海洋环境保护与多边贸易规则

"21世纪是海洋的世纪",海洋环境的保护早已提上人类的议程,正确认识多边贸易与海洋环境保护的关系极为重要.多边贸易规则与1982年的《联合国海洋法公约》二者关系的研究是不可回避的问题,同时还涉及单边规则与保护海洋生物资源的关系.实践中存在不少与海洋环境有关的贸易争端,这些争端的解决机制的发展是该领域的重要内容.面对世界范围内多边贸易与海洋环境保护的发展,中国必须充分认识和积极面对,促进二者的和谐发展.     

从海洋科技创新角度看海洋技术标准与知识产权保护之间的关系

技术标准的基础是技术,科技创新正是技术发展的重要因素,因此科技创新推动技术标准的发展,技术标准也直接或间接地推动科技创新.知识产权制度是技术创新的激励制度,技术标准更需要技术创新的依托.作为科技创新的主体,在提高自身竞争力的过程中,必须关注技术标准战略、知识产权战略与科技创新的协调发展.     

我国海洋标准样品发展探讨

文中通过与国外海洋标准样品、国内其他行业标准样品的发展情况进行对比,分析了我国海洋标准样品发展现状,并对目前存在的问题,从组织机构建设、标准样品研制、海洋标准样品体系建设、标准样品制备技术研究、标准样品研制技术标准制定等五方面进行了深入探讨.     

海洋研究重点的转移

近年海洋研究取得显著进展,学科内容也发生了变化,不再局限于传统海洋学的范围,工作重点转向解决海洋开发利用问题。海洋研究涉及很多学科,内容广泛,关系交错,体系松散,结构复杂,如果对它没有确切的认识,便无法把握研究工作的进程。特别是组织管理上的方向不明,概念模糊,轻重颠倒,缓急不分,将会严重影响海洋科学     

经济学视角下我国海洋资源性资产开发利用问题的根源分析

随着我国海洋经济的发展,海洋资源性资产开发利用带来的一系列问题逐步显现.文章在明确相关定义的基础上,列举了我国海洋资源性资产开发利用中出现的各种问题,利用市场失灵与政府失灵的理论,确定问题的解决在于海洋资源性资产的产权;分析我国海洋资源性资产产权制度的缺陷并得出结论:一旦明晰我国海洋资源性资产产权,市场失灵和政府失灵就可以迎刃而解,进而能够保证我国海洋资源性资产开发利用的顺利进行.     

区域海洋综合管理中地方政府间关系模式构建的思考

随着全球海洋开发活动的深入发展,海洋事务面临着新形势的挑战.区域海洋管理理论应运而生,为我们科学有效地管理海洋提供了新的指导方向.区域海洋管理面对跨行政边界的现实,这使得区域地方政府间的关系的协调至关重要.然而,在地方政府间关系的实际运行中存在着诸多亟须解决的问题,严重制约区域海洋管理的实施效果.文章在对这些存在的问题及其原因进行分析的基础上,提出了完善政府间关系的几点构想.     

基于STELLA软件的海洋经济可持续发展系统动力学模型研究

海洋经济可持续发展涉及社会、经济、资源和环境等众多因素,是一个庞大的复杂系统。构建系统动力学仿真模型,为解决这样复杂系统中多因子相互作用问题提供了一种有效手段。文章在简要介绍系统动力学方法及其工具软件基础上,分社会子系统、海洋经济子系统、海洋资源与环境子系统3个模块,构建了海洋经济可持续发展的系统动力学模型,以推动系统动力学在海洋经济研究中的应用。     

不同水深处人造海洋上升流和海洋渔场及相关技术研究

介绍了国内外在不同水深海域实施人造海洋上升流工程的现状;分析并研究了形成人造海洋上升流的机理及与渔业资源增值和海洋生态环境改善之间的关系;分析并研究了不同水深人造海洋上升流工程的建筑和投放技术;分析并研完了与人造海洋上升流工程相关的一些问题及解决这些问题的途径?结论是：人造海洋上升流工程在增值渔业资源和改善海洋生态环境方面是很有发展前景的。     

