泥石流的二维数学模型

泥石流是在重力作用下,由砂粒石块和水等组成的固液混合物,是一种发生于山区的复杂的地质灾害现象。泥石流主要是由暴雨诱发引起的,它沿着复杂的三维地形高速流动,具有流体流动的特性。为了模拟泥石流的运动规律,预测降雨诱发的泥石流的到达距离和泛滥范围,减少和避免泥石流引起的灾害,把泥石和雨水组成的固液混合物假定为遵循均匀、连续、不可压缩的、非定常的牛顿流体运动规律。基于质量守恒方程和Naiver-stokes方程,采用深度积分方法,推导出了一个模拟泥石流运动的二维数学模型。所有方程式可用有限差分法来求解。结合GIS,该模型可用于预测泥石流的流动距离和泛滥范围,以及泛滥范围内的危险房屋和路段,也可以用于泥石流灾害的风险性分析。     

基于岩质滑坡引发泥石流的影响范围评价模型

降雨滑坡引发泥石流是发生于山区的复杂地质灾害现象。通常与地质、地层岩性、岩土体的力学性质、雨量、地下水和土地使用情况有关。分析滑坡与泥石流之间的内在关联因素不仅为分析滑坡破坏机理提供一个参考依据,而且也可以作为滑坡引发泥石流评估的基础。本文基于质量守恒定律和黏性牛顿流体Navier-Stokes方程的泥石流二维数学模型,进行深度积分后采用有限差分法进行数值求解,引用统计得出的溪流倾斜角正切值与泥石流影响范围的宽度关系表达式。结合GIS,完善了3DslopeGIS系统。对以往记载的山体滑坡引发泥石流案例进行类似地质条件的滑坡灾害再发可能性和影响范围分析。本文模型及系统不仅可用于预测泥石流的影响范围,还可以风险地图来显示可能受泥石流影响的地区。     

云南省东川市深沟泥石流堆积动态模拟及减灾效益评估

笔者以云南省东川市深沟泥石流为研究对象，根据质量守恒和动量守恒原理，建立了泥石流堆积过程数学模型，运用数值方法的有限差分原理求解，并针对泥石流运动的实际特征，模拟其堆积动态过程。以此结果为基础，分析评价了深沟泥石流灾害的危险范围和程度，结合分类统计评价危险区的各类资产价值，分析评估了在2％频率条件下可能造成的灾害损失，对比防灾工程措施及其造价进行效益分析，提出了有关对策建议。     

泥石流堆积运动特征分析

以云南省东川市深沟泥石流堆积区为研究对象, 根据深沟可能爆发泥石流灾害的区域范围、规模、性质和介质特征, 按爆发20年一遇(频率5%)和100年一遇(频率1%)的泥石流灾害预测规模, 运用数值模拟方法模拟了泥石流爆发历时过程的堆积运动特征及空间分布形态; 分析了不同规模泥石流堆积运动过程中, 泥石流堆积厚度及堆积运动速度在空间上和时间上的变化发展趋势.      

基于CFX的江口沟泥石流危险区范围预测模拟

拟建猴子岩水电站移民安置点位于江口沟泥石流堆积扇上,通过现场调查泥石流形成条件和运动特征,获得了1958年发生的50 a一遇泥石流危险区范围,根据雨洪法计算确定了泥石流的相关运动学参数。使用基于有限体积法的CFX软件,选择Bingham流变模型对江口沟泥石流流动过程的液面分布情况和速度场进行了三维数值模拟,得出了泥石流危险区范围和速度场分布情况。模拟结果显示,江口沟50 a一遇泥石流流过堆积区的平均速度为5.76 m/s,其中最大速度为13.59 m/s。数值模拟计算得出的危险范围较1958年扩大,是因为早期泥石流堆积物将原有地面特别是沟道附近地面抬高,使得现状条件下泥石流更容易向两侧漫流泛滥而扩大。上述结果为泥石流防治工程设计及危险区范围划定提供了一种新的方法,对工程实践具有重要的指导意义。     

冰湖溃决洪水的二维水动力学数值模拟

为分析冰湖溃决洪水过程,建立了一个二维非恒定流数值模型,可以定量的开展冰湖溃决洪水预测.数值模型的基本控制方程采用二维浅水水流方程,数值方法采用可以捕捉激波的WAF TVD二阶精度格式,并用非界面追踪的方法处理干湿边界.通过理想情况下一维解析解的验证和二维复杂地形情况的数值试验,证明数值模型具有较好的精度和可靠性,并且可以适应复杂地形.将数值模型应用于一个典型的冰湖溃决事件,定量地预估了该冰湖溃决洪水过程,结果表明:水流流速很高,床面剪切应力很大,可能诱发活跃的泥沙运动,形成泥石流灾害.     

