含油气盆地中热流体活动的流体包裹体依据

为寻找含油气盆地中热流体活动的证据,根据国内外含油气盆地中与热流体有关的包裹体的对比研究,阐述了流体包裹体宿主矿物产状、形貌特点及均一温度实测值高异常等特征。研究表明,脉体矿物多数是与热流体活动有关的包裹体的宿主矿物,有些碎屑矿物成岩愈合微裂隙中的包裹体也与热流体活动有关。沸腾包襄体反映了油气成藏与热流体的脉动式活动密切相关。流体包裹体的均一温度高异常是由热流体活动所导致的。因此,流体包裹体研究对识别古热流活动具有重要的指示意义。     

深部热流体活动的识别标志及其对储层的改造作用

本文讨论的深部热流体为盆地基底以下的非烃类热流体,包括深部地壳热流体和上地幔热流体,其在沉积储层形成过程中的作用不容忽视。本文从深部热流体活动的识别标记和方法及其对沉积储层的改造作用两个方面展开了综述,并重点对碎屑岩储层中砂砾岩储层的深部热流体—成岩响应的研究热点和发展趋势加以展望。目前,深部热流体活动的识别标记总体上包括三个方面：① 岩石矿物学特征;② 古地温特征;③ 地球化学特征。因其温度和物质组分效应,深部热流体侵位会对沉积储层产生改造作用,建设性改造与/或破坏性改造随地区、深度和时间变化可伴生共存或交替发生。深部热流体和原生流体叠加过程对碎屑岩,特别是砂砾岩储层的改造机理和深部热流体侵位影响下的深层、超深层成储机理既是对流—岩相互作用研究很好的补充和丰富,也是当前沉积地质学领域面临的重大前沿性科学问题。     

活动热流体对有机质热演化和油气生成作用的强化

通过地质，地球化学的综合分析和动态模拟表明，在莺歌海，琼东南盆地中，活动热流体有机质热演化和油气生成具有重要的强化作用，在油气聚集区，活动热流体的强化作用表现为储层段的高地温，低地温梯度及相邻层位有机质成熟度的突变性增高，从成因上可分为深源流体侧向输导增温型和深源流体垂向输导增温型，在油气运移路径附近，活动热流体的强化作用表现为有机质成熟度的明显倒置，活动热流体的强化作用使在单一传导背景下不可能成     

莺歌海盆地东方1-1底辟区深部热流体穿层的热应力及其效应

东方1 - 1底辟区的热流体活动相当强烈和频繁.深部热流体的穿层上涌产生热应力造成了局部的应力场状况的变化, 形成了特征性的构造和断裂系统, 水力破裂、热流体拱张形成褶皱和局部破裂等, 这些褶皱和断裂共同构成了底辟带热流体活动中垂向输导的主要通道之一.由于热流体穿层活动不仅携带了大量的烃类气和CO₂等非烃气, 而且具极强的热力作用, 引起了强烈的热异常, 导致所穿入的浅部地层中的热力学参数, 如粘土矿物的演化、储层中流体包裹体以及岩石所含有机质的镜质体反射率等发生一系列的异常变化, 致使底辟作用前后底辟体内部及其围岩的特征具有非常显著的差别.本次研究对热流体穿层所引起的热应力效应和温度异常采用Field模型进行了定量动力学模拟, 结果显示应力场和温度场的分布随着时间不断向上迁移, 使各小断裂和裂隙连通形成流体的良好的垂向运移通道, 在热流体活动的通道附近热应力的影响十分明显, 致使局部应力急剧增高      

盆地深部流体主要来源及判识标志研究

结合近年来的研究资料,将盆地深部流体划分为壳源热流体、烃源热流体和幔源热流体3种类型。结合塔里木盆地的实例,总结讨论了壳源热流体的作用特征和判识标志;结合墨西哥湾Wilcox盆地、北海挪威盆地和准噶尔盆地的资料,讨论了"烃源热流体"的同位素特征及其对储集层形成的意义;结合中国东部裂谷盆地资料和江苏黄桥CO2气田实例,总结了幔源流体基本特点和判识标志,解剖了幔源CO2流体对黄桥气藏砂岩储集层的改造作用特征。     

