北方环境敏感带岱海湖泊沉积所记录的全新世中期环境特征

对中国北方环境敏感带封闭湖泊岱海获得的高质量沉积物岩芯, 进行了年代学、以及有机质含量(TOC, TN)、碳酸盐含量(CaCO3)和孢粉等代用气候环境指标的测试与分析. 结果表明: 全新世以来岱海沉积物中TOC, TN等有机质含量的变化与孢粉百分含量、孢粉通量的变化相当吻合, 并在约6.7~3.5 ka BP(日历年约7.6~3.6 ka BP)期间达到全新世以来的高值; 6.7 ka BP以来, 沉积物中碳酸盐含量与有机质含量的变化也具有很好的相关性, 也在6.7~3.5 ka BP期间达到峰值; 而在早全新世及中全新世早期9.0~6.7 ka BP(日历年龄约10~7.6 ka BP)期间, 相对较低的有机质含量、孢粉通量却对应较高的碳酸盐含量. 上述关系揭示: 在6.7~3.5 ka BP期间, 岱海流域生产力、有效降水条件均得到很大增强, 进而有可能在水动力条件增强的情况下, 携带较多的流域有机质、花粉以及碳酸盐类物质入湖, 并造成有机质和碳酸盐的同时富集. 而9.0~6.7 ka BP期间, 较低的有机质含量、孢粉通量以及高碳酸盐含量恰恰说明在流域有效降水减少、植被相对匮乏的背景下, 湖泊自身可能的高蒸发率. 二者具有不同的气候环境背景. 基于上述认识, 认为中全新世6.7~3.5 ka BP期间极可能是岱海流域降水充沛、植被丰盛的气候适宜期, 而不是通常认为的中全新世早期或早全新世.     

埃及Faiyum盆地沉积物中粒度和磁化率对风沙活动的指示意义

埃及Faiyum盆地是尼罗河下游的泛滥平原,沉积物主要来自尼罗河和撒哈拉沙漠.本文通过对钻孔FYAM(孔深4.6m)沉积物的粒度、磁化率的分析,并结合石英形态、石膏和碳酸盐含量分析,旨在寻找Faiyum盆地沉积物中代表风沙活动的粒度、磁化率特征.研究结果显示,钻孔沉积物中共发现7种粒度频率曲线类型,主要为细粒组(6-2...     

巴丹吉林沙漠全新世的高湖面与泛湖期

巴丹吉林沙漠腹地及东南部湖泊众多,除分布110个常年积水湖泊外,还存在若干季节性湖泊和干涸湖盆.通过对巴丹吉林沙漠湖泊群的实地考察、湖泊遗迹测量及14C和OSL定年,获得了全新世泛湖期存在的地貌学、沉积学和生物遗迹证据,揭示了巴丹吉林沙漠全新世早、中期湖盆面积扩大、区域气候相对湿润的特点.测年结果表明,巴丹吉林沙漠泛湖期开始于10cal ka BP,此前为泥炭发育期或湖沼期(11~10cal ka BP),大致在8.6~6.6cal ka BP,湖泊群达到全新世最大高湖面,并于晚全新世(约3.5cal ka至今)普遍出现退缩乃至干涸.根据植物钙质根管的形成时代及其所揭示的降水量阈值研究,巴丹吉林沙漠东南部在7.7~5.3cal ka BP期间古降水量可能达到200mm a~(-1).水量平衡计算表明,百年至千年尺度相对暖湿的区域气候条件,特别是南部和东南部深层地下水来水量增多,是巴丹吉林沙漠全新世湖泊群维持和史前文化发展的关键因素.     