平面二维泥石流数值模拟方法的探讨

本文提出了泥石流二维平面流动方程组，基于研究泥石流堆积泛滥的流速与泥深分布图像的构思，笔者应用有限差法进行了数值解，其计算结果与实测结果基本吻合。     

泥石流堆积形态影响要素的数值模拟

本文运用泥石流堆积数值模拟方法,对影响泥石流堆积形态的主要因素分别进行了变化趋势的模拟分析,展示了堆积区地形坡度的差异、泥石流体重度变化和一次泥石流冲出量大小不同等所产生的泥石流堆积形态和空间展布范围的变化规律.研究结果可应用于分析预测不同条件下、不同类型的泥石流灾害发生范围及强度分布,进而为灾害风险评估提供基础.     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

基于RAMMS锄头沟泥石流运动过程模拟

2013年7月,汶川县锄头沟受暴雨影响爆发泥石流灾害,对沟口居民区和交通干线造成严重破坏,造成巨大经济损失。通过对泥石流的发育特征分析和运动特征参数计算,利用RAMMS软件基于Voellmy模型和REK模型对泥石流运动堆积过程进行数值模拟,获得泥石流平均流速、泥深的运动变化特征。模拟结果表明,沟口处沟道泥深约2～6m,平均流速2～4m/s。对堆积范围进行校核,与实地调查结果基本吻合,模拟结果对泥石流运动特征分析及其防治具有积极意义。     

A landslide dam breach induced debris flow – a case study on downstream hazard areas delineation

A catastrophic landslide dam breach induced debris flow initiated in Da-Cu-Keng stream, Ruifang town, when typhoon Xangsane hit Taiwan on November 1, 2000. Different available methodologies were used to model the natural dam breach induced debris flow and using field topography the hazard zones affected by debris mixtures were delineated. The numerical finite element or finite difference method is time consuming for the simulation of debris flow inundation areas and hence a rules-based GIS (Geographic Information System) analysis is proposed in this study. The model emphasizes the downstream inundated fan-shaped areas covered by debris mixtures through the overflow point. Topography and gradient are assumed to dominate the debris masses deposition mechanism in the GIS analysis. The approach considers the parameters effects, such as the runout distance, the debris masses magnitude and the inundated areas. The results of this study reveal that the GIS process using the rule-based approach speeds up the processing of delineating the hazard zones and assessment, which can be applied to early-warning and preliminary inundation hazardous mapping.     

Hazard assessment of debris flows in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area,South West China

The Longxi river basin with the city of Dujiangyan, in the Sichuan province of South West China, belongs to the seismic area of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake. Lots of loose co-seismic materials were present on the slopes, which in later years served as source material for rainfall-induced debris flows. A total of 12 debris flows, were triggered by heavy rainfall on August 13, 2010 in the study area. The FLO-2D numerical analysis software was adopted to simulate debris flows intensity, including movement velocities and maximum flow depths. A comparison of the measured fan spreading with the simulation results, the evaluation parameter Ω was used to verify accuracy of simulation, the results show Ω values ranging between 1.37 and 1.65 indicating relative good simulation results. This study also estimated the flood hydrograph for various recurrence intervals (20, 100, and 200 years, respectively) to perform scenario simulations of debris flows, and followed Swiss and Austrian standards to establish a debris flow hazard classification model on the basis of a combination of the debris flow intensity and the recurrence period. This study distinguishes three hazard classes: low, medium, and high. This proposed approach generated a debris flow hazard distribution map that could be used for disaster prevention in the Wenchuan earthquake-stricken area, South West China.     

城市泥石流风险评价探讨

探讨了城市泥石流风险评价的系统方法,该方法包括泥石流扇形地危险区划、城市易损性分析和城市泥石流风险评价三个主要内容。泥石流堆积扇危险区划是基于数值模拟计算出的泥深和流速分布图进行叠合完成的。以美国高分辨率的“快鸟”卫星影像为数据源,完成了研究区的城市土地覆盖类型遥感解译,在此基础上完成了城市泥石流易损性分析,应用地理信息系统提供的统计和分析工具,完成了研究区泥石流风险评价。该风险区划图可用于指导对泥石流易泛区的不同风险地带的土地利用进行规划和决策,从而达到规避和减轻灾害的目的,也为生活在泥石流危险区的城市居民提供有关灾害风险信息,以作避难和灾害防治的依据。     

A GIS Process for Delimitating Areas Potentially Endangered by Debris Flow

A GIS rules-based approach is proposed for delimiting areas potentially endangered by debris flow for downstream guarded areas. Data were used to define rules for nine pilot areas in the Chen-You-Lan river watershed in Nantou County of Taiwan. A preliminary regressed relationship between debris volume and runout distance in the pilot areas is first formulated. The GIS processes for applying the rules are linked to delimit hazardous areas affected by debris within the first approximated debris fan. Rules applied to delimit potentially endangered areas incorporate geomorphological factors (gradient or curvature, aspect), direction of flow, fan angle of the debris and location of the overflow points. The delimited zone is then calibrated using the regression formula for debris volume against the affected area. The verification of the delineation of the areas using the adopted approach, with reference to micro-geomorphological results concerning pilot cases validates the proposed model. The model can be used to delineate potentially hazardous zones approximately associated with debris flow in rivers in Taiwan.     

