吉林省水田种植面积的遥感监测

根据水稻在不同发育期的地面光谱特征,确定了利用MODIS数据识别水田种植面积的最佳波段及最佳时相,在地理信息系统的支持下提取了吉林省2012年水田种植面积,并将提取的水田种植面积与基于TM影像水田种植面积进行对比分析。结果表明:利用MODIS数据与TM数据提取的面积对比,结果表明利用多时相MODIS数据进行水田种植面积监测是可行的。利用MODIS数据识别水稻的最佳波段组合是6、2、1波段,最佳时相为移栽期和分蘖期之间及灌浆至乳熟期之间。利用已有的TM数据或者MODIS数据提取的水田种植分布图为底图,能够适时地、快速地进行每年的水田种植面积动态变化监测。     

基于MODIS数据的水稻种植面积提取研究进展

概述了水稻种植面积监测遥感数据源的应用变化、特征指数和时相选取以及遥感分类方法的发展,分析了MODIS影像在水稻种植面积遥感提取技术方面的研究进展及发展方向。结果表明：MODIS具有高光谱、高时间分辨率和多时相等特点,在大尺度上提取水稻种植面积上,可提高作物识别和监测的精确度与工作效率,节约成本,有着其他遥感数据无法相比的优势,应用MODIS数据提取水稻种植面积,取得了较好的效果。水稻遥感的最佳时相可以选择移栽期和孕穗期,利用对水体和植被较为敏感的波段或植被指数（如NDVI、LSWI和EVI）进行水稻识别,并提取种植面积。传统的遥感图像分类方法如监督分类和非监督分类,算法成熟、操作简单,是目前应用较多的方法。近年来发展起来的分类新方法,如决策树分类法、专家系统分类法、神经网络分类法,支持向量机法等,能够更准确地提取目标地物,对图像分类有不同程度的改进,在实际应用中通常和传统分类方法结合起来使用;多时相分析法与高时间、高分辨率多光谱影像的结合可以获取较高精度的作物种植面积数据,与传统分类方法相比有较大提高。利用MODIS对单一的或大面积的水稻种植面积提取效果较好,但对于地块破碎的种植面积估算尚难达到满意的结果,添加其他的辅佐数据如高程、坡度等,并结合MODIS数据的多时相特点分类等方法,可提高遥感影像分类的精度。     

基于MODIS数据的水稻种植面积提取研究进展

概述了水稻种植面积监测遥感数据源的应用变化、特征指数和时相选取以及遥感分类方法的发展,分析了MODIS影像在水稻种植面积遥感提取技术方面的研究进展及发展方向。结果表明：MODIS具有高光谱、高时间分辨率、多时相等特点,在大尺度上提取水稻种植面积上,可提高作物识别和监测的精确度与工作效率,节约成本,有着其他遥感数据无法相比的优势,应用MODIS数据提取水稻种植面积,取得了较好的效果。水稻遥感的最佳时相可以选择移栽期和孕穗期,利用对水体和植被较为敏感的波段或植被指数（如NDVI、LSWI和EVI）进行水稻识别,并提取种植面积。传统的遥感图像分类方法如监督分类和非监督分类,算法成熟、操作简单,是目前应用较多的方法;近年来发展起来的分类新方法,如决策树分类法、专家系统分类法、神经网络分类法,支持向量机法等,能够更准确地提取目标地物,对图像分类有不同程度的改进,在实际应用中通常和传统分类方法结合起来使用;多时相分析法与高时间、高分辨率多光谱影像的结合可以获取较高精度的作物种植面积数据,与传统分类方法相比有较大提高。利用MODIS对单一的或大面积的水稻种植面积提取效果较好,但对于地块破碎的种植面积估算尚难达到满意的结果,添加其他的辅佐数据如高程、坡度等,并结合MODIS数据的多时相特点分类等方法,可提高遥感影像分类的精度。     

应用EOS/MODIS资料监测向海水库水面面积动态变化

利用EOS/MODIS资料,采用阈值法对水体进行自动判识。通过多时次卫星数据对向海水库面积进行遥感动态监测,结果表明,利用EOS/MODIS数据能准确监测水库水域面积变化,向海水库面积2006年除7月中旬至8月中旬低于2005年外,其它月份均高于2005年。水库面积变化呈现夏季较低,秋季较高的特点。     

基于MODIS时序植被指数和线性光谱混合模型的水稻面积提取

水稻是中国的主要粮食作物,及时获取水稻种植面积和空间分布信息对指导水稻生产、调整区域供需平衡等具有重要的意义。以江苏省为例,利用2009—2011年连续三年的MODIS 8 d合成地表反射率数据(MODIS09A1),计算了归一化差值植被指数(normalized difference vegetation index,NDVI)、增强型植被指数(enhanced vegetation index,EVI)和陆表水指数(land surface water index,LSWI)。结合水稻在不同生长发育期EVI的时间序列变化特征,确定了水稻面积提取的关键生育期。根据水稻移栽期稻田土壤含水量高的特征,利用NDVI、EVI和LSWI三种指数构建判别条件,确定可能种植水稻的区域。利用线性光谱混合像元分解模型对包含水稻的混合像元进行分解,得到江苏省三年水稻种植空间分布。最后,选取研究区内的水稻典型样区,利用与MODIS同时期的较高分辨率的环境小卫星HJ-1 CCD(30 m)数据提取水稻种植面积和空间分布,以此作为参考数据进行精度验证,同时利用统计部门的江苏省水稻种植面积统计数据对江苏省水稻面积进行验证,两种方法验证后表明误差均在10%以内。研究表明,采用MODIS09A1数据结合线性光谱混合模型可以更高精度地提取大范围的水稻种植面积。     

