重庆瀼渡场北崩滑体变形特征及成因分析

重庆瀼渡场北崩滑体主要由松散及透水性好的崩塌堆积物质组成,滑体沿堆积层和基岩接触面滑动。通过监测分析发现,滑体不同位置的变形速率和累积位移量存在差异性。崩滑体变形主要集中在汛期雨季,枯水期旱季变形较小,滑坡后缘位移发生的时间较前缘略显滞后性。崩滑体发生变形破坏的内因是组成滑体的松散物质工程地质性质差,透水性好,滑移带土体在水的浸泡软化作用下,强度大幅下降,导致崩滑体失稳移动。崩滑体发生变形破坏的外因是降雨和库水位变化的联合作用,导致崩滑体自重增加、潜蚀破坏、产生动静水压力。     

甘肃武都古崩滑堆积体的沉积特征及其形成环境

在甘肃武都县城北第四纪地层剖面中,马兰黄土之下发育有一套以大量碎屑和部分粘土组成的混杂堆积体。其形成时的原始地貌已不复存在,成因也不明。本文在研究其沉积特征和周围地质、地貌环境的基础上,判定其属于崩滑堆积体,是基岩块体 (夹部分粘土 )高速崩塌滑动、碰撞分解堆积而成。堆积层具有上下不同的发生“层序”。作者将典型的崩滑堆积体的沉积“层序”划分为五层:A后期覆盖层或侵蚀面;B崩解-碰撞带层;C崩解-滑移带层;D滑移带层;E下伏地层。各发生层有不同的沉积特征,反映出高速运动块体经过内部碰撞分解后,上下层中存在动力过程和沉积过程的分异。作者研究了武都古崩滑体五个剖面中的粘土含量、粒径、砾石组构、沉积结构和构造的特点,并通过堆积物的沉积特征所反映的运动和动力学特性,结合周围地质、地貌环境,判定该混杂堆积体是在Q1₃ 时期,武都城北部高耸的以变质石灰组成的基岩陡壁在暴雨的“触发”下,发生解体,形成固体碎屑流块体,由北向南高速运动堆积而成。后期由于粘土和水的加入,使崩滑体运动向泥石流体转化。     

巴东作揖沱崩滑体基本特征及成因机制分析

:作揖沱崩滑体是三峡工程库区重点勘察研究的崩滑体之一 ,位于湖北省巴东县楠木园乡长江南岸 ,距三峡工程坝址 83km,作揖沱崩滑体东西宽为 5 40～ 72 0 m,南北长为 2 80～ 40 0 m,前缘高程为 2 0 m(水下 ) ,后缘高程为 2 80 m,体积为 413.32万m3。作揖沱崩滑体的组成物质为碎块石夹土 ,块石成分复杂 ,局部还保存有变位岩体。作揖沱崩滑体的形成经历了崩塌、滑移、加载和变形滑动等阶段 ,是一个典型的崩滑复合体。近代以来 ,作揖沱崩滑体曾发生多次变形复活 ,是一个不稳定的崩滑体     

巴东作揖沱崩滑体基本特征及成因机构分析

作揖沱崩滑体是三峡工程库区重点勘察研究的崩滑体之一，位于湖北省巴东县楠木园乡长江南岸，距三峡工程坝址83km作揖沱崩滑体东西宽为540－720米，南北长为280－400米，前缘高程为20米（水下），后缘高程为280米，体积淡413．32万立方米，作揖沱崩滑体的组成物质为碎块石夹土，块石成分复杂，局部还保存变位岩体作损沱崩滑体的形成经历了崩塌，滑移，如载和变形滑动等阶段，是一个典型的崩滑复合体，近代以来，作揖沱崩滑体曾发生多次变形复活，是一个不稳定的崩滑体。     

