盐间页岩油韵律层地震响应模拟及页岩薄储层厚度预测

江汉盆地潜江凹陷潜江组页岩油储层的地质结构为韵律背景下的页岩薄层,由于地震分辨率的限制,常规地震勘探方法难以精确描述盐间页岩油薄储层厚度的空间展布。因此,应用现有地震资料,探索适用于韵律结构中页岩薄层的地震预测方法具有重要意义。本文通过地震传播矩阵方法计算并分析研究区目标韵律层的地震响应特征,系统模拟并分析非均匀薄互层结构中页岩薄层的厚度、纵波速度等变化时地震波的反射动力学特征,发现地震反射波形的振幅和相位随非均匀页岩薄层的纵波速度和厚度的变化产生明显的变化,这些变化是本文页岩薄层厚度预测的基础。结合测井分析构建韵律层地质地球物理模型,模型空间考虑了页岩薄层纵波速度和厚度共99种组合变化的情况。通过求取目标层实际地震反射波形与构建的模型空间中地震波形的最佳匹配,提出基于反射波形的页岩薄储层厚度的地震预测方法,预测研究区页岩薄层厚度变化范围为5~20 m,并且由西南向东北呈增加趋势。预测页岩薄层厚度与测井解释具有较高的一致性,验证了本文地震预测方法的有效性。     

基于振幅谱互相关的薄层厚度计算

反射波振幅和峰值频率两种属性当前被广泛应用于预测薄层砂体厚度。然而,实际地震资料的振幅通常不保幅会降低振幅计算薄层厚度的可靠性;峰值频率法计算薄层厚度具有泰勒展开近似前提,会降低其计算薄层厚度的精度。为了提高薄层厚度估计的精度,提出了一种利用振幅谱互相关函数计算薄层厚度的新方法。首先,构建目的层的振幅谱与子波振幅谱和反射系数褶积后振幅谱之间的相关系数函数,其最大值所对应的地层厚度为目的层砂体的厚度;然后,利用高斯迭代方法求取相关系数函数最大值,从而计算出薄层厚度。通过楔状体模型测试证实新方法是可行、有效的。相较于峰值频率方法,新方法能够更精确地计算薄层厚度。实际资料的应用进一步证实新方法适用于薄层厚度计算。     

地震分频解释技术在河道砂预测中的应用

地震资料分频处理技术是一种比常规地震属性识别储层更有效的方法。该方法将一定时窗内地震反射波通过离散傅里叶变从时间域换转换到频率域,用转换后的振幅谱和相位谱识别薄储层的厚度变化和边界。通过该技术可以对地震资料中所有单频信号进行有针对性的分析,已经证明是一种具有较高可信度的技术。针对胜利油田老河口油田老168井区馆陶组河道砂油藏厚度薄、横向变化大的地质特征,本文运用分频处理技术对该井区馆陶组地层砂体分布进行预测,并对储层非均质性进行了分析,经钻井证实,预测结果与实际情况十分吻合。     

正、反演结合对川东石炭系储层地震响应特征的分析

川东地区石炭系碳酸盐岩储层是油气勘探开发的重点及难点储层之一。该储层以厚度小且变化大、低孔、低渗、非均质特点强为特征；地震响应上表现为典型的薄层响应特点。这里综合考虑了石炭系储层和上覆梁山组地层不同的地质特征，建立了地质、测井分析控制下的精细模型及正、反演，探讨了檀木场气田石炭系储层的地震响应特征。其正演结果表明，梁山组地层对石炭系的地震响应具有重要的影响，时差较振幅更为敏感。在正演结论指导下，运用考虑了时差和梁山组地层的初始模型，获得了较高精度的反演结果。     

倾斜电各向异性介质大地电磁正演研究

研究地层电各向异性性质能够圈定沉积地层中的油气储层和与地球动力学过程、地震预报有关的深部线性构造。通过得到的N层倾斜电各向异性介质大地电磁响应公式,在不同的电各向异性系数、地层倾角、倾斜层厚度参数下,对电各向异性倾斜地层模型进行了正演计算。结果表明:当电各向异性系数、地层倾角、地层厚度三者中任一变量改变时,视电阻率曲线的形态基本保持不变,但视电阻率曲线振幅值变化较大;视电阻率曲线对地层倾角参数的变化反应最为敏感;电各向异性系数的增加,能突显薄层电阻率异常。这有助于以后的电各向异性介质大地电磁反演和应用研究。     