A Simplified Numerical Approach for the Prediction of Rainfall-Induced Retrogressive Landslides

Retrogressive landslides are common geological phenomena in mountainous areas and on onshore and offshore slopes. The impact of retrogressive landslides is different from that of other landslide types due to the phenomenon of retrogression. The hazards caused by retrogressive landslides may be increased because retrogressive landslides usually affect housing, facilities, and infrastructure located far from the original slopes. Additionally, substantial geomorphic evidence shows that the abundant supply of loose sediment in the source area of a debris flow is usually provided by retrogressive landslides that are triggered by the undercutting of water. Moreover, according to historic case studies, some large landslides are the evolution result of retrogressive landslides. Hence the ability to understand and predict the evolution of retrogressive landslides is crucial for the purpose of hazard mitigation. This paper discusses the phenomenon of a retrogressive landslide by using a model experiment and suggests a reasonably simplified numerical approach for the prediction of rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides. The simplified numerical approach, which combines the finite element method for seepage analysis, the shear strength reduction finite element method, and the analysis criterion for the retrogression and accumulation effect, is presented and used to predict the characteristics of a retrogressive landslide. The results show that this numerical approach is capable of reasonably predicting the characteristics of retrogressive landslides under rainfall infiltration, particularly the magnitude of each landslide, the position of the slip surface, and the development processes of the retrogressive landslide. Therefore, this approach is expected to be a practical method for the mitigation of damage caused by rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides.     

基于数值模拟的暴雨泥石流暴发频率计算模型

在缺失可靠降雨数据的地区,为解决泥石流暴发频率这一现实问题,从泥石流形成机理出发,由泥石流堆积特征反演形成条件,构建了基于数值模拟的泥石流暴发频率计算模型。该模型利用泥石流固体物质量估算模型和流域洪水流量推算模型,确定固体物质量、洪水流量、泥沙体积浓度后,通过FLO-2D流体模型计算得到与实际情况最符合的模拟情景,即可反推出已发泥石流事件的暴发频率。并以7 4石棉县马颈子沟和熊家沟泥石流为例,计算出两处泥石流的暴发频率皆为100年一遇,案例研究表明,该模型具备定量确定泥石流暴发频率的能力,对于泥石流预警预报和防灾减灾具有较强的理论和实践意义。     

基于数值模拟的耳阳河流域泥石流灾害危险性评价

洮河流域中游位于甘肃省南部,属泥石流高发区。耳阳河是洮河流域中游的一条重要支流,泥石流灾害尤其严重。为研究甘肃省南部小流域泥石流灾害的危险性,以耳阳河流域为研究对象,选取流域内居民相对集中的6条泥石流沟,用FLO-2D模型模拟了2012年5月10日实际降雨条件下的泥石流运动特征和堆积特征,得到了泥石流流量随时间的变化曲线、泥石流流体深度和流速在沟谷不同地段的空间分布,对“5·10”泥石流灾害过程进行了重现。模拟结果表明:泥石流爆发15～30 min后达到洪峰,约3 h后流量逐步回落;泥石流流动速度在流通区快,到沟口迅速下降,固体物质淤积阻塞河道。通过野外现场调查和遥感解译,发现模拟得到的泥石流发生过程、堆积区分布、泥石流影响区与现场调查和访问得到的实际情况基本相符。进而,采用相同的方法和参数,对2.0%和0.2%降水频率下泥石流的堆积范围、深度和流速进行了模拟分析,分别制作了上述工况下的泥石流危险性分区图,圈定了潜在威胁较大的人口聚集区,为耳阳河流域泥石流灾害的预防和治理提供了依据,也为类似泥石流提供了一种危险性分析的技术方法。     

Landslide and debris-flow hazard analysis and prediction using GIS in Minamata–Hougawachi area, Japan

On July 20, 2003, following a short duration of heavy rainfall, a debris-flow disaster occurred in the Minamata–Hougawachi area, Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan. This disaster was triggered by a landslide. In order to assess the landslide and debris-flow hazard potential of this mountainous region, the study of historic landslides is critical. The objective of the study is to couple 3D slope-stability analysis models and 2D numerical simulation of debris flow within a geographical information systems in order to identity the potential landslide-hazard area. Based on field observations, the failure mechanism of the past landslide is analyzed and the mechanical parameters for 3D slope-stability analysis are calculated from the historic landslide. Then, to locate potential new landslides, the studied area is divided into slope units. Based on 3D slope-stability analysis models and on Monte Carlo simulation, the spots of potential landslides are identified. Finally, we propose a depth-averaged 2D numerical model, in which the debris and water mixture is assumed to be a uniform continuous, incompressible, unsteady Newtonian fluid. The method accurately models the historic debris flow. According to the 2D numerical simulation, the results of the debris-flow model, including the potentially inundated areas, are analyzed, and potentially affected houses, river and road are mapped.