长江口及邻近海域沉积物重金属潜在生态风险评价

利用2007年10月和2009年6月对长江口及邻近海域表层沉积物的监测数据,分析了其中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg等7种重金属元素和TOC的含量,并采用Hakanson生态风险指数法进行了潜在生态风险评价.结果表明:重金属Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、As和Hg元素的平均含量分别为:37.43×10-6,36.85×10-6,93.48 × 10-6,0.17×10-6,72.91×10-6,10.60 × 10-6和0.043×10-6.各重金属元素空间上呈现长江口及杭州湾高、外陆架海区低的分布趋势,且总体上调查海区南部海域高于北部海域.7种重金属元素的污染指数由大到小排序为:Cu＞Cr＞ Zn＞Pb＞As＞Cd＞ Hg,其中Cu和Cr元素是主要的污染因子;潜在生态风险系数由大到小依次为:Cd＞ Hg＞Cu＞As＞Pb＞Cr＞Zn,其中Cd、Hg和Cu元素是主要的潜在生态风险因子.研究区仅局部海域受到了重金属元素的污染,RI值均小于150,属低潜在生态危害的范畴.     

南海海水中溶解态铜、铅、锌、镉环境背景值的初步研究

本文通过对南海海域自然环境中表层海水溶解态Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的分析，讨论了南海表层海水中重金属含量的分布。根据地理环境特征及表层环流结构将南海表层水域分成北部和南部两个重金属背景值海区，并采用统计学方法对海水中重金属的分布类型进行了态性检验，按分布类型分别确定了Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的环境背景值。     

长江口以南我国沿岸海域经济贝类中的重金属

本文报道了长江口以南我国沿岸海域经济贝类中各重金属的含量及其分布趋势。结果表明，各种贝类体内Zn的含量总是最高，Hg的含量总是最低。各重金属平均含量一般呈Zn＞Cu＞As≈Cd＞Cr≈Pb＞Hg的排列顺序。该海域牡蛎的Hg、Pb、Cr、As的含量低，区域分布较均匀；Cu、Zn、Cd的含量相差悬殊，以珠海海区牡蛎的Cu、Zn、Cd含量最高，分别为431×10-6～474×106，864×10-6～1044×10-6，7．02×10-6～8．25×10-6（m／m），其主要原因可能是工业排污造成的。本调查牡蛎分布较广，对Cu、Zn、Cd有较强的积累能力，推荐它为我国局部海域海洋污染监测Cu、Zn、Cd的指示生物。     

南黄海西部冬季表层水中的溶解态重金属分布特征分析

分析了2007年1月的南黄海西部调查得到的表层海水中的溶解态重金属数据资料,研究了海水中溶解态重金属的分布特征及影响机制.结果表明各溶解态重金属的空间分布大致呈现近岸海区向远岸逐渐减少的趋势;但调查海域远岸水体南部(34°N以南)溶解态重金属质量浓度整体上比中部和北部海域的略高;而近岸分布无明显规律.重金属Cu,Pb,Zn和Cd之间具有良好的正相关性,苏北站位Cu和As与盐度以及与悬浮物含量间呈相反的显著相关性.说明重金属分布除受到来自近岸污染的影响,还可能受到海水水动力学及黄海暖温高盐水舌的影响;苏北海域As的分布可能受到该海域特定的氧化还原水环境影响.     

洋山深水港区海域秋、冬季沉积物中重金属来源分析及生态风险评价

通过测定洋山深水港区海域2010-2013年6个航次秋、冬季沉积物中重金属含量,分析其时空差异,结果表明该海域沉积物重金属总体含量较低,空间分布较为均匀,Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd含量秋季明显高于冬季,As、Cu含量的季节性波动较小。用因子分析法研究该海域重金属来源,发现陆源工业、船舶航运排污以及有机质降解是研究海域Pb、Cd、Zn的主要来源;农业污染、码头货物装卸残留及建筑垃圾支配着Cu、As、Hg的来源。基于平均沉积物质量基准系数法(SQG-Q)的生态风险评价结果表明研究海域沉积物中重金属均存在中、低度的生态风险,秋季的生态风险高于冬季,Hg和Cu是主要生态风险因子;地累积指数法评价结果显示研究海域基本不受Hg、As、Zn、Pb的污染;Cd、Cu以轻度污染为主,部分站位属于偏中度污染,6种重金属污染程度依次为:CdCuPbZnHgAs。因子综合得分评价表明,重金属污染相对严重的站位依次为5号、4号及3号站位。但总体看来,洋山深水港区附近海域沉积物中重金属污染状况属于轻度污染。     