层序格架约束下的地质统计学反演在薄砂体预测中的应用

西湖凹陷砂岩储层具有砂体厚度薄、砂泥互层发育以及横向变化快的特点,传统的地球物理方法很难精细地刻画砂体空间分布。将层序地层学与地质统计学反演相结合,在建立等时地层格架的基础上,构建相应的地球物理模型,在正确的沉积学理论指导下,对西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带平湖组砂岩储层开展砂体的时空分布预测研究。研究结果表明,平湖组可划分出3个三级层序,下部砂体单层厚度较大,横向连续性好,平面连片发育;中部以泥岩为主,砂体孤立发育,连续性差;上部砂体增多,单层厚度较薄,横向连续性好。结合钻井实际资料分析表明,砂体预测结果垂向分辨率可以达到1～2 m。地质统计学反演有效解决了西湖凹陷平湖斜坡带薄层砂体识别的难题,可为研究区有利储层预测提供重要支撑。     

煤层在三瞬地震剖面上的响应特点和厚度反演研究

对于地震勘探的频率范围而言,煤层往往可视为薄层,而煤层厚度的预测是煤田勘探和开发时至关重要的一步,这一问题至今已有许多振幅统计方面的解决办法。在本文中,我们通过薄层的地震波响应,找出了薄层及其厚度在复数域中的预测方法。并得出结论,薄互层及薄层厚度的变化对地震波的瞬时振幅、瞬时相位及瞬时频率都有直接影响,通过地震记录的复数道分析,可以预测煤层厚度的横向变化,并可以利用薄层及薄互层的地震波响应规律来反演煤层厚度。     

基于波动方程正演模拟分析薄砂层含不同流体的AVO特征

塔河油田碎屑岩储层厚度较小,薄层AVO特征受薄层内多次波反射以及薄层调谐效应和频率滤波效应影响,导致薄层AVO特征与厚层AVO特征差异较大。为此,笔者设计了不同含油气性薄层砂体模型来进行波动方程正演模拟,得到了CRP道集记录,提取了目的层反射振幅,基于入射波振幅计算了反射系数,从而获得了薄层地震正演AVO曲线,分析了塔河油田碎屑岩储层含不同流体时的AVO特征,找出了实际地质条件下的含油气性与AVO属性特征的对应关系,以指导地震剖面上的含流体预测工作。     

石油地震勘探中的薄层解释研究方法综述

概述了当前石油地震勘探中薄层研究的下列主要方面:关于薄层的标定,主要方法有垂直地震剖面法、理论合成记录法、平均速度法和多档滤波法;薄层厚度求取的主要方法有:相对振幅—时间厚度法、间接振幅法、反射波特征点法、积分振幅与视时差乘积法、窄带滤波法以及标定曲线法和振幅谱能量等方法;薄储集体圈定及横向预测,主要着重于由界面型剖面向岩层型剖面转换方法的研究,如:地震岩性模拟技术、合成声波测井等方法。     

叠前地震保真高分辨率处理技术在西南某地页岩气微幅裂缝中的应用实践

研究区页岩气地质条件复杂，具有非均质性很强，储层薄且横向分布不稳定等特征。常规地震处理方法得到的结果分辨率低，无法识别薄层、地层尖灭点、微幅裂缝。为了解决这些问题，这里利用保真高分辨率地震处理技术对研究区页岩气的地震资料进行处理，该技术将叠前谱蓝化校正、AVA振幅校准、道集剩余噪音衰减、剩余时差校正、叠前剩余多次波压制和高精度井震标定定量质控等方法有序结合，能够有效提高复杂地震资料的分辨率、信噪比和保真度。处理结果证明，该方法能够提高该地区地震资料的分辨率、井震相关系数。同时，增强了薄层的可解释性、同相轴的连续性、尖灭点的准确性、断层检测的可靠性。     

东营凹陷红层地球物理特征分析及有利储层预测

东营凹陷深部储层是干燥沉积环境下的一套红层,其中的孔一中储层厚度大、钻遇井少,具有较大勘探潜力。但目标区地层结构复杂,埋深从南到北逐渐变大,井震关系一致性不好,储层预测有很大难度。通过综合分析井震特征、优选地震属性、建立井震厚度关系,使用单一最佳属性法、多元线性回归法、基于学习型的非线性储层预测法,得出以下认识与结论：1）研究区红层具有薄互层典型特征,频率较上覆和下伏地层高,地震反射具有中振、低连、低信噪比特征;2）新研发的基于优势频率的流度因子具有最好的厚度相关性,最大振幅、均方根振幅、过零点数、能量半时也较好;3）无论是多元线性回归还是非线性支持向量机,优化的五属性储层预测效果要好于七属性;4）基于交叉验证的支持向量机方法十分适合深部储层小样本储层厚度预测,效果好于单一最佳属性法和多元线性回归法。     

