燕山期岩浆热液对层状矿体进行了叠加和改造,改变了矿石的结构构造和矿石成分.黄铜矿交代黄铁矿变斑晶呈环斑结构或脉状交代结构,交代磁黄铁矿呈交代假象结构或交代残留结构.矽卡岩型矿体中黄铜矿的δ65Cu值为0.09‰～0.83‰,集中在0.23‰～0.83‰.层状矿体中黄铜矿的δ65Cu值为0.45‰～0.78‰,与矽卡岩矿体中黄铜矿的65Cu值大致相当,这说明两类矿体中的铜具有相同的来源.铜、氢和氧同位素研究表明,冬瓜山矿床铜来自岩浆岩,叠加的成矿流体主要为岩浆流体.提出了冬瓜山矿床属喷流沉积-岩浆热液叠生成因的成矿模式:在晚石炭世,海底喷流成矿作用形成了块状硫化物矿床,矿石成分以硫、铁为主;燕山期岩浆热液一方面对块状硫化物矿床进行改造,致使其富集铜等成矿物质,另一方面与围岩相互作用形成矽卡岩型和斑岩型矿体.     

刚果(金)Dipeta铜钴矿床地质特征与找矿方向

Dipeta铜钴矿床处在中非铜矿带北西端,是全球范围内规模最大的铜钴矿床之一。主矿体为产在罗安群矿山亚群SDB和RSF中的上部矿体和下部矿体,呈层状、板状,总体形态、产状与地层一致。主要控矿因素为矿山亚群地层、沉积相、构造和表生氧化作用,主要找矿标志有地层、构造、典型矿物、物化探异常、地形、植物学和古采坑标志等。迪佩特向斜核部、部分主矿体延伸方向和勘查程度相对较低的普查区域找矿潜力大。     

利国矿区铜（金）成矿条件的研究

利国矿区是江苏省重要铁矿基地之一,矿区位于秦岭一昆仑纬向构造带东延的南侧与新华夏构造体系第三隆起带的交接复合部位。铁矿床主要产于燕山期闪长玢岩杂岩体与下奥陶统碳酸盐地层的接触带及其附近灰岩中,矿体呈似层状一透镜状等,产状与围岩一致,具层控矿床的特征。笔者主要从成矿地质特征着手,分析总结了该区铜、金矿化特征及主要成矿规律,指出了利国矿区铜（金）矿的找矿方向和有望靶区。     

Source basins for sediment-hosted stratiform Cu deposits: implications for the structure of the Zambian Copperbelt

The Central African Copperbelt in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo is the world's largest sediment-hosted stratiform Cu province. The source for the Cu in sediment-hosted stratiform Cu deposits is generally believed to be thick sections of oxidised siliciclastic sediments (red beds) and volcanic rocks deposited in early rift sequences underlying or laterally adjacent to the ore-bearing sediments. The volume of red beds beneath or lateral to the Zambian portion of the copperbelt relative to the amount of known metal in the deposits is small in comparison to the volumes of source beds in other well-known districts such as the Polish Kupferschiefer and the White Pine District, USA. Previous structural studies suggest that the rocks hosting the Zambian Cu deposits may be allochthonous or para-autochthonous. The apparent absence of source sediments for the metals, combined with the known structural geology, strongly suggests that the Zambian deposits were tectonically displaced from their source rocks. Defining the present location of the source basins would constrain the amount of tectonic transport in this portion of the Lufilian Arc and would stimulate mineral exploration in new areas.     

EH4物探找矿技术在非洲赞比亚的应用示范

非洲已成为我国企业海外铜矿资源开发的投资主要目的地之一,针对非洲赞比亚铜矿山的深边部地质找矿技术问题开展的EH4物探找矿技术试验性应用研究,具有重要的示范效应.使用EH4连续电导率剖面测量仪完成的物探剖面测量所获取的某铜矿西矿区14线和东南矿区59线物探电性断面图,较好地反映了加丹加沉积盆地基底构造层与盆地沉积构造层之间的角度不整合沉积接触界面的空间形态展布,而且在含铜页岩层底板与基底构造层顶板之间的石英岩层与高阻异常具有较好的对应关系.这些地球物理信息可为赞比亚沉积岩型铜矿床的深部找矿提供十分重要的间接找矿线索.     

Sediment-hosted Zn–Pb–Cu deposits in the Central African Copperbelt

Stratabound epigenetic sulphide Zn–Pb–Cu ore deposits of the Central African Copperbelt in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Zambia are mostly hosted in deformed shallow marine platform carbonates and associated sedimentary rocks of the Neoproterozoic Katanga Supergroup. Economic orebodies, that also contain variable amounts of minor Cd, Co, Ge, Ag, Re, As, Mo, Ga, and V, occur mainly as irregular pipe-like bodies associated with collapse breccias and faults as well as lenticular bodies subparallel to bedding. Kipushi and Kabwe in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Zambia, respectively, are the major examples of carbonate-hosted Zn–Pb–Cu mined deposits with important by-products of Ge, Cd, Ag and V in the Lufilian Arc, a major metallogenic province famous for its world-class sediment-hosted stratiform Cu–Co deposits. The carbonate-hosted deposits range in age from Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic (680 to 450 Ma). The formation of the relatively older Neoproterozoic deposits is probably related to early collision events during the Lufilian Orogeny, whereas the younger Palaeozoic deposits may be related to post-collisional processes of ore formation. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope data indicate that hydrothermal metal-bearing fluids evolved from formation brines during basin evolution and later tectonogenesis. Ore fluid migration occurred mainly along major thrust zones and other structural discontinuities such as karsts, breccias and faults within the Katangan cover rocks, resulting in ore deposition within favourable structures and reactive carbonates of the Katangan Supergroup.