黔北务-正-道铝土矿床矿物学特征研究

黔北务—正—道铝土矿集区为黔中—渝南铝土矿成矿带的重要组成部分,是贵州省主要的铝土矿成矿区带之一。含矿岩系为中二叠统梁山组,矿床成因属古风化壳沉积型。矿石化学成分分析显示,土状、碎屑状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较高,Al2O3/ SiO2值大,质量好,而豆鲕状、致密块状铝土矿中Al2O3含量较低,Al2O3/ SiO2值小,质量较差。显微观察、粉晶衍射和电子探针分析表明,铝土矿石中主要矿物为一水硬铝石、勃姆石和粘土矿物,其中一水硬铝石多为短柱、半自形-自形晶体,呈集合体分布,粘土矿物以高岭石为主,呈孤岛、残留环状产出,其次见伊利石、蒙托石、绿泥石等,副矿物有黄铁矿、磁铁矿、长石、石英、金红石、锆石、锐钛矿、方解石和白云石等。铝土岩中主要矿物为粘土矿物,以高岭石为主,其它矿物和铝土矿相似。铝土矿石的主要元素Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和大于83%,烧失量小于14%,而铝土岩的Al2O3、SiO2、TFe2O3 和TiO2含量之和小于80%,烧失量大于15%。可见铝土矿和铝土岩在主要矿物组成和主要组分总量上具有明显差异。结合以往研究资料,本文解析铝土矿形成过程为韩家店组砂页岩(成矿母岩)在适宜的气候条件下,经风化、淋滤等作用,形成富集Al、Ti等惰性元素的风化残积物和以高岭石为主的粘土矿物,随后被迁移、搬运至河湖盆地环境中,在沉积分过程中粘土矿物不断脱硅、去铁、富铝,形成铝土岩层,经埋深压实、成岩成矿作用后进一步脱硅、去铁、富铝,最终在中二叠世形成以一水硬铝石为主的铝土矿工业矿体。     

加纳阿瓦索红土型铝土矿床地球化学特征及成矿作用研究

红土型铝土矿是加纳共和国铝土矿资源的主要矿床类型。阿瓦索铝土矿床产于西非克拉通古元古界比理姆岩系(泥板岩类)的表层红土中,是典型的红土型铝土矿。通过分析阿瓦索铝土矿的成矿地质背景、矿体特征以及矿石地球化学元素特征发现,铝土矿石的化学组分以Al_2O_3、SiO_2、TFe_2O_3为主,TiO_2次之,碱金属元素含量极低;风化过程中Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta等微量元素含量稳定;Cr—Ni关系图显示比理姆岩系为铝土矿的矿源岩,三水铝石主要由比理姆岩系中的黏土矿物经过风化淋滤形成,表层铝土矿在后期风化和红土化作用下结构构造发生一定的变化,铁氧化成以赤铁矿为主的铁壳,最终形成一个大型的红土型铝土矿。     

杜家沟铝土矿成矿特征及成因分析

铝土矿和其下部的铁质粘土岩组成铝岩系.铝土矿的铝硅和铝铁均呈反比关系,硅铁呈正比关系,这一特征反映出第一期脱硅,第二期脱铁的两期风化成矿作用.粘土岩的铝含量稳定,铁含量变化大,硅铁是反比关系,显示第二期风化作用,脱出的铁质在粘土岩内沉淀,并生成山西式铁矿.铝岩系具有Al_2O_3/SiO_2和Fe_2O_3/SiO_2两值间同步正相关,显示铝土矿及其母质层粘土岩的陆壳风化成矿.     

贵州修文铝土矿床显微结构及其堆积特征和次生富集现象

用扫描电镜和能谱仪研究了贵州修文铝土矿的物质成分及显微结构。着重讨论了铝土质粘土岩,致密状、豆鲕状、上状铝土矿及其过渡型试样。铝土质粘土岩以高岭石为主,根据其显微结构特征,确认电镜下所见高岭石为浅海相沉积自生矿物。铝土矿石以一水硬铝石为主。致密状铝土矿中含较多重金属元素,沉积吸附现象较为明显;土状铝土矿中多次生孔洞,孔洞中多填充完整的次生水铝石晶体。认为矿层的富集与淋滤次生富集有关。     