重庆小南海地震崩滑体的基本特征及形成机制研究

通过对重庆小南海地震崩滑堆积体进行野外地质调查和工程地质勘察等相关工作,阐述了该崩滑堆积体的基本特征和形成机制,认为其形成过程经历了风化剥蚀震荡抛射崩滑堆积堵江成湖4个阶段,其岩体破坏形式为高度破裂或严重高度破裂状态,其岩体破坏过程以崩塌为主,滑动为辅。研究发现,小南海地震崩滑堆积体的最终形成是受地震构造运动及应力、岩体构造、地形地貌及地震波作用等因素综合作用的结果:(1)该区NE向黔江逆滑（右行）断裂与NNW向仰头山逆滑（左行）断层形成的X型地震构造组合及轴向呈NWW向的构造压应力使小南海断块内部发生张滑（左行）破裂而导致61/4级地震发生;(2)该区呈X形展布的3组主要构造节理是崩滑体发育的物质基础,大、小垮岩在地震波作用下最终发生了向山体临空面（约145~155方向）的各自崩滑;(3)从崩滑堆积体中发现的灰岩块石证明崩滑体原始地层中曾含二叠系栖霞组和茅口组灰岩,这为恢复崩滑前山体地形提供了直接证据;(4)崩滑体中堆积岩块直径分布区域沿约150方向自WN到ES依次递减,间接证明了地震时崩滑体抛洒方向为约150方向,且大、小垮岩分别形成堆积区,交叉堆积部分较少。     

崩塌诱发其下部滑坡变形过程的分析研究

崩塌冲击或崩积物重力加载作用都可能诱发坡脚滑坡的变形或失稳。在查明坡体结构的基础上,采用3DEC离散元数值模拟方法,对高陡斜坡在地下开采作用下崩塌所产生的机理、失稳模式、破坏规模、运动轨迹进行了全过程模拟,特别是斜坡失稳后和坡脚滑坡的相互作用效应进行了深入分析。结果表明:通过地下开采诱发的崩塌过程模拟及其研究,发现斜坡在地下开采的扰动下会产生大规模的崩塌,其滚石会对滑坡体产生强烈的冲击作用,且所形成的崩积物会对滑坡体产生重力加载作用。再通过监测数据以及现场收集的资料分析得出滑坡的蠕滑变形主要是由于崩积物重力加载作用引起的,且有继续变形的趋势,在暴雨季节时,滑坡的变形速率可能会增大,有潜在大规模滑动的危险,需做好相应的防护工作。     

优势结构面控制的岩质边坡强震破坏机制研究

据统计,由地震所造成的损失中,地震所诱发的滑坡和崩塌造成的损失约占40%。对于地震作用下斜坡变形破坏的类型与机制,前人已有大量的研究和归纳,然而对此问题的数值模拟研究则少有涉及。四川省什邡市北部山区在512汶川地震中烈度达到11度,遥感解译出的地震诱发崩滑体地质灾害点达161处,其破坏机制主要有顺层-切层滑坡和滑移式崩塌2种形式。本文针对这一地区2种典型滑坡地质灾害,利用赤平投影图分析方法确定边坡的控稳优势结构面组合,在此基础上用离散元数值模拟软件对其失稳过程进行数值模拟计算,分析结果显示:第1种斜坡破坏类型表现为缓倾坡外层状结构斜坡在强震作用下,坡顶首先出现拉裂,斜坡中部的结构面发生剪切变形,随着斜坡上部拉裂面向中部不断延伸并贯通,滑体便从高位沿中部缓倾结构面快速剪出。这种斜坡的变形破坏力学机制为滑移-拉裂,其破坏方式为顺层-切层滑坡。第2种斜坡破坏类型表现为高陡块状结构斜坡在强震作用下,斜坡上部结构面首先被拉裂,发生松动,被切割的块体沿拉裂面底端缓倾坡内或水平的结构面向外产生剪切变形,并在持续地震力作用下不断向坡外运动,以翻滚、崩落的方式运动至坡脚。这种结构类型斜坡的变形破坏力学机制为拉裂-滑移,其破坏方式为滑移式崩塌。     

龚家方崩滑体与滚石运动特征的对比分析

由于斜坡环境复杂,运动体运动轨迹多变,对于滑坡、滚石的运动速度和加速度的计算,一直是难点。通过分析龚家方崩滑体和滚石的运动影像资料,对比研究两次运动过程中运动体的运动特征及能量衰减问题。研究表明,崩滑体整体上经历了一次加速~减速过程,而滚石在整个运动过程中经历了多次加速~减速过程,无论是最大速度还是入水速度,单个滚石的运动速度稍大于滑坡体整体运动的速度,就能量衰减而言,从开始运动到整体入水,崩滑体的能量衰减率约为97.2%,滚石的能量衰减率在92%左右。这一研究结果可为龚家方治理过程中残留物的运动速度计算和类似龚家方斜坡的滑坡体运动速度计算提供参考。     