基于MODIS时序数据提取河南省水稻种植分布

以河南省为研究区,利用2009年多时相8d合成MODIS地表反射率产品提取水稻种植分布。根据稻田含水量变化特征及水稻生长规律,构建水稻种植分布提取流程。为减少云等噪声的影响,对地表水含量指数（ILSW,land surface water content index）和增强型植被指数（IEV,enhanced vegetation index）的时序数据进行平滑重建。然后,依据豫北和豫南稻区水稻物候期差异,分别建立标准水稻IEV生长线,以计算像元尺度的水稻相似性指数作为影像分类的特征波段。同时,对重建的ILSW和IEV时序数据分别进行主成份分析,选择各自的前3个成份作为特征波段。在此基础上,采用支持向量机分类算法对组建的特征波段进行分类,提取影像中水稻的种植分布。结果显示,提取的河南省水稻种植分布与实际情况吻合较好,豫北稻区水稻分布呈现集中连片的特征,多分布在沿黄河两岸,而豫南稻区水稻种植广泛,多在大型水库灌区周边及沿淮和低洼易涝地区。与各地区水稻统计面积相比,MODIS提取的水稻面积平均相对误差为6.56%,根均方误差为5.63khm2。受到混合像元影响,以及个别地区水稻种植分散且面积相对较小,使该地区水稻面积相对误差超过±60%。     

从MODIS资料提取土壤湿度信息的主成分分析方法

沿袭了遥感地物分类中K-L变换思想, 以归一化处理后的遥感数据, 结合地面土壤湿度观测数据, 应用主成分分析方法, 采用MODIS不同红外波段数据, 通过相关关系计算, 在监测结果中融合MODIS具有250 m分辨率的第2波段数据, 建立了青海省多维特征空间土壤湿度监测模型。模型的建立克服了热惯量法监测干旱需多时相遥感数据的缺陷, 经初步检验, 此模型可以在一定精度范围之内监测表层土壤湿度, 具有业务应用潜力。     

EOS/MODIS数据在广西甘蔗种植信息提取及面积估算的应用

通过计算广西区域多时相MODIS-NDVI值,结合GPS选定甘蔗样本训练区多时相NDVI值变化曲线,以及甘蔗生长周期长达8个月至1年以上,蔗糖生产期间甘蔗面积逐渐递减的特性,采用最大似然法提取非样本训练区甘蔗种植信息,最终实现广西区域的甘蔗种植空间分布遥感信息的提取。经对遥感影像图甘蔗连片种植区域、零散点种植区与GPS实地定位调查比较,结果表明广西区域甘蔗种植信息遥感监测与实况相符。在此基础上,对广西区域甘蔗种植面积估算面积进行初步统计,精度达到90%以上。     

EOS/MODIS卫星对渤海海冰的观测研究

本文对MODIS数据进行了处理和分析,探讨了利用MODIS数据提取渤海海冰信息的方法,得到三个不同时相的海冰分布情况。研究结果表明,利用MODIS提取的海冰纹理很清楚,可以很好的刻画出海冰的外缘线及冰块之间的缝隙。因此,利用MODIS准确监测海冰的分布及其面积变化是十分可行的。     

基于MODIS和HJ-1数据的宿鸭湖水库面积遥感监测研究

水体与植被、城市和土壤等地物在不同波段的光谱反射率的差异是利用遥感手段提取水体信息的基本原理。以宿鸭湖水库为例,在水体光谱特征分析的基础上,采用归一化植被指数（NDVI）方法提取2010年的MODIS和HJ-1遥感影像上的水体信息。首先将MODIS数据的第1和第2波段,以及HJ-1数据的第3和第4波段经过波段运算得到NDVI图像。将两种遥感图像中NDVI值为负的像元判识为水体,NDVI值为正的判识为水库周围的农田,经过计算像元数量得到水体面积信息。水体判识阈值在全年变化范围在-0．08和0．08之间。HJ-1数据具有较高的空间分辨率,水体判识的结果比MODIS数据更加精确。利用HJ—I数据水体监测结果对MODIS数据结果进行校正,使得到的监测结果同时具有较高的时间分辨率和空间分辨率。研究结果表明：利用HJ-1数据校正后的MODIS数据所测得的水域面积与实际观测得到的水库蓄水量之间的复相关系数为0．8603,显著提高了水体监测的精度,从而为大范围的水资源与水环境动态监测提供了迅速、可靠的依据。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...