洋山深水港区海域秋、冬季沉积物中重金属来源分析及生态风险评价(英文)

通过测定洋山深水港区海域2010~2013年6个航次秋、冬季沉积物中重金属含量,分析其时空差异,结果表明该海域沉积物重金属总体含量较低,空间分布较为均匀,Hg、Zn、Pb、Cd含量秋季明显高于冬季,As、Cu含量的季节性波动较小,用因子分析法研究该海域重金属来源,发现陆源工业、船舶航运排污以及有机质降解是研究海域Pb、Cd、Zn的主要来源;农业污染、码头货物装卸残留及建筑垃圾支配着Cu、As、Hg的来源。SQG-Q生态风险评价表明研究海域沉积物中重金属均存在中、低度的生态风险,秋季的生态风险高于冬季,Hg和Cu是主要生态风险因子;地累积指数法评价结果显示研究海域基本不受Hg、As、Zn、Pb的污染;Cd、Cu以轻度污染为主,部分站位属于偏中度污染,6种重金属污染程度依次为:CdCuPbZnHgAs。因子综合得分评价表明,重金属污染相对严重的站位依次为5号、4号及3号站位。但总体看来洋山深水港区附近海域沉积物中重金属污染状况属于轻度污染。     

泉州大港湾海水、沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量分布

根据1997年7月大港湾海域环境调查资料,着重分析了大港湾海水、表层沉积物及水产生物体内重金属的含量及分布。结果表明：大港湾海水中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn的含量均低于渔业水质标准,大港湾湾顶水域,海水和表层沉积物中Cu,Pb,Cd,Zn的含最明显高于湾口水域：湾南部水域高于北部水域。文中还根据《海洋沉积物质量》、《无公害食品》、《食品中锌限量卫生标准》、《海洋生物质量》标准对表层沉积物和6种水产生物的重金属污染程度进行评价,结果大港湾的水产生物体内的重金属含量均未超标,但沉积物中的Cd含量已超标。     

厦门西海域沉积物中重金属的赋存状态及潜在迁移性

以厦门西海域沉积物为研究对象,利用改良BCR连续提取法分析了沉积物样品中Zn、Mn、Cr、Cu、Cd和Pb的赋存状态,并通过潜在迁移指数（PMI）探讨了沉积物中重金属的潜在迁移风险.结果表明：6种重金属总量在厦门西海域沉积物中由大到小的顺序为：Mn〉Zn〉Cr〉Pb〉Cu〉Cd,其中Mn和Zn的含量达到了1 471 mg/kg和231 mg/kg.与沉积物质量标准对比,沉积物样品中Zn、Cr、Cu和Pb的含量较高.改良BCR连续提取表明6种金属中Zn、Cr和Cu主要以残渣态存在,Mn和Cd主要以酸溶态存在,Pb则以可还原态为主.厦门西海域沉积物中6种重金属的潜在迁移指数大到小的顺序为：Mn〉Cd〉Zn〉Cu〉Pb〉Cr,其中Mn和Cd的潜在迁移危险最大.     

辽东湾西部海域表层沉积物重金属的含量分布与污染评价

对2009年春、秋两季辽东湾西部海域共25个采样站位4种重金属含量的分布特征进行了研究,并利用潜在生态风险指数法和地质累积指数法对其污染状况进行了评价.结果表明:该海域表层沉积物中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd平均含量范围分别为8.0~32.1、4.3~56.9、20.0~102.6、0.12~0.34 mg/kg;Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd含量平均值均高于渤海重金属背景值.在该海域表层沉积物重金属单元素平均含量的潜在生态风险指数中,Cd的风险等级已经达到"中等",Cu、Pb和Zn的潜在生态风险等级"较低";各重金属元素综合潜在生态风险等级属于"中等",近岸及河口等海域的生态风险等级相对较高.重金属地质累积指数评价结果显示,Cu和Zn属于0级污染,Pb和Cd属于"轻度"污染.因此,作者建议应控制该海域近岸养殖区密度和减少养殖污染.表层沉积物中重金属和TOC含量相关性分析表明:该海域表层沉积物中重金属Cu、Pb和Zn具有一定的同源性,TOC含量对重金属分布具有一定的影响.     