Markovian models in stratigraphic analysis

A stratigraphic section may be divided into lithologic units which in turn may be divided into beds. This paper gives a mathematical formulation of stratigraphic sections that takes these two levels into account and uses bed properties to yield the thickness and number of beds in lithologic units. The model is a semiMarkov chain in which the succession of lithologic bed types forms a Markov chain and is an independent random variable. The model is tested against stratigraphic data obtained from micrologs. There is close agreement between the observed and calculated thicknesses of lithologic units. Tests for the degree of agreement between observed and calculated numbers of beds in lithologic units are hampered by inability to observe thin beds on micrologs. Some implications of this limitation to stratigraphic analysis are noted.     

入射频率对煤系薄互层地震响应特征影响的物理模拟

建立薄互层地震物理模型,分别从低频和高频入射时地震记录的振幅谱形态、振幅、频率特征、AVO特征等方面入手,分析了入射频率对煤系薄互层模型地震响应特征的影响。结果表明:入射频率对薄互层层数变化反映敏感,高频入射时振幅谱形态可分辨的厚度比较小,分辨率较高;振幅谱幅值以及主频值的变化与薄互层的总厚度和波长之比有关,并且随着厚度的增加其变化规律符合薄层的振幅调谐规律与频率调谐规律;入射频率不同时,AVO曲线特征也不相同,在进行薄互层资料的对比解释及AVO分析时,要充分考虑入射频率所引起的差异。      

薄层厚度定量解释研究

薄层厚度定量解释已成为能源勘探迫切需要解决的课题之一。目前薄层厚度定量预测方法繁多,本文简要地介绍薄层的基本概念、薄层理论以及国内外薄层厚度研究的现状,并重点介绍了道积分法,在此基础上利用正演模型和实际资料进行了深入的研究。     

桐梓北部大竹坝井田含煤地层及可采煤层地质特征

大竹坝井田位于呈北东向展布的松坎复式向斜南东翼之次级褶皱-乐坪背斜南东翼,含煤地层为上二叠统龙潭组(P3l),厚45.61~71.53m,平均厚61.10m,含煤层(线)2~6层,全区可采煤层一层(C3),局部可采煤层二层(C2、C4)。C3煤层具有低挥发份、中灰、中高硫、高固定碳、高熔灰分、高热值的特点。可作工业用煤、动力用煤、气化用煤和化工用煤以及民用等。井田以含煤地层相对较薄,可采煤层少,煤层厚度小,含煤率低为其特征。     

Slurry-flow deposits in the Britannia Formation (Lower Cretaceous), North Sea: a new perspective on the turbidity current and debris flow problem