江西金山金矿床成矿流体地球化学及矿床成因讨论

对金山韧性剪切带型金矿床石英及方解石中流体包裹体的研究表明:成矿流体具有中低温、低盐度和低密度的特征;富含Ca2 ,Mg2 ,SO42-,CO2等;主要来源有变质热流体、富含有机质的大气降水形成的热流体和深源流体;流体的性质在时间和空间上都有一定的变化,矿床的形成主要是两期流体成矿作用的结果,是热液与构造的耦合;不同种类流体的混合、单一流体不混溶分离作用和盐水体系中有机质的参与是矿床形成的关键因素.     

河北省马头营干热岩的成因机制及其示范意义

马头营干热岩的发现说明渤海湾盆地具有较好的干热岩勘查开发潜力。通过对马头营所处区域壳幔结构、深大断裂与新构造活动、岩浆活动、热源与流体源、凹凸相间的构造格局等控热要素的综合分析,初步阐述了深部热物质的上涌过程及地球内外力地质作用对地球浅部地热场的塑造与热异常制约这一关键科学问题。在此基础上,总结了马头营干热岩的成因机制:①华北克拉通东部破坏,区域岩石圈的明显减薄,有利于热传导与深部热物质上涌,使马头营凸起处于高热流背景区;②切穿至岩石圈的深大走滑断裂带、地壳内低速高导体及各级壳内断层,构成了深部热物质上涌的流体通道网;③凹凸相间的构造格局下,在"热折射"效应、深大断裂带流体热对流、凹陷中心压实热流体向周边凸起流动等因素综合作用下,有利于热流向浅埋的马头营凸起区聚集。马头营干热岩的成因机制对类似地质条件的干热岩勘查具有很好的示范意义,渤海西岸黄骅坳陷、济阳坳陷内的一些凸起,在4 000～6 000m的范围内具有寻找干热岩的良好前景。     

东营凹陷热流体活动及其对水-岩相互作用的影响

从气体地球化学、有机质热变、包裹体均一温度、古地温梯度、成岩矿物、重金属元素和岩浆活动等方面证实了东营凹陷发生了大量的热流体活动.热流体主要沿活动性较强的深大断裂运移至浅部, 并以侧向强迫对流为主, 同时具有多期次活动的特点.热流体通过改变温度场和地温梯度以及带入一些无机物质, 导致水-岩相互作用强度和类型的差异.      

流休包裹体在断裂构造研究中的应用

在断裂变形中,由于构造应力场的作用,断裂构造岩将产生压实、扩容、剪切和重结晶等作用,释放出部分的结晶水、晶间水和裂隙水,形成构造热流体,同时也有来自系统外部的地壳表层或深部岩浆活动的热流体。      

沉积盆地流体活动及其成岩响应

盆地流体活动通过改变成岩场的温压和孔隙水介质条件,进而影响到盆地内成岩作用序列、水—岩相互作用以及储层孔隙变化。对于碎屑岩而言,流体活动仅能导致母岩中少部分矿物的溶蚀以及孔隙内溶解与沉淀作用发生,富含二氧化碳和有机酸的流体活动为次生孔隙发育提供条件,超压环境下流体幕式释放既可导致超压体内次生孔隙的发育,又可以导致热流体活动影响区域内浅部储层的成岩异常;对于碳酸盐岩而言,由于碳酸盐岩具有很强的溶解性,盆地流体活动导致碳酸盐岩储层组构及空间发生巨大的变化,其中天水的下渗以及与深部热液或热流体沿断裂或裂缝释放均可导致碳酸盐岩成分、组构、储集空间发生根本性变化,故与盆地流体活动密切相关的风化壳型岩溶储层和构造热液白云岩储层构成碳酸盐岩中最为重要的储层类型。然而,盆地流体活动及其成岩响应研究仍存在许多亟待解决的难点问题,急待深入的研究探索。     