海域承载力理论与海洋可持续发展研究

承载力研究是解决人口、资源、环境协调发展问题的重要内容之一,目前关于承载力的研究主要集中在资源、环境以及区域等对人口和经济的承载量方面.从海洋可持续发展角度,借鉴有关承载力研究的部分成果,从理论上探讨了有关海域承载力的内涵、研究内容以及与海洋可持续发展的关系,并指出展开海域承载力研究的工作方向.     

区域海洋经济发展综合评价体系构建初探

海洋是全球生命支持系统的基础组成部分.是人类可持续发展的重要财富.随着海洋开发的不断深入,海洋经济得到了迅猛发展,成为沿海各国不容忽视的新经济力量.但发展的同时也给沿海区域海洋生态环境带来了种种危害.如何客观地评价区域海洋经济发展?评价区域海洋经济发展涉及哪些内容?文章针对上述问题进行了粗浅的研究,目的是欲从多尺度、全方位角度评价与研究区域海洋经济的发展,为沿海各省市制定本地区的海洋经济发展规划提供一些有用的预见性信息.     

动态水平-海面辐照度测量的新理念

目前海面辐照度的测量,在消除天空光影响的同时,却引入了仪器接收面倾斜的误差。作者经过多年的实践,提出动态水平的理念和一整套技术方法,解决了这一问题。动态水平技术的应用,需应用最新技术的发展,而且必然引起海洋光学测量仪器、特别是海洋光学浮标的一系列变革,对海洋水色遥感具有重要的意义和影响。     

A method for detecting the breaking of wind-generated waves in deep water

The breaking of wind-generated waves is an important phenomenon in the ocean, having close relation to many aspects of the ocean, such as air-sea interaction, ocean wave dynamics, oceanic remote sensing and ocean engineering. The first problem encountered in both its theoretical study and practical measurement is how to detect the breaking of waves.     

拉格朗日资料同化的研究进展

拉格朗日资料对了解海洋环流和大气环流的动力学过程起到很重要的作用,同化拉格朗日资料有很大的必要性.拉格朗日观测工具主要提供的是水团或空气微团的位置和速度等信息,因为拉格朗日资料提供的是移动框架的数据而不是欧拉格点上的模式变量,所以随着拉格朗日观测覆盖大部分海洋和全球海洋环流模式的实现,采用先进的同化方法充分利用这些资料来提高分析预报准确性势在必行.在同化方法不断的发展中最优插值、变分同化、卡尔曼滤波这几种方法都有很好的应用.     

遥感海洋初级生产力的生物－地理动力学问题

卫星遥感为大尺度海洋观测提供了一种可行方法。卫星资料应用于海洋初级生产力研究中最重要的是建立由海洋水色遥感资料得出的色素浓度计算初级生产力的合适算法。由于植物生理学方面的问题，建立一个合适的初级生产力算法有一定的困难。了解和确立水体中浮游植物的生理速率参数与分布结构动态是必要的。本文在分析水下光场和藻类光合作用光谱响应基础上，阐述了海洋初级生产力遥感中的生物－地理动力学问题。     

On the lowest gravitational mode of eigen oscillations in the world ocean: Part 2

It is shown that the spectrum of eigen oscillations of the world ocean incorporates a mode with a period of about 100 h. It results from narrow straits connecting separate oceanic basins. The mode's spatial structure is described and found to be due to the numerical solution of a spectral problem.UDK 551.466.71     

Application of a two-way nested model to the seamount problem

A two-way nested model has been constructed and applied to the idealized ocean where a uniform mean flow impinges on the isolated Gaussian-shaped seamount and produces two eddies (cold and warm) in the depths. The performance of the nested model has been evaluated subjectively and objectively. Both subjective and objective analyses confirm the traditional view that the nested model can well capture the performance of isolated eddies. Objective analysis, however, reveals some quantitatively important features of a two-way nested model. One is penetration of improved features into the coarse domain and another is the deterioration of mean flow field inside the nested area, neither of which is clear from subjective analysis. With successful application of two-way nested model to the seamount problem, we expect that such a nested model will also be applicable to other oceanic phenomena, particularly to some coastal problems whose time scale is short and where the topographic effects are dominant.     