全长粘结锚杆在崩滑体治理工程中的应用

崩滑体是三峡库区奉节、巫山、巴东等地较为普遍的地质现象,具有厚度大、风化破碎等特征,是三峡库区地质灾害治理的主要对象, 锚固是崩滑体治理的手段之一。本文通过分析崩滑体的地质特征及全长粘结锚杆的作用机理,结合三峡库区一大型崩滑体治理工程,说明采用全长粘结锚杆不仅增加了坡体的抗滑力,而且通过锚杆的植入改善了坡体的结构性,从而提高崩滑体的稳定性。     

某水电站坝区崩塌体特征及影响因素分析

挽近期以来,伴随青藏高原的强烈隆升,中国西南地区河谷经历强烈、快速下切,形成西南地区所特有的高山峡谷地貌,在此过程中,河谷岸坡分别遭受垂向剥蚀与侧向卸荷作用,出现一系列浅表生结构面,将岸坡浅表部岩体切割成大小不等块体,在后期时效变形过程中以崩塌、滑坡形式失稳破坏。本文以崩塌体发育部位,堆积物岩性、块度大小、风化特征等研究为基础,结合岸坡河谷演化、构造演化历史分析,追溯形成崩塌的地形地貌、地层岩性、风化卸荷、岩体结构等河谷岸坡特征。通过上述分析,总结归纳产生崩塌的主控因素是地形地貌、岩性与岩体结构,在地形地貌适合、浅表生作用强烈的区域,岸坡岩体变形破坏也较强烈,崩塌堆积物也较发育。     

Experimentally gained parameters,decisive for rock fall analysis

Summary This paper presents the methodology adopted for assessing experimental parameters relevant to computer rockfall analyses and describes the data gathered from several in situ rockfall tests carried out by ISMES and ENEL CRIS during recent years.Through the calculation of block velocities during their fall from and onto slopes of various geometry, and the measurement of the run-out distances, heights of bounce and the geometric characteristics of blocks, the following experimental parameters were studied: Restitution Coefficient, Rolling Friction Coefficient, dispersion of trajectories, effect of block geometry on its fall, and efficiency of a ditch, at the bottom of a slope, for arresting fallen blocks.     

Rockfalls triggered by the ad 1356 Basle Earthquake

In the Basle region of Switzerland we demonstrate that rockfall blocks can be dated accurately using the radiocarbon method. Soil beneath rockfall blocks containing organic macro‐remains was sampled at four cliff sites in the Tabular Jura south‐east of Basle. A lightweight drilling rig drills a 101‐mm‐diameter hole through rockfall blocks up to 6 m in height. A downhole sampler is used to recover soil samples from below the blocks. Eighteen radiocarbon dates on charcoal, wood, needles of conifers and organic macro‐remains from 11 blocks gave dates between 970 and 440 bp . Calibrated ages range between ad 1210 and ad 1450. These results, along with field observations and historical research, suggest that a large number of blocks toppled as rockfalls within a short time interval in the epicentral area of the ad 1356 Basle earthquake.     

四川罗家青杠岭崩塌风险的定量评价研究

我国多山,崩塌灾害频繁发生,相应的风险评价也得到了越来越多的关注。由于崩塌发生和运移过程的高度不确定性以及历史数据的不完备,往往很难进行相应的定量风险评价。四川罗家青杠岭的崩塌现场非常典型,而且现场资料较全、历史数据较多并且明确,是开展崩塌风险定量研究的很好实例。通过现场工程地质调查、测绘和统计分析,确定了历史崩塌的物源区、堆积区、最大运移距离、年发生概率以及坡体上的4块典型危岩体A-D。基于历史崩塌堆积区的块石统计特征以及物源区危岩体失稳启动位置的不确定性,利用二维Rockfall模拟软件对所在坡面的恢复系数及摩擦系数进行了反演。在此基础上,对危岩体A-D失稳后的运动特征进行了随机性数值模拟和统计分析,从而确定了崩塌的到达概率。基于崩塌发生概率、到达概率、承灾体时空分布概率和易损性的乘积,作者对罗家青杠岭崩塌进行了定量风险评价。评价结果表明,危岩体A和D的风险值处于不可接受的风险区间,块石B和C的风险值处于警告的风险区间,严重威胁着坡脚附近居民的生命财产安全,有必要采取相应的防灾减灾措施。     