蒸发和环流因素对湖泊演化的影响——河西走廊猪野泽不同位置全新世沉积物古环境意义探讨

湖泊不同位置沉积物重建的古环境变化过程往往具有差异,而这种差异可能揭示了不同的古环境信息.本文以河西走廊石羊河流域终端湖泊猪野泽为例,探讨湖泊不同位置沉积物所代表的古环境意义.位于湖盆边缘的三角城剖面可能反映了石羊河上游地区的降水及其古径流量的变化,这种变化在千年尺度上对应了北大西洋Bond事件,显示该区域通过季风环流系统与全球气候系统的联系.位于湖泊中部的QTH01、QTH02、QTL-03剖面反映了湖泊演化的信息,显示中全新世期间(约7.0-约3.5 cal ka BP)湖泊水位较高的特征,但是这种特征并不能和该流域的古径流相联系,说明该区域湖泊演化除了受千年尺度大气环流特征的影响外,湖泊表面蒸发可能也起了重要作用.该研究为中亚地区普遍存在的中全新世高湖面问题提供了研究思路.     

全新世以来云南洱海流域气候变化与人类活动的湖泊沉积记录

根据云南洱海湖泊沉积岩芯多环境指标的高分辨分析, 在精确定年基础上, 建立了全新世以来洱海流域气候与环境变化的序列. 研究表明, 云南洱海地区约12950~8399 cal. a BP气候由冷湿转为暖湿, 转换时间发生在约10329 cal. a BP. 洱海湖面从约10329 cal. a BP开始扩张主要是由于全新世早期西南季风增强、降雨增多所致. 全新世中期流域气候暖湿, 最温暖期出现在约8399~6371 cal. a BP, 但由于全新世中期湖泊所在盆地内有效湿度降低, 湖面出现下降趋势. 洱海流域人类活动始于约6371 cal. a BP, 初始的人类活动方式主要以砍伐森林为主, 至大约2139 cal. a BP, 由于外来移民大量迁入该地区, 耕作农业得到广泛发展, 随后采矿业(主要为煤矿)也逐步开始.     

蒙古西北部Tolbo湖沉积物粒度敏感组分记录的全新世风沙活动

作为全球主要的粉尘源区之一,亚洲中部干旱区全新世环境变化备受关注,但目前仍缺乏连续的风成沉积记录。本文利用蒙古西北部Tolbo湖岩芯（TB19-A,332 cm）沉积物,在AMS14C定年和粒度分析基础上,采用对数正态分布函数拟合及粒级-标准偏差相结合的方法分离出沉积物中风成组分以重建区域风沙活动历史。结果显示,Tolbo湖沉积物中值粒径为15～84μm和大于84μm的组分分别是区域尘暴和局地风沙活动的良好指标。蒙古西北部地区末次冰消期晚期（13.75 11.6 cal ka BP）,Tolbo湖流域内有较强的局地风沙活动,可能与YD寒冷事件有关。全新世以来,流域内局地风沙活动与蒙古西北部区域尘暴活动的变化具有一致性,具体表现为：早中全新世风沙活动总体较弱,其中9.7 8.6 cal ka BP和7 6 cal ka BP为区域尘暴较强时段;5 cal ka BP之后局地风沙活动与区域尘暴强度显著增加,直至0.7 cal ka BP两者均维持在较高水平;0.3 cal ka BP以来区域尘暴活动再次增强。蒙古西北部与中国北方公海、博斯腾湖记录的尘暴历史具有一致的变化趋势,反映了与西伯利...     

末次冰消期以来巽他陆架高分辨率的孢粉记录

根据南海南部巽他陆坡上的柱状剖面SONNE 18287的高分辨率的孢粉记录, 重建16500 a以来该地区植被和气候的变化历史. 研究结果发现冰消期的16.5~13.9 ka BP期间, 植被是以低山雨林和低地雨林为主, 蕨类的低含量及大量的低山雨林成分, 反映了较为凉湿的气候. 在13.9~10.2 ka BP期间, 热带低地雨林含量和蕨类植物含量的迅速增长说明了气温升高, 而花粉沉积速率的降低反映海平面逐渐上升, 研究点与植被源地的距离加大. 全新世(10.2 ka BP以来), 花粉沉积速率进一步降低, 仅约为冰消期的1/10, 说明巽他陆架已完全被淹没, 孢粉主要来自周围岛屿植被. 10.2~7 ka BP期间的早全新世, 低含量的蕨类孢子反映了气温降低; 到中全新世(7~3.6 ka BP)蕨类孢子含量突然升高, 反映了一个相对暖期.     