Long-term trend of oceanic surface carbon in the Northwest Pacific from 1958 to 2017

Contrasting decrease and increase trends of sea surface temperature（SST） have been documented in the western Subarctic（WSA） and the rest of the Northwest Pacific（NWP） from 1958 to 2017, respectively. Consequently, more（less） total carbon dioxide（TCO₂） due to ocean cooling（warming） is transported to the surface, which leads to increase（decrease） of oceanic surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide（pCO₂）. With the combined influence of the rising atmospheric carbon dioxide（C...     

中国数字海洋的总体技术系统框架

提出了中国数字海洋的总体技术框架。讨论了建设中国数字海洋所要解决的一些问题：（1）基础软件平台的选择，当前应先用WebGIS，今后进一步发展方向应是Object WebGIS；（2）讨论数字地球中海洋和陆地的不同；（3）为了解决互操作问题，数字海洋的核心GIS要采用OpenGIS规范和将要建立的国家信息系统标准；（4）使用移动Agent,Web mining,Data mining技术；（5）提出Metadata的体系结构；等等。     

Stochastic study of the temperature response of the upper ocean to uncertainties in the atmospheric forcing in an Atlantic OGCM

The impact of errors in atmospheric forcing on the behaviour of ocean models is a fundamental issue for ocean modellers and data assimilation and one that has yet to be fully addressed. In this study, we use a stochastic modelling approach with 50 7-months (September–March) primitive equation eddy permitting (1/4°) integrations. We investigate the response of the oceanic circulation to atmospheric uncertainties, focusing principally on their impact on the upper oceanic temperature field. The ensemble is generated by perturbing the wind, atmospheric temperature and incoming solar radiation of the ERA40 reanalysis. Each perturbation consists of a random combination of the 20 dominant EOFs of the difference between the ERA40 and NCEP/CORE reanalysis datasets. The ensemble standard deviation of various interfacial and oceanic quantities is then examined in the upper 200 m of three distinct regions of the North Atlantic: in the Gulf Stream, in the Northern Tropical band and in the North East Atlantic. These show that even a very small perturbation of the atmospheric variables can lead to significant changes in the ocean properties and that regions of oceanic mesoscale activity are the most sensitive. The ocean response is driven by vertical diffusivity and eddy activity. The role of subsurface currents is also crucial in carrying the eddy signal away from the regions of mesoscale activity. Finally, the decorrelation time scale of the mesoscale activity is critical in determining the amplitude of the oceanic response.     

25th anniversary of the deep manned submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2

In 1987, the deep manned submersibles Mir-1 and Mir-2 were introduced into the practice of scientific research of the ocean. For 25 years, with their help, a wide range of deepwater operations have been carried out: oceanic scientific research (including the most active areas on the seabed??hydrothermal fields), shooting films and documentaries, which have brought international fame to the vehicles; special operations concerning solving problems of national importance concerning the sunken nuclear submarines Komsomolets and Kursk; live television broadcast from great depths of the ocean via satellite to the earth; diving under the ice at the geographic North Pole; a three-year cycle of scientific research on lake Baikal; etc. During the 25 years of their operation, there have been no unsolvable problems in the deep ocean for the Mir vehicles. They have rightfully taken a leading position in the field of deep-sea research in the world and were named the best vehicles in technical terms in the history of the creation of such technical facilities. Some of the results and details of the above-mentioned deep-sea operations, as well as the technical innovations developed and implemented during the service of the Mir vehicles, are considered in this article.