基于实测地震波波速的围岩各向异性分析——以赣龙铁路汀州隧道为例

在赣龙铁路汀州隧道地震波反射法超前地质预报的基础上,选取地震波记录较好的57次测试成果,通过地震波激发炮孔段围岩水平、竖直方向横波波速差异性的统计分析,对围岩的各向异性进行研究。数据分析表明:围岩水平和竖直方向的横波波速不同,表现出不同程度的横波各向异性;赣龙铁路汀州隧道围岩总体上表现出竖直方向的横波波速高于水平方向的各向异性特点,围岩横波各向异性系数绝大部分在±10%以内,动弹性模量、动剪切模量、动泊松比各向异性系数的分布范围分别为-15%~15%、-20%~20%和-20%~15%;围岩的各向异性程度与围岩级别、地震波纵波波速和隧道埋深有较密切的关系;当围岩的地震波纵波波速在3 800~5 000 m/s之间或隧道埋深在60~100 m之间时,横波各向异性系数离散程度较大;在测试的Ⅱ~Ⅴ级围岩中,Ⅳ级围岩的横波各向异性离散程度最高,Ⅱ级围岩的最低。     

基于声波测试法对鹰滩页岩各向异性分析

页岩储层通常呈薄层状结构,一般认为其岩石力学参数具有横向各向同性,而其各向异性受围压（CP）、含水率和总有机质含量（TOC）等多种因素的影响。本文对不同围压下的鹰滩（Eagle Ford）页岩进行超声波波速进行测试实验,研究围压对鹰滩页岩波速及岩石力学各向异性的影响。实验结果表明,鹰滩页岩属于弱各向异性多孔介质,并具有横向各向同性、垂向各向异性的性质。纵波（P波）和横波（S波）波速随围压的增大而增大,特别是在低围压范围内增幅显著,同时围压增大会降低纵波和横波的各向异性,纵波各向异性比横波各向异性对围压更敏感。对鹰滩页岩各向异性分析为页岩储层压裂过程中裂缝的起裂和延伸规律研究提供了必要的力学参数。     

砂的物理力学性质与声速的关系

本文叙述了不同粒径的石英砂粒的物理力学特性与声速关系的室内试验研究,着重探讨了容重、含水量与纵波波速、横波波速之间的关系,给出了以含水量为参数的容重与纵横波速度间的关系式,以及空隙比与纵横波速度之间的关系式。此外分析了在各种不同含水量时,容重、空隙比与波速的单调变化关系,并给出了相应的表达式。     

稳态瑞利波法探测浅层地层波速

横波波速是最合适的场地地基分类指标。瑞利波波速与横波波速极为接近。文章从若干方法的简单比较中介绍了瑞利波方法测定地层波速的原理、特点及存在问题,通过应用实际说明这种方法在浅层地层波速测试中优于其它方法。      

非饱和土中波的传播特性

基于已建立的非饱和土中的波动方程,第1次从理论上推证出非饱和土中存在4种体波,即1种S波和3种P波（P1波、P2波和P3波）,并导出了4种体波的波速以及衰减的解析表达式,分析了4种体波的波速、衰减与频率以及饱和度之间的关系。结果表明：3种P波中P3波波速最小,衰减最大;P1波波速最大,衰减最小;P2波则介于二者之间。4种体波都具有弥散性,一般而言,波速随频率的提高而有所减小,而衰减则有所增大。随含气量的提高,P1波的波速减小,P2波和S波的波速增大,而P3波则受含气量的影响很小;P1波和P3波的衰减都有所减小,但变化不是很显著,P2波的衰减基本不随含气量的变化而变化,S波几乎不存在衰减现象。     

沁水盆地煤层气储层纵波、横波速度与地层压力关系研究

在山西省沁水盆地和顺地区煤层气有利区带,选择层位稳定的太原组15号煤层采集煤岩四十四块样品.在不同压力下测试煤样的超声波纵波、横波速度,分析压力对纵波、横波速度的影响及纵波、横波速度的相关性.实验结果表明,煤岩样的纵波、横波速度随着压力的增加而增大,煤岩样的纵波、横波速度与压力之间表现出较好的二次项相关关系;煤样纵波、横波速度受压力的变化影响大于顶板岩样;煤岩样纵波、横波速度之间具有较好的相关关系.对于地震勘探中应用纵波速度预测煤层气储层的横波速度具有实践指导意义.     