An analysis of failure mechanism constraints on pre-failure rock block deformation using TLS and roto-translation methods

Rockfall hazards increase the risk of train derailment along railway corridors in western Canada. In this study, repeated terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) datasets were collected every 2–3 months at three different sites along the Thompson and Fraser River corridors in British Columbia, referred to as the Goldpan, White Canyon, and Mile 109 sites. A total of 207 rockfall events occurring across all three sites between November 11, 2014 and October 18, 2016 were recorded in a database. For each of these rockfalls, pre-failure deformation was measured using a method of three-dimensional roto-translation block tracking. Each rockfall was classified by its deformation behaviour and further categorised based on failure mechanism, volume, lithology, and the roughness condition of the failure plane. Results reveal that detectable levels of deformation were measured in 33% of the total number of rockfall events using the present methods. Rotation deformation was most commonly observed in toppling failures with relatively steep joint orientations. Conversely, planar sliding blocks generally exhibited the least measurable deformation, with the majority not showing any precursory translation or rotation. It is postulated that overhanging rockfall configurations may suppress the expression of deformation in rockfall source blocks, though additional research is required to confirm this.     

石经山藏经洞坡体滚石灾害危险性分析

对影响滚石的岩性、地形坡高和地质结构等因素进行现场地质调查和分析,初步确定存在潜在滚石的坡体。借助BJSD-2B型激光断面仪,选取上述坡体的4个典型剖面进行坡形测量。结合数值分析结果,确定块石A~F发生滚石的可能性较大。现场测量确定A~F块石的体积。在此基础上,利用Rocfall模拟软件对6块块石滚落的运动特征（运动距离、弹跳高度、动能和运动速度）进行预测和分析。结果表明：块石D的失稳对游客的生命安全威胁相对较小,但会直接导致7号洞洞室发生严重破坏;其余5块块石的失稳均会对游人的生命安全造成重大威胁,但不会严重影响到相应洞室的稳定。建议对上述6块块石所在坡体的关键部位及时采取工程措施进行加固。     

重庆武隆鸡尾山危岩体形成与崩塌成因分析

鸡尾山事件是一次巨型滑移式岩体崩塌(体积大于100×104m3),也是一次特大型地质灾害(死亡/失踪人数超过30人)。鸡尾山层状石灰岩地质结构、近南北向和近东西向裂隙组合以及软弱夹层的存在是山体开裂滑移的物质结构基础。长期的降雨渗流和岩溶作用使软层强度弱化、裂隙带扩大是层状山体易于拉开的前提。类比分析认为,鸡尾山地形上高陡临空、山下铁矿大面积采空形成的"悬板张拉效应"是山体拉裂形成大规模危岩体的主要原因。视滑力分析计算得出,层状岩体向外的视滑力是逐渐克服危岩体底面摩擦力和前缘抗剪力,使危岩体蠕滑发展成崩塌的主要驱动力。鸡尾山崩塌灾害是铁矿采空和视滑力共同主导作用下的一个"山体拉裂～弱面蠕滑～剪出崩塌～碎屑流冲击～灾难形成"的链式反应过程。文章为应急管理决策解释了此次事件的动力来源问题,也为类似事件应急响应技术支撑提供了一种简便方法。     

Rockfall hazard analysis for an historical Castle in Kastamonu (Turkey)

The Kastamonu Castle located on a sandstone hill with Eocene age is one of the most historical and touristic places in Kastamonu city center. The settlement of the city expanded towards the hill of the Kastamonu Castle and adversely affected by rockfalls in the past. The rockfall problems around the castle could be related to jointing, weathering, freezing-thawing and earthquake effects or a combination. In this study, the rockfall hazard at the castle is evaluated by two-dimensional rockfall analyses along 17 profiles selected in different orientations. Different size of rock blocks and various types of movements are taken into consideration in the analyses. Fall-out distance, bounce height, kinetic energy and velocity of the sandstone blocks are separately evaluated. The obtained data are used to define the possible rockfall hazard zones. Finally, the areas having potential rockfall risks are distinguished. Based on the evaluation of the data, rock bolting after removing of unstable blocks and supporting the area with the protective fences are suggested.     