广西铁山港海域沉积物重金属污染状况及潜在生态风险评价

对广西铁山港海域表层沉积物进行采集,对沉积物中重金属（Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、As、Hg）含量进行测定,并采用单因子指数法和Hakanson潜在生态风险指数法进行了评价。结果表明：六种重金属平均含量（×10-6）依次为Zn（61.1）>Pb（15.9）> Cu（13.1）>As（10.1）>Cd（0.27）>Hg（0.068）,均低于国家海洋沉积物一类标准;铁山港表层沉积物重金属单因子污染程度总体较轻,属于低污染水平,污染程度排序为Cu＞Zn ＞Hg＞As＞Cd＞Pb;铁山港海域沉积物重金属潜在生态风险排序为Hg＞Cd＞As＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn,所有站位潜在生态风险指数RI平均值为 63.11,潜在生态风险总体处于较低水平,潜在风险高值区出现在铁山港北部海域,主要受Hg的高潜在风险水平影响。     

中国鱼类名录Ⅻ--鳚亚目、(鱼衔)亚目、喉盘鱼亚目、鰕虎鱼亚目、微体鱼亚目、刺尾鱼亚目、带鱼亚目、鲭亚目、鲳亚目、金枪鱼亚目、攀鲈亚目、刺鳅亚目

鳚亚目 4 科 33 属 95 种，鰕虎鱼亚目 5 科 98 属 259 种，刺尾鱼亚目 5 科 11 属 65 种，鲈形目 19亚目 104 科 535 属 1799 种。     

The distribution of Mn,Fe, Cu,Ni, Co,Ga, Cr,V, Ba,Sr, Sn,Zn, and Pb,in some soil-sized particulates from the lower troposphere over the world ocean

Soil-sized particulates have been collected on board ship by a mesh technique from the lower troposphere of the North, Equatorial and South Atlantic Ocean, northern and southern Indian Ocean, South and East China Sea and various coastal localities.Spectrographic analysis reveals that, on average, the particulates have concentrations of Mn, Ni, Co, Ga, Cr, V, Ba, and Sr which are of the same order of magnitude as those in average crustal material. In contrast, the average concentrations of Pb, Sn, and Zn are one order of magnitude higher than those in average crustal material.Within this “world-wide” average there are significant geographical variations in the distributions of Pb, Sn, and Zn which may be related to anthropogenic sources.On the basis of trace-element distributions lower tropospheric soil-sized marine particulates have been divided into four genetic components; local, zonal, inter-zonal, and global. The proportions of these components vary geographically, and each component may have both a natural and an anthropogenic fraction.     

Distribution, abundance, and growth of larval tautog, Tautoga onitis, in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA

Tautog, Tautoga onitis, is an abundant species of fish in estuaries of the northeastern United States. Planktonic tautog larvae are abundant in summer in these estuaries, but there is little information on rates of growth of tautog larvae feeding on natural assemblages of food in the plankton. We examined abundance and growth of larval tautog and environmental factors during weekly sampling at three sites along a nearshore‐to‐offshore transect in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts, USA during summer 1994. This is the first study of a robust sample size (336 larvae) to estimate growth rates of field‐caught planktonic tautog larvae feeding on natural diets, using the otolith daily‐growth‐increment method. The study was over the entire summer period when tautog larvae were in the plankton. The sampling sites contrasted in several environmental variables including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and chlorophyll a concentration. There was a temporal progression in the abundance of tautog larvae over the summer, in relation to location and temperature. Tautog larvae were first present nearshore, with a pronounced peak in abundance occurring at the nearshore sites during the last 2 weeks in June. Larvae were absent at this time further offshore. From late June through August, larval abundance progressively decreased nearshore, but increased offshore although never approaching the abundance levels observed at the nearshore sites. The distribution and abundance of tautog larvae appeared to be related to a nearshore‐to‐offshore seasonal warming trend and a nearshore decrease in DO. Otoliths from 336 larvae ranging from 2.3 to 7.7 mm standard length had otolith increment counts ranging from 0 to 19 increments. Growth of larval tautog was estimated at 0.23 mm·day^?1, and length of larvae prior to first increment formation was estimated at 2.8 mm indicating that first increment formation occurs 3–4 days after hatching at 2.2 mm. Despite spatial and temporal differences in environmental factors, there were no significant differences in growth rates at any of three given sites over time, or between sites. Because larval presence only occurred at a narrow range of temperature (17–23.5 °C) and DO (6.5–9.3 mg·l^?1), in situ differences in growth did not appear to be because of differences in larval distribution and abundance patterns relative to these parameters.     