吉兰泰盐湖沉积物孢粉记录的季风边缘区全新世气候演化

全新世气候具有不稳定性,且存在着区域差异,在季风边缘区尤为显著.因此,本研究选取季风边缘区吉兰泰盐湖沉积物的孢粉记录并结合AMS14C测年结果,对该地区全新世的古植被演化及古气候变化历史进行了重建.结果表明,在全新世阶段,该地区植被类型未发生变化,以干旱的荒漠植被为主.早全新世(10.5 8.5 cal ka BP),以蒿属孢粉为主,伴随出现少量藜科、禾本科及麻黄属孢粉,蒿藜比(A/C比值)相对稳定(4.11左右),指示全新世早期气候逐步转湿的过程,在8.5 cal ka BP,蒿属孢粉数量下降且被藜科孢粉取代,指示一次明显气候干旱事件;中全新世(8.5 3.5 cal ka BP),蒿属孢粉含量增加及藜科孢粉含量降低,A/C比值在7.1 cal ka BP左右达到峰值,指示该地区中全新世气候最为湿润;晚全新世(3.5 cal ka BP至今),藜科孢粉含量增加且超过早全新世,A/C比值低至3.66,区域呈现明显的干旱化趋势.此外,结合吉兰泰盐湖沉积物矿物组成结果,发现中全新世湖泊沉积物中,钙芒硝大量出现,一定程度上指示降水量增多所带来的淡水注入,与孢粉指标指示该阶段湿润的结果一致.通过区域对比,发现吉兰泰地区在全新世时期的气候演化模式与东亚季风区具有较好的一致性,表明该地区受到东亚夏季风的影响较大,尤其是在中全新世,东亚夏季风增强,带来较多的降水,气候湿润.     

MIS-3晚期以来乌伦古湖古湖相沉积记录的初步研究

通过对现代乌伦古湖附近出露的古湖相沉积剖面的AMS~(14)C测年,粒度、总有机碳、总有机氮以及碳酸盐等环境代用指标的分析及其与全新世钻孔沉积记录的对比研究,结果发现:乌伦古湖在MIS-3晚期的33600-22500 cal a BP以及冰后期至早中全新世的16500-6500 cal a BP期间,维持着湖相沉积环境,湖面约比现在湖面高40 m.33600-22500 cal a BP的MIS-3晚期,气候相对温暖,乌伦古湖呈现高湖面特征,湖泊沉积物来源以流水搬运为主;22500-16500 cal a BP的末次冰期冰盛期,气候寒冷干燥,湖泊沉积物来源以风力搬运为主;16500-6500 cal a BP的冰后期以及早、中全新世期间,气候回暖,湖泊沉积物主要来源于河流径流作用.6500-5500 cal a BP,受高温干旱事件的影响,湖面收缩、水位剧降,除沉积中心外的其它钻孔位置出现沉积中断.5500 cal a BP后气候转冷变湿,湖泊重新恢复到现在的状态.乌伦古湖MIS-3晚期以来的古湖相沉积环境变化及其反映的古气候万年尺度上的干湿变化与周边区域气候环境变化记录有很好的一致性,响应了区域环境变化和全球气候突变事件.季风和西风的强度消长变化及其引起的环流条件改变以及温度变化引起的蒸发效应可能是区域气候环境变化的主要原因.这一古湖相沉积记录的研究可为MIS-3晚期以来北疆地区的古湖泊演化以及长时间尺度上西风和季风环流相互关系及其影响区的气候环境演化提供地质证据.     