Southern Alps Cu-Au hydrothermal system,Westland, New Zealand

The Southern Alps of New Zealand is an actively rising mountain belt which displays a thermal anomaly adjacent to the Alpine Fault, the Australian-Pacific plate boundary. Extensive fluid movement occurs in this uplift zone, resulting in metallic vein mineralization. Gold mineralization is confined to greenschist facies rocks, while younger veins in amphibolite facies rocks near the Alpine Fault are enriched in copper. Transport and deposition of metals in this complex hydrothermal system is governed by interaction between rising metamorphic fluids and downward-percolating meteoric fluid. Metamorphic fluids have equilibrated with graphitic schist country rock and are relatively reduced. Infiltration and mixing of meteoric water increases oxygen activity and decreases sulphur activity in the fluid. Oxidised meteoric water heats up and dissolves Cu during downward percolation. This Cu is deposited as the fluid becomes more reduced. Hence, there is a progressive increase in copper content in the middle portions of the hydrothermal system, especially in the more permeable highly fractured rocks near the Alpine Fault.     

Conodont colour alteration indices (CAI) of Upper Ordovician limestones from the Iberian Peninsula

Conodont colour alteration index (CAI) data in Upper Ordovician rocks from several areas of the Variscan domain in the Iberian Peninsula indicate conditions ranging from diagenesis to low-grade metamorphism. In most of the areas, where studies using other indicators, such as illite crystallinity (IC) or where vitrinite reflectance are lacking, the CAI method has permitted a preliminary estimation of the metamorphic grade. In the Almadén syncline (Central-Iberian Zone), where IC studies are available, the thermal conditions inferred from CAI data agree with those obtained by the IC method. In the Puertollano–Almuradiel syncline, the thermal interval obtained primarily from fluid inclusions (270–370°C) overlaps considerably with that obtained from CAI data (180–340°C). In general, cleavage in rocks is present in anchizonal or epizonal conditions, whereas in diagenetic conditions with CAI 2.5, cleavage is scarce. The conodont texture changes with increasing metamorphism, and apatite recrystallisation appears in general with CAI 5. Variation of CAI values within a single sample and/or within short stratigraphic distances observed at several localities is due to hydrothermal activity.     

青田-仙居地区金银矿化特征及找矿远景分析

浙江青田-仙居地区位于华南褶皱系浙东南褶皱带之温州-临海拗陷内.金银矿化的直接围岩是上侏罗统西山头组晶屑、玻屑熔结凝灰岩.主控矿构造为火山机构及有关的断裂构造.多期次的火山活动、岩浆侵入活动为金银成矿提供热源、热液及成矿物质来源.该区与龙泉遂昌金银成矿带同处于地幔陡变带内,深部构造特征相同或相似.区内构造活动、火山喷发及岩浆侵入频繁而强烈,伴随的多期次热液活动明显.基底岩系为含金变质岩系(陈蔡群、龙泉群),盖层岩系是由基底含金变质岩系重熔或部分同熔形成的中生代火山喷发-沉积岩系.在基底岩系演化过程中,金银等成矿物质发生了活化、迁移、富集或再分配作用,部分在构造有利部位富集成矿,部分则以自然态、游离吸附态赋存在凝灰质岩石中,经多期次热液作用再次被活化、迁移,最终在成矿有利部位沉淀富集成矿.因此,青田-仙居地区具备较好的金银成矿条件,是金银矿找矿的良好远景区.     

