基于ANP-SWOT模型的城市应急避难场所发展规划——以兰州市为例

合理的规划和建设城市应急避难场所可以增强城市抗灾能力,提高城市灾害韧性,降低灾害带来的人员伤亡和财产损失。在对兰州市应急避难场所的建设现状进行详细调研的基础上,利用ANP-SWOT模型对其发展规划进行分析。首先运用SWOT分析方法确定兰州市应急避难场所未来发展的内部优势和劣势、外部机会和威胁;其次运用ANP分析法构建兰州市应急避难场所发展规划的网络层次结构,结合专家咨询,通过赋值和对比分析确定最佳发展策略。结果显示,分布不均、数量不足、尚未形成专门的应急预案是制约兰州市应急避难场所发展的关键问题;最佳发展策略是加快推进兰州市应急避难场所的标准化规范化。     

太原市建设山西省首家地震应急避难场所

2006年，按照国家和省政府的要求，结合实际情况，太原市政府制定了《关于加快应急避难场所规划建设的意见》，对省城应对地震等突发灾害事件的应急避难场所规划建设的目标、任务、原则、管理提出了具体要求。同时制定了相应的应急避难场所应急预案，确保一旦发生地震等自然灾害，立即开启避难场所，组织群众避难。     

简讯

太原市建设山西省首家地震应急避难场所2006年,按照国家和省政府的要求,结合实际情况,太原市政府制定了《关于加快应急避难场所规划建设的意见》,对省城应对地震等突发灾害事件的应急避难场所规划建设的目标、任务、原则、管理提出了具体要求。同时制定了相应的应急避难场所应急预案,确保一旦发生地震等自然灾害,立即开启避难场所,组织群众避难。经多方考察,太原市确定在迎泽公园建立全省首家地震应急避难场所。至2006年底,根据国家标准在迎泽公园制定了应急自供水、供电、棚宿、照明、厕所、排污、物资供应、医疗卫生、防疫、广播、消防、…     

石家庄市应急避难场所适宜性评价

应急避难场所建设适宜与否,能否在灾时和灾后及时发挥应急避难功能,将直接决定居民的生命安全和财产损失情况。基于抗震防灾规划标准,本文以石家庄为例,从有效性、可达性、安全性三个层面构建了石家庄市应急避难场所适宜性评价指标体系。以GIS软件为数据处理平台,运用熵值权重法结合灰色关联分析的评价模型,对石家庄市应急避难场所进行适宜性评价。结果表明:石家庄市应急避难场所中有3处达到适宜等级,2处达到一般适宜等级,4处是不适宜等级。最后依据评价结果提出建设性建议。结果可检验石家庄已建成应急避难场所的布局合理性,为石家庄市新增避难场所的规划建设提供建议。     

突发灾害应急避难场所造型设计的特点与启示

突发灾害应急避难场所,区别于长期规划建设的应急灾害避难场所,它更突出应急性、便利性、就近性等特点。就国内外灾害应急避难场所的造型设计问题进行了案例分析,包括帐篷、沙包式、充气式、拱顶结构及过渡板房等,从其造型特点、受力特点、应用案例等方面分别进行了分析。研究表明,应急避难场所设计应突出施工简便、受力合理、就地取材、方便运输等特点,为我国突发灾害应急避难场所的规划与建设提供参考。在我国,将出现开放型与封闭型避难场所并存的状况。     

中美地震应急避难场所比较研究

地震应急避难场所是震时临时安置受灾人员的必要场所。通过对美国地震应急避难场的调研,发现其在管理、功能和类型等方面都和我国有着明显的差异,也有值得我国借鉴之处。在应急避难场所建设中,要充分发挥社会力量参与地震应急避难场所的管理和运作,并充分考虑特殊社会群体对地震应急避难场所的需求。     

郑州市地震等重大自然灾害应急避难场所规划研究

通过收集、整理郑州市地震地质、城建、市政、园林绿化、交通等基础资料,按照国家标准《地震应急避难场所场址及配套设施》(GB 21734—2008)的相关要求进行分类统计研究,给出了城市规划区范围内应急避难场所的建设和分布现状,进行了人均可用面积的分析计算;依照《郑州市城市总体规划(2008—2020年)》的要求进行了城市应急避难场所近期和远期规划研究。     

防灾避难场所应急标识系统优化设计研究

防灾避难场所应急标识在防灾避难场所中属于基础设施部分,在场所的建设中必不可少,一个完善的标识系统在疏散和安置灾民、减少伤亡等方面发挥着重要作用。首先分析了目前防灾避难场所应急标识系统存在的问题;其次,以标识牌系统的完整性、美观性、安全性和平灾结合为优化设计原则,通过问卷调查,确定影响应急标识设计的各项指标及重要度,进行防灾避难场所应急标识优化设计;最后,以泰州中学新校区中心避难场所为例,结合防灾避难场所的防灾类型、使用功能和要求以及地方的风俗文化与环境,从大小、类型、高度和颜色等方面对防灾避难场所应急标识系统进行规划方案整体优化设计。     

基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究

地震是具有毁坏性的自然灾害,对于震后严重受损的地区,设计合理的应急避难场所是非常必要的,为此提出基于微粒群算法对城乡应急避难场所规划的研究。将退火算法的微粒群理论与城乡地区应急避难场所规划相结合,在约束条件较多的情况下,将应急避难场所视为一个粒子,对应急避难场所规划创建目标函数,从而实现对城乡住区应急避难场所的规模规划设计;其次设计应急场所的内容与位置模型,集合城乡需求点布局的影响因素,修建不同的应急场所设施点,并以覆盖全部需求点为目标,实现应急避难场所的整体规划。通过仿真实验证明,所提微粒群算法具有较好的规划效率,可保证规划后的城乡住区在受到地震侵害后,受灾人群有即时的可避难场所,为人们的震后生活提供帮助。     

居安思危积极推进应急避难场所建设——潍坊应急避难场所建设的几点启示

应急避难场所是为了人们能在灾害发生后一段时期内,躲避由灾害带来的直接或间接伤害,并能保障基本生活而事先划分的带有一定功能设施的场地。良好的地震应急避难场所规划和建设,是在地震发生时群众得以有序、有效避难和疏散的重要保障。本文简述了应急避难场所建设需注意的几点问题。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Evolutionary Changes in the Configuration of the Magnetic Field of the Solar Corona in the Epoch of the Minimum

Geomagnetism and Aeronomy - The evolution of the magnetic configuration in the solar corona is studied. The curvature of the K-corona helmets obtained from an analytical approximation of the...