福州盆地全新世沉积物的磁学性质及其对环境变化的响应

福州盆地位于海陆过渡地带,在海陆变迁过程中,沉积物记录了高分辨率的环境信息,是揭示沉积特征对环境变化响应过程及模式的理想区域.本文选择位于福州盆地的FZ5钻孔进行岩石磁学、环境磁学和古地磁学方面的研究,以期阐明该区域沉积物磁学性质对陆源碎屑输入、海平面变化和成岩作用的响应.岩石磁学结果表明钻孔沉积物以低矫顽力的亚铁磁性矿物为主体,但是在不同的环境变化阶段,磁性矿物的类型有较大变化.在9~3 cal. ka BP的海侵过程中,沉积物中以磁铁矿为主体,存在菱铁矿和铁硫化物等还原性矿物.硫化作用使细粒磁铁矿溶解形成胶黄铁矿和黄铁矿,其峰面随碎屑磁性矿物的浓度变化而迁移.但硫化作用没有完全消除磁铁矿携带的特征剩磁和陆源碎屑输入量以及海平面升降对该阶段沉积物磁性的控制.在~3 cal. ka BP以来随着海平面下降、沉积环境向陆相氧化环境转化,虽然早期还原作用仍然存在,但后期氧化作用使磁性矿物向高矫顽力的赤铁矿等矿物转变,氧化作用基本扰乱了磁铁矿携带的剩磁.沉积及其后期成岩作用过程中,发生在约~8.2、~7.7、~7.5、~2.7、~1.5、~0.5 cal. ka BP六次强烈的古氧化界面反映了福州盆地当时异常干旱或湿热的气候事件.     

内蒙古东乌珠穆沁旗乌拉盖高毕湖泊沉积记录的5万年来环境演变

中国北方季风边缘区的湖泊对环境的反应很敏感,乌拉盖高毕是位于内蒙古高原东北部的一个已干涸的内陆封闭湖泊.研究剖面总厚度为405 cm,根据取得的9个AMS¹⁴C及光释光测年数据,建立了51.9 ka BP以来的年代序列.结合岩性的变化、粒度组分分析、粒度参数(标准偏差、偏度、峰度等)及Rb/Sr比值特征进行了详细的分析,恢复了乌拉盖高毕湖泊沉积记录的5万年来的环境演化过程.将0~405 cm的剖面划分为4个较大的气候阶段:51.9-44.1 ka BP(405~343 cm),气候为干冷期,各环境指标显示为滨湖沉积,湖泊水位较低;44.1-28.5 ka BP(343~130 cm),气候为温湿期,湖泊逐渐扩张,湖泊水位升高;28.5-11.38 ka BP(130~35 cm),气候转冷,湖面萎缩,并在盛冰期出现砂楔,该阶段后期湖泊干涸;11.38 ka BP至今(35~0 cm),气温回升.     

African monsoon variability during the previous interglacial maximum

Little is known about centennial- to millennial-scale climate variability during interglacial times, other than the Holocene. We here present high-resolution evidence from anoxic (unbioturbated) sediments in the eastern Mediterranean Sea that demonstrates a sustained ∼800-yr climate disturbance in the monsoonal latitudes during the Eemian interglacial maximum (∼125 ka BP). Results imply that before and after this event, the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) penetrated sufficiently beyond the central Saharan watershed (∼21°N) during the summer monsoon to fuel flooding into the Mediterranean along the wider North African margin, through fossil river/wadi systems that to date have been considered only within a Holocene context. Relaxation in the ITCZ penetration during the intra-Eemian event curtailed this flux, but flow from the Nile - with its vast catchment area - was not affected. Previous work suggests a concomitant Eurasian cooling event, with intensified impact of the higher-latitude climate on the Mediterranean basin. The combined signals are very similar to those described for the Holocene cooling event around 8 ka BP. The apparent type of concurrent changes in the monsoon and higher-latitude climate may reflect a fundamental mechanism for variability in the transfer of energy (latent heat) between the tropics and higher latitudes.     