The Lower Cretaceous Britannia Formation (North Sea) includes an assemblage of sandstone beds interpreted here to be the deposits of turbidity currents, debris flows and a spectrum of intermediate flow types termed slurry flows. The term ‘slurry flow’ is used here to refer to watery flows transitional between turbidity currents, in which particles are supported primarily by flow turbulence, and debris flows, in which particles are supported by flow strength. Thick, clean, dish‐structured sandstones and associated thin‐bedded sandstones showing Bouma T_b–e divisions were deposited by high‐ and low‐density turbidity currents respectively. Debris flow deposits are marked by deformed, intraformational mudstone and sandstone masses suspended within a sand‐rich mudstone matrix. Most Britannia slurry‐flow deposits contain 10–35% detrital mud matrix and are grain supported. Individual beds vary in thickness from a few centimetres to over 30 m. Seven sedimentary structure division types are recognized in slurry‐flow beds: (M₁) current structured and massive divisions; (M₂) banded units; (M₃) wispy laminated sandstone; (M₄) dish‐structured divisions; (M₅) fine‐grained, microbanded to flat‐laminated units; (M₆) foundered and mixed layers that were originally laminated to microbanded; and (M₇) vertically water‐escape structured divisions. Water‐escape structures are abundant in slurry‐flow deposits, including a variety of vertical to subvertical pipe‐ and sheet‐like fluid‐escape conduits, dish structures and load structures. Structuring of Britannia slurry‐flow beds suggests that most flows began deposition as turbidity currents: fully turbulent flows characterized by turbulent grain suspension and, commonly, bed‐load transport and deposition (M₁). Mud was apparently transported largely as hydrodynamically silt‐ to sand‐sized grains. As the flows waned, both mud and mineral grains settled, increasing near‐bed grain concentration and flow density. Low‐density mud grains settling into the denser near‐bed layers were trapped because of their reduced settling velocities, whereas denser quartz and feldspar continued settling to the bed. The result of this kinetic sieving was an increasing mud content and particle concentration in the near‐bed layers. Disaggregation of mud grains in the near‐bed zone as a result of intense shear and abrasion against rigid mineral grains caused a rapid increase in effective clay surface area and, hence, near‐bed cohesion, shear resistance and viscosity. Eventually, turbulence was suppressed in a layer immediately adjacent to the bed, which was transformed into a cohesion‐dominated viscous sublayer. The banding and lamination in M₂ are thought to reflect the formation, evolution and deposition of such cohesion‐dominated sublayers. More rapid fallout from suspension in less muddy flows resulted in the development of thin, short‐lived viscous sublayers to form wispy laminated divisions (M₃) and, in the least muddy flows with the highest suspended‐load fallout rates, direct suspension sedimentation formed dish‐structured M₄ divisions. Markov chain analysis indicates that these divisions are stacked to form a range of bed types: (I) dish‐structured beds; (II) dish‐structured and wispy laminated beds; (III) banded, wispy laminated and/or dish‐structured beds; (IV) predominantly banded beds; and (V) thickly banded and mixed slurried beds. These different bed types form mainly in response to the varying mud contents of the depositing flows and the influence of mud on suspended‐load fallout rates. The Britannia sandstones provide a remarkable and perhaps unique window on the mechanics of sediment‐gravity flows transitional between turbidity currents and debris flows and the textures and structuring of their deposits.     

Turbidite bed thickness distributions: methods and pitfalls of analysis and modelling

Turbidite bed thickness distributions are often interpreted in terms of power laws, even when there are significant departures from a single straight line on a log–log exceedence probability plot. Alternatively, these distributions have been described by a lognormal mixture model. Statistical methods used to analyse and distinguish the two models (power law and lognormal mixture) are presented here. In addition, the shortcomings of some frequently applied techniques are discussed, using a new data set from the Tarcău Sandstone of the East Carpathians, Romania, and published data from the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation of Italy. Log–log exceedence plots and least squares fitting by themselves are inappropriate tools for the analysis of bed thickness distributions; they must be accompanied by the assessment of other types of diagrams (cumulative probability, histogram of log‐transformed values, q–q plots) and the use of a measure of goodness‐of‐fit other than R², such as the chi‐square or the Kolmogorov–Smirnov statistics. When interpreting data that do not follow a single straight line on a log–log exceedence plot, it is important to take into account that ‘segmented’ power laws are not simple mixtures of power law populations with arbitrary parameters. Although a simple model of flow confinement does result in segmented plots at the centre of a basin, the segmented shape of the exceedence curve breaks down as the sampling location moves away from the basin centre. The lognormal mixture model is a sedimentologically intuitive alternative to the power law distribution. The expectation–maximization algorithm can be used to estimate the parameters and thus to model lognormal bed thickness mixtures. Taking into account these observations, the bed thickness data from the Tarcău Sandstone are best described by a lognormal mixture model with two components. Compared with the Marnoso‐Arenacea Formation, in which bed thicknesses of thin beds have a larger variability than thicknesses of the thicker beds, the thinner‐bedded population of the Tarcău Sandstone has a lower variability than the thicker‐bedded population. Such differences might reflect contrasting depositional settings, such as the difference between channel levées and basin plains.     

汶东盆地自然硫矿床地质特征

一八九四年弗拉斯法(Frasch process)采硫成功之后,自然硫产量一直处于上升之势,从而改变了世界硫源结构的面貌。我国自然硫矿床研究较晚。近年由山东省地质矿产局一队发现,九队进行工作的汶蒙凹陷带中规模巨大的沉积型自然硫矿床,不仅填补了我国的空白,而且对该类矿床的成矿理论及国民经济建设均具有重要意义。