歧口凹陷热液流体活动及其对储集层的改造

为了明确富油气凹陷中热液流体活动的发育特征及其对储集层的改造作用,以渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷为研究对象,通过岩心、薄片、XRF元素扫描、扫描电镜观察和地层水矿化度、热解、包裹体均一温度、黏土矿物、微量元素、稀土元素、常规物性等资料,分析了歧口凹陷热液流体活动发育的证据,明确其对不同类型储层的改造方式,认为歧口凹陷中热液流体活动较为发育,对于储集层有较强的改造作用.研究结果表明:歧口凹陷中热液流体活动发育的标志包括热液角砾岩、斑马状结构、褪色泥岩和多种类型的热液矿物组合;地层水矿化度异常高;具有异常高T_max或S₁与S₂值的泥岩;包裹体均一化温度超过正常热演化最高温度;浅层砂岩中高岭石质量分数异常高和中深层砂岩中绿泥石质量分数的异常高值;泥岩中Zn、Cd、Ba和Pb等微量元素出现异常高值;碳酸盐岩的稀土元素具有Eu正异常.不同类型储层中热液流体的改造方式具有差异性,碳酸盐岩中主要发育水力压裂作用和溶蚀作用,凝灰岩中主要发育水力压裂作用和促进脱玻化作用,玄武岩中主要发育水力压裂作用,热液流体通过溶蚀作用和促进绿泥石的发育来对砂岩储层进行改造.      

渤中坳陷超压-构造活动联控型流体流动与油气快速成藏

渤中坳陷是东营组沉积期及其之后渤海湾盆地沉降-沉积速率最高的地区, 亦是晚期断裂活动最强烈的地区.较高的沉降-沉积速率产生了重要的成藏物质效应: (1) 持续的较快速沉降-沉积使东营组发育较深湖-深湖相泥岩并成熟, 从而使渤中坳陷发育沙河街组和东营组2套有效源岩; (2) 较高的沉降-沉积速率引起的压实不均衡及伴生的源岩快速生烃引起较强的超压, 超压对有机质热演化的抑制作用使沙河街组源岩生、排烃滞后, 从而使沙河街组和东营组在晚期同时保持在较有利的生、排油阶段, 这是渤中坳陷油气资源丰富和油气晚期快速成藏的物质基础.较强的超压和强烈的断裂活动决定了超压-构造活动联控型流体流动, 进而决定了油气幕式快速成藏过程和油气分布: 油气主要富集于新近系, 新构造运动控制油气分布      

Patterns in the transformation of the composition and properties of volcanogenic rocks in hydrothermal-magmatic systems of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc

Hydrothermal-magmatic systems of the Kuril-Kamchatka island arc were formed in Neogene-Quaternary volcanic rocks. Acting on host rocks, thermal waters induced their alteration and transformation into hydrothermal-metasomatic rocks, such as propylites, secondary quartzites, zeolitic rocks, argillic rocks, opalites, quartz-adularia metasomatites, etc. The dynamics of changes in rock properties during the hydrothermal process depends on a number of factors, including the features of primary rocks, temperature, pressure and composition of thermal fluids, fluid phase, fluid pH, and duration of fluid-rock interaction. Deep high-temperature fluids cause consolidation and hardening of the rocks, an increase in deformational properties, and a decrease in porosity and permeability, regardless of fluid composition. The chemical composition and acidity-alkalinity of thermal fluids have a significant influence on the alteration of rock properties during low-temperature hydrothermal processes.     

超高压岩石中变质脉的研究

超高压岩石中的变质脉体是示踪变质流体活动的重要途径之一。高压-超高压岩石中不仅出露"纯"的石英脉(石英含量>98%),还出露了具有不同复杂矿物组合的"不纯"脉。最近的研究成果表明,对各种类型变质脉的观察和研究有助于深化对大陆碰撞造山带中变质流体/熔体性质以及元素迁移行为的认识。目前主要解决的科学问题包括:(1)确认形成各种类型脉的流体/熔体性质;(2)获得成脉过程中主微量元素(特别是流体不活动性HREE和HFSE)发生迁移的尺度和规模,探讨流体/熔体性质对超高压变质条件下元素地球化学行为的影响;(3)获得各种类型变质脉形成的确切时代。     