Arsenic,barium, germanium,tin, dimethylsulfide and nutrient biogeochemistry in Charlotte Harbor,Florida, a phosphorus-enriched estuary

Concentrations of dissolved nutrients (NO₃, PO₄, Si), germanium species, arsenic species, tin, barium, dimethylsulfide and related parameters were measured along the salinity gradient in Charlotte Harbor. Phosphate enrichment from the phosphate industry on the Peace River promotes a productive diatom bloom near the river mouth where NO₃ and Si are completely consumed. Inorganic germanium is completely depleted in this bloom by uptake into biogenic opal. The $\text{Ge}\text{Si}$ ratio taken up by diatoms is about 0·7 × 10^?6, the same as that provided by the river flux, confirming that siliceous organisms incorporate germanium as an accidental trace replacement for silica. Monomethylgermanium and dimethylgermanium concentrations are undetectable in the Peace River, and increase linearly with increasing salinity to the seawater end of the bay, suggesting that these organogermanium species behave conservatively in estuaries, and are neither produced nor consumed during estuarine biogenic opal formation or dissolution. Inorganic arsenic displays slight removal in the bloom. Monomethylarsenic is produced both in the bloom and in mid-estuary, while dimethylarsenic is conservative in the bloom but produced in mid-estuary. The total production of methylarsenicals within the bay approximately balances the removal of inorganic arsenic, suggesting that most biological arsenic uptake in the estuary is biomethylated and released to the water column. Dimethylsulfide increases with increasing salinity in the estuary and shows evidence of removal, probably both by degassing and by microbial consumption. An input of DMS is observed in the central estuary. The behavior of total dissolvable tin shows no biological activity in the bloom or in mid-estuary, but does display a low-salinity input signal that parallels dissolved organic material, perhaps suggesting an association between tin and DOM. Barium displays dramatic input behavior at mid-salinities, probably due to slow release from clays deposited in the harbor after catastrophic phosphate slime spills into the Peace River.     

4-溴苯甲酸-2,3,4,5,6-五溴苯酯的合成(英文)

以苯酚和4—溴苯甲酸为原料,合成一种尚未见文献记载的新化合物——4—溴苯甲酸—2,3,4,5,6—五溴苯酯,用无水三氯化铝催化苯酚的全溴化。此产物可望在阻燃剂方面得到应用。     

Large amplitude, leaky, island-generated, internal waves around Palau, Micronesia

Three years of temperature data along two transects extending to 90 m depth, at Palau, Micronesia, show twice-a-day thermocline vertical displacements of commonly 50–100 m, and on one occasion 270 m. The internal wave occurred at a number of frequencies. There were a number of spectral peaks at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies, as well as intermediate and sub-inertial frequencies, less so at the inertial frequency. At Palau the waves generally did not travel around the island because there was no coherence between internal waves on either side of the island. The internal waves at a site 30 km offshore were out-of-phase with those on the island slopes, suggesting that the waves were generated on the island slope and then radiated away. Palau Island was thus a source of internal wave energy for the surrounding ocean. A numerical model suggests that the tidal and low-frequency currents flowing around the island form internal waves with maximum wave amplitude on the island slope and that these waves radiate away from the island. The model also suggests that the headland at the southern tip of Palau prevents the internal waves to rotate around the island. The large temperature fluctuations (commonly daily fluctuations ≈10 °C, peaking at 20 °C) appear responsible for generating a thermal stress responsible for a biologically depauperate biological community on the island slopes at depths between 60 and 120 m depth.