Climate changes in East China since the Late-glacial inferred from high-resolution mountain peat humification records

High-resolution peat humification records were obtained from Dajiuhu of the Shennongjia Mountains and Qianmutian of the Tianmu Mountains to study climate changes in East China. The analyses of pollen, organic matters, TOC, and Rb/Sr indicate a high degree of peat humification and thus strong decomposition of organic matter when climate was dry. Conversely, when climate was humid, the degree of humification is low because peat was preserved in a waterlogged condition. Peat humification from Dajiuhu occurred not only during the Younger Dryas (about 11.4–12.6 cal ka BP), the Bølling-Allerød Warm Period (12.6–15.2 cal ka BP), and the Oldest Dryas (about 15.2–16.0 cal ka BP), but also during the early Holocene (about 11.4–9.4 cal ka BP), the 8.2 cal ka BP cold event, and the Holocene Optimum (about 7.0–4.2 cal ka BP). Both peat humification records since nearly 5 ka BP are consistent, showing that mountain peatland has synchronous responses to the East Asia monsoon-induced precipitation. The LOI data confirm the above observation. The monsoon precipitation since nearly 5 ka BP recorded in these two peat profiles can be divided into three phases. During 4.9–3.5 ka BP, precipitation amount was high but fluctuated greatly. During 3.5–0.9 ka BP, precipitation amount was low. During 0.9–0 ka BP, degree of humification reduced gradually, indicating the increase of monsoon precipitation. Contrast to other high-resolution records from East China monsoon region shows that the monsoon precipitation records of the two peat profiles since nearly 16 ka BP are controlled by a common forcing mechanism of summer solar radicalization in the Northern Hemisphere.     

Sediment cascades and the entangled relationship between human impact and natural dynamics at the pre-pottery Neolithic site of Göbekli Tepe,Anatolia

This study presents a meta-analysis of radiocarbon ages for the environs of Göbekli Tepe – one of the oldest monumental structures worldwide – using cumulative probability functions to diachronically assess phases of geomorphodynamic activity as controlled by natural or anthropogenic drivers. We employ sediment cascades as a heuristic framework to study the complex responses of the geomorphological system to various triggers at local to supra-regional scales. Possible triggers include climatic variability as documented by supra-regional hydroclimatic proxy data, regional demographic trends, and local to regional socioeconomic developments such as the emergence of sedentism or the introduction and dispersal of livestock herding. Our results show that phases of intensified geomorphodynamic activity occurred between ca. 7.4–7.0 and 5.8–3.3 ka BP. These phases roughly coincide with phases of population growth in southern Turkey and climatic variations in Turkey and the Levant. The phase between ca. 5.8–3.3 ka BP also corresponds to the time when organized agriculture and the seeder plough were introduced. Also, the identified phases are in agreement with the general trend of varying geomorphodynamic activity in the Eastern Mediterranean as driven by human impact and climatic change. However, neither the Younger Dryas–Holocene transition nor the development of herding during the Pre-Pottery Neolithic left a clear signature. We demonstrate how the different depositional environments in the studied landscape compartments vary with respect to their spatiotemporal coverage and discuss challenges when trying to understand processes that once shaped landscapes of past societies. © 2020 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd     

ENSO related decadal scale climate variability from the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool

The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a climatic phenomenon that affects socio-economical welfare in vast areas in the world. A continuous record of Holocene ENSO related climate variability of the Indo-Pacific Warm pool (IPWP) is constructed on the basis of stable oxygen isotopes in shells of planktic foraminifera from a sediment core in the western Pacific Ocean. At the centennial scale, variations in the stable oxygen isotope signal (δ¹⁸O) are thought be a representation of ENSO variability, although an imprint of local conditions cannot be entirely excluded. The record for the early Holocene (10.3–6 ka BP) shows, in comparison with the mid- to late Holocene, small amplitude variations in the δ¹⁸O record of up to 0.3‰ indicating relatively stable and warm sea surface conditions. The mid- to late Holocene (6–2 ka BP) exemplified higher variability in δ¹⁸O and thus in oceanic IPWP conditions. Climatically, we interpret this change (5.5–4.2 ka BP) as a phenomenon induced by variability in frequency and/or intensity changes of El Niño. In the period 4.2–2 ka BP we identified several periods, centred on 1.9, 2.1, 2.7, 3.3, 3.7 and 4.2 ka BP, with in general heavy δ¹⁸O values. During these periods, the IPWP was relocated to a more eastward position, enhancing the susceptibility for El Niño-like conditions at the core site. Over the last 2000 yr precipitation increased in the area as a response to an increase in Asian monsoon strength, resulting in a freshening of the surface waters. This study corroborates previous findings that the present-day ENSO activity started around 5.5 ka BP.     

High-resolution ∼55 ka paleomagnetic record of Biển Hồ maar lake sediment from Vietnam in relation to detailed 14C and 137Cs geochronologies

Vietnam's Central Highlands in Pleiku feature numerous volcanic craters (i.e. maars) formed over 0.2 Ma ago that contain continuous high-resolution lacustrine sediment records extending from the Late Pleistocene through the Holocene. Their evolution and sedimentary proxies are potentially powerful archives for interpretation of East-Asian monsoon variability across Vietnam, as well as for local to regional changes in landcover. The focus of this study is to develop a reliable chronology for the Biển Hồ 25-m-long lake sediment sequence in Vietnam's Central Highlands. We present a combined sediment chronology extending back to 55 ka cal BP that is based on ¹³⁷Cs surface sediment chronology, paleomagnetic dating, and 47 ¹⁴C dates distributed evenly throughout the sequence. Based on sedimentary facies analysis and a smooth age-depth model based on ¹³⁷Cs and ¹⁴C data, we infer a long-term stable rate of sedimentation in Biển Hồ lake without unconformities or erosional hiatuses, except for the uppermost section (ca. 100 years) where human activities increase the rate of sedimentation significantly. The Biển Hồ sequence thus provides a complete and uninterrupted record of the lake's depositional history. The present contribution is a geochronologic opening salvo for future contributions from Biển Hồ lake featuring multi-disciplinary evidence for longer-term paleoclimate and environmental changes.     

湖北江汉平原JZ-2010剖面沉积物粒度特征与环境演变

通过对江汉平原JZ-2010湖相沉积剖面AMS14C年代的精确测定与校正,以及代用指标粒度、磁化率的分析和研究,重建了研究区12.76 cal ka BP以来的环境演变过程:1)12.76-6.70 cal ka BP,区域环境处于偏干的晚冰期向湿润的早全新世发展阶段.2)6.70-4.47 cal ka BP,区域环境湿润,为湿度配置最佳的全新世适宜期,这是大溪文化向屈家岭文化转变时期自然背景.3)4.47-3.67 cal ka BP,区域气候环境偏干,其中经历了明显的4.2 cal ka BP干旱事件.4)3.67-1.22 cal ka BP时期,环境向湿润发展;在2.5 cal ka BP左右水动力条件明显变强,此时正对应于古云梦泽扩张时期.5)1.22 cal ka BP后,研究区处于湖泊面积减小的干旱时期;人类活动带来的影响达到高峰,围湖造田等农业活动也是江汉平原湖群趋于衰退的重要原因之一.     

High-resolution peat records for Holocene monsoon history in the eastern Tibetan Plateau

Holocene peat sediment has been attached impor-tance to reconstruct the Holocene climatic variations because it can provide much palaeoclimatic informa-tion with high resolution. Analysis on the plant mac-rofossil[1], pollen[2―4], isotope ratio[5―9], element con-tent[10,11], total organic carbon (TOC)[12], humifica-tion[13,14] and grayscale[12] for peat sediment has shown its superiorities as a recorder medium for reconstruct-ing the Holocene climate. Hong et al. have done great fruitful w…