水泥土单轴抗压强度与波速关系试验研究

介绍了水泥土抗压强度的声波探测技术，研究分析了水泥土单轴抗压强度与纵波速度、横波速度的关系，并对试验结果进行了回归分析。试验结果表明，用声波技术对水泥土的质量进行检测是切实可行的；水泥土的单轴抗压强度与纵波速度、横波速度之间确实存在相关关系；水泥土的单轴抗压强度越高；波速越高；单轴抗压强度为波速的函数，二者呈指数函数关系。     

致密岩石纵横波波速各向异性的比较研究

通过对板岩、千枚岩、糜棱岩和变质砂岩等4种岩石在平行和垂直层理、板理的3个正交方向上的纵、横波波速试验,提出了致密岩石纵波波速的各向异性与横波波速的各向异性普遍存在着一致性和差异性两种特征。一致性特征主要表现为致密岩石的横波各向异性随纵波各向异性的增强而增强;差异性特征主要表现为在平行和垂直层理、板理的两个方向上,纵波波速的各向异性指数大于横波,亦即纵波波速的各向异性比横波更为显著。从横观各向同性弹性介质的波速方程出发,通过具体的算例对这两种特征进行了较好的理论分析。     

基于基质吸力的粘性路基土动回弹模量预估模型研究

为解决非饱和粘性路基土动回弹模量参数取值问题,采用滤纸法测定土样基质吸力,获取其土水特征曲线,并利用室内重复动三轴测试方法,进行了动态回弹模量测试,并探讨了动回弹模量的影响因素及其规律,进而在考虑含水量与基质吸力之间对应关系的基础上,集成创建了综合反映湿度状况(基质吸力)与应力状况(围压和循环偏应力)影响的粘性路基土新型动态回弹模量预估模型。研究结果表明,土水特征曲线Fredlund&Xing模型能够较好地关联非饱和粘性路基土基质吸力与湿度之间的相关关系;回弹模量测试值随围压、基质吸力和压实度的提高而增大,随循环偏应力和含水量的增大而减小。     

非饱和土中热弹性波的传播特性分析

基于非饱和多孔介质的研究成果,考虑热效应和孔隙流体迂曲度的影响,研究了非饱和土中热弹性波的传播特性。利用非饱和土中耦合热的固-液-气三相介质的质量平衡方程、渗流连续方程、动量平衡方程和广义非Fourier热传导定律,建立了问题的热弹性波动方程。通过引入势函数,经过理论推导给出了非饱和土中热弹性波的弥散特征方程。结合数值算例,分析了几类热弹性波的波速和衰减系数随迂曲度、热膨胀系数和介质温度等热物理参数的变化规律。结果表明：孔隙水迂曲度的增大将引起P1波、P3波和S波的波速增大,而孔隙气体迂曲度的增大仅使得P2波的波速增大;热膨胀系数的增大将造成P1波波速的增大和热（T）波波速的减小;介质温度的升高将引起各类热弹性波波速的增大;频率、热膨胀系数和介质温度的变化对各类热弹性波的衰减系数均有较大影响,不可忽视。     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861     

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

正20141768 An Shaopeng(Institute of Rock and Soil Mechannics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430071,China);Wei Lide Experimental Study on Mechanical Behavior of Xigeda Formation Siltstone and Structure Interface(Journal of Engineering Geology,ISSN1004-9665,CN11-3249/P,21(5),2013,p.702-708,9illus.,1 table,16 refs.)