Mantle Ichor HACONS—Evidence of Its Existence（I）

A HACONS,mantle fluid, has been proposed in the light of current knowledge concerning Diwa,rift ,asthenosphere,anomalous and depleted mantle,plume, percolating magma fluid, degassing,inorganic origin of some oil and gas,hypogeic salt deposits,alkali-metasomatism in hydrothermal depos-its and experimental studies of basalts.The HACONS fluid originated from the mantle and is composed of hydrogen and halogens(H), alkalis(A), carbon(C), oxygen(O),nitrogen(N) and sulfur(S) com-pound systems .Aluminosilicate magmas are expected when the HACONS fluid reacts with solid rocks.Many geological processes,including tectonism, magmatism,volcanism,metamorphism,hydrothermal activity,thermal sedimentation and related mineralizations are thought to be controlled to a certain extent by large -scale mouement of HACONS fluid in the earth‘s interior.The asthenosphere is essentially a layer with abundant HACONS fluid.     

Hydrothermal processes associated with meteorite impact structures: evidence from three Australian examples and implications for economic resources

Meteorite impacts cause conversion of kinetic energy into thermal energy. Part of this thermal energy is used to form a melt sheet, part is dissipated to heat the target rocks and these together with the hot rocks that elastically rebound from the depth of several kilometres (central uplift) activate hydrothermal circulation. Impact-generated hydrothermal systems have been documented from several impact structures world-wide. Three Australian examples—Shoemaker, Woodleigh and Yarrabubba—provide evidence of hydrothermal fluid flow both within and around the structures. Field observations, and petrographic and geochemical data suggest a common evolutionary trend of post-impact hydrothermal activity from early high-temperature alkali metasomatism to a later lower temperature H⁺ metasomatism, resulting in the overprinting by hydrous mineral assemblages. Hydrothermal systems activated by meteorite-impact events are important because they may also form economic mineral deposits, as is documented for several impact structures in the world. A working model of hydrothermal circulation in terrestrial impact structures posits two main stages: (i) initial high-temperature fluids percolate downward causing widespread alkali metasomatism of the shattered target rocks below the melt sheet, resulting in their modification to rocks of syenitic affinity; and (ii) inflow of meteoric water and progressive cooling of the melt sheet leads to a lower temperature stage, in which hydrothermal fluid flow tends to move upward, resulting in mineral assemblages and alteration patterns that resemble those of epithermal systems. In addition, these fluids can discharge at the surface as hot springs.     

变质流体研究新进展

变质流体是变质过程的主要动力学因素之一。目前变质流体研究主要集中在下部地壳麻粒岩相变质流体，俯冲带高压－超高压变质流体和接触变质流体等方面。研究的主要问题是流体流动机制和元素迁移，流体－岩石相互作用和流体来源。下部地壳麻粒岩相变质流体以ＣＯ２为主，具有较低的ａＨ２Ｏ。δ１３Ｃ研究表明大约２／３ＣＯ２是深成的。富ＣＯ２流体流动是紫苏花岗岩形成和热扰动的原因之一，也是麻粒岩形成和大离子亲石元素亏损的主要因素。俯冲带是高压、超高压变质作用发生和流体活动最活跃的场所。流体富含Ｈ２Ｏ、ＣＨ４和ＣＯ２，可以诱导部分熔融反应和岛弧岩浆作用。高压变质条件下的矿物稳定性也与流体有关。同位素研究表明，在超高压变质期间没有化学上完全相同的流体大规模循环。流体－熔体系统模式能更有效地解释下插板片的元素再循环。接触变质流体研究主要集中在含有易于发生流体－岩石反应的不纯碳酸盐岩地区。硅灰石带中流体／岩石比率高达４０∶１，表明接触变质岩石中有大量流体存在。接触变质过程流体成分有较大差异，主要取决于流体来源、原岩性质和侵入体特征。流体流动和循环模式受控于构造变形，岩浆作用和变质过程的动力学条件及流体成分。