尼泊尔某项目滚石灾害的工程地质调查与评价

滚石灾害是山区常见的地质灾害类型,研究滚石的运动特征对地质灾害调查及危险性评估有着重要意义。通过对尼泊尔某项目滚石灾害后现场进行工程地质调查,分析其灾害成因机制,查明事故原因。调查结果表明:9 ·15灾害非人类活动的影响,属自然地质灾害,造成事故的主要原因为超高位岩体崩塌,而滚石的范围又超过前期预测的危险区。通过现场痕迹分析,推测出滚石的运动路径。根据调查出的撞击点位置、物质组成及几何特征,作者提出运用运动学原理还原滚石运动轨迹,并利用rocfall软件对超高位危岩体崩落后的运动轨迹进行随机模拟分析,推算出超高位危岩体崩落后能量大小的变化,为防护措施方案提供可靠的依据。张口式帘式网韧性强,防护能级高,对高陡边坡滚石灾害能起到很好的效果。本文可为类似高陡边坡的危岩治理防护提供参考。     

2D and 3D rockfall hazard analysis and protection measures for Saptashrungi Gad Temple,Vani, Nashik,Maharashtra – A case study

The Saptashrungi gad temple (SGT) situated on basaltic hills belongs to Deccan volcanic of Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene, is one among the 51 Shakti Peeths and most holy place for pilgrims. Rockfall is a major problem in the past and causing danger to the lives of the villagers settled at the toe of the SGT hill as well as the pilgrims who perform parikrama along the tracks. On the evening of 16 April 2011, an old woman died due to rockfall at SGT hill when she was performing parikrama, moreover, two persons got injured during the deliverance process of this old woman from the continuous rockfall activity. The problem of rockfall could be linked to rainfall, jointing, weathering, man-made or the compounding of all. In this research, the rockfall hazard analysis at SGT hill is assessed using both 2D and 3D rockfall programs along the two parikrama paths: Parikrama Path 1 (or the Badi Parikrama Path ‘BPP’), and Parikrama Path 2 (or the Chhoti Parikrama Path ‘CPP’). Also, the study area of the SGT hill has been divided into eight zones (Zone#01 to Zone#08), based on field observations, orientations of joint sets and hill slope faces and eighteen topographic profiles (AA' to RR') have been taken from these eight zones for rockfall analysis. A detailed topographic survey along with field investigation has been carried out along the temple for ascertaining the nature of rock, discontinuity orientations, and slope geometry. DEM has been generated using topographic profile in ArcGIS to facilitate the 3D rockfall analysis. Maximum rock block sizes are taken into the analysis and run-out distance, bounce height, kinetic energy and velocity of the basaltic blocks are evaluated separately. Based on the analyzed data, the rockfall hazard zone map has been prepared and site having potential rockfall risks have been identified. Finally, wire/net meshing has been proposed after removal of unstable blocks as a stabilization and protection measures.It is worth mentioning here that for the first time rockfall hazard assessment was made in such detail for a site. Suggestions made are implemented by the State Government for the protection of the temple as well as the life of pilgrims performing the parikrama from the rockfall.     

A fractal fragmentation model for rockfalls

The impact-induced rock mass fragmentation in a rockfall is analyzed by comparing the in situ block size distribution (IBSD) of the rock mass detached from the cliff face and the resultant rockfall block size distribution (RBSD) of the rockfall fragments on the slope. The analysis of several inventoried rockfall events suggests that the volumes of the rockfall fragments can be characterized by a power law distribution. We propose the application of a three-parameter rockfall fractal fragmentation model (RFFM) for the transformation of the IBSD into the RBSD. A discrete fracture network model is used to simulate the discontinuity pattern of the detached rock mass and to generate the IBSD. Each block of the IBSD of the detached rock mass is an initiator. A survival rate is included to express the proportion of the unbroken blocks after the impact on the ground surface. The model was calibrated using the volume distribution of a rockfall event in Vilanova de Banat in the Cadí Sierra, Eastern Pyrenees, Spain. The RBSD was obtained directly in the field, by measuring the rock block fragments deposited on the slope. The IBSD and the RBSD were fitted by exponential and power law functions, respectively. The results show that the proposed fractal model can successfully generate the RBSD from the IBSD and indicate the model parameter values for the case study.