瓮安杉树坳铝土矿地质及地球化学特征研究

铝土矿是贵州省的优势矿种之一,但黔南地区铝土矿研究相对薄弱。本文以瓮安杉树坳铝土矿为研究对象,展开了地质特征及地球化学特征等方面的系统研究工作。结果发现:Li、Sc、Ga含量最高依次在铝土岩、碎屑状铝土矿、炭质泥岩和劣质煤层中,最低均为含黄铁矿或硫铁矿的粘土岩。同时,对"三稀"元素和主量元素之间的关系进行研究,得知Al_2O_3、TiO_2及Sc整体具有相似的变化规律,而SiO_2、Fe_2O_3、Li及Ga,局部具有相似的变化特征。随着铝含量的增加,碎屑状铝土矿中Al_2O_3、TiO_2、Sc具有相似的变化特征,演变至土状—半土状铝土矿中Al_2O_3、TiO_2、Ga具有相似的变化特征的现象。     

试论川黔交境古风化壳原地残积铝土矿床及其有关问题

通过川黔交境铝土矿床研究,在矿石组构、主要矿物及化学成份等方面总结如下规律:从下伏岩层→(过渡层)→含铅岩组→上覆岩层,一水硬铝石、高岭石由无、少量→逐渐增多→无;水云母由大量→逐渐减少→大量;从下伏岩层→(过渡层)→含铝岩组,Al_2O_3、TiO_3、Fe_2O_3逐渐增多,SiO_2、FeO、K_2O、Na_2O逐渐减少;矿石的结构也呈规律性变化,含铅岩组由下到上,矿石的豆鲕由不完善逐渐过渡到略具圈层的鲕.野外宏观得出含铝岩组与下伏基岩呈逐渐过渡,其间存在一过渡层.这些规律与现象都证实了含铝岩组的铝土矿(岩)是下伏基岩长期风化,原地残留结果.     

华北南缘石炭纪仁村大型喀斯特型铝土矿物质来源与成矿过程研究

华北克拉通在中奥陶世至晚石炭世经历了强烈的风化和喀斯特化作用,并在晚石炭世形成大规模喀斯特型铝土矿,但是其物质来源及成矿过程目前仍存争议。本文选取华北南缘仁村大型喀斯特型铝土矿床,在矿床地质剖析基础上,对两个钻孔岩心进行矿物学、地球化学、碳-氧同位素分析,剖析了成矿物质来源和成矿环境条件,总结了铝土矿形成过程。仁村铝土矿含矿岩系赋存于奥陶系灰岩风化面之上的石炭系本溪组中,含矿岩系自下而上包括铁质粘土岩、铝土矿和粘土岩。X衍射和扫描电镜-能谱分析显示铁质粘土岩主要矿物为菱铁矿和伊利石,铝土矿主要矿物为硬水铝石、黄铁矿、菱铁矿、锐钛矿、伊利石和高岭石,而粘土岩主要矿物为高岭石和勃姆石。铁质粘土岩元素组成以SiO₂、FeO、Al₂O₃为主,铝土矿以Al₂O₃、SiO₂、FeO、TiO₂为主,而粘土岩主要为SiO₂。微量元素Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、Th和U等在含矿岩系呈现整体富集,稀土元素主要在铝土矿层底部富集。硬水铝石...     

广西龙州县金龙铝土矿矿源层的研究意义

桂西金龙堆积铝土矿的矿源层被认为是石炭系都安组的沉积铝土岩。通过比较发现,该区沉积铝土岩的结构构造主要为隐晶质结构、砂屑泥晶构造,偶见鲕豆状构造,而堆积铝土矿石主要为粒屑状构造。常量元素含量及分布显示,桂西地区典型堆积铝土矿与其矿源层-二叠系合山组铝土岩在主要组分Al_2 O_3、SiO_2、Fe_2 O_3及易淋失的组分K_2O、Na_2O、CaO、MgO中含量相差不大;而金龙地区都安组沉积铝土岩与堆积矿石的常量元素含量相差甚远。在微量元素分布特征方面,金龙堆积铝土矿与合山组铝土岩耦合度相近。因此认为:都安组沉积铝土岩不应是堆积铝土矿的主要矿源层,金龙地区可能存在二叠系合山组铝土岩。     

河南省荥巩煤田下部铝土矿床及其含矿岩系锂元素分布规律研究

本文研究了河南省荥巩煤田下部铝土矿床铝土矿层及其含矿岩系锂元素(Li)的分布特征及其与主量元素的相关性,以期为铝土矿矿床伴生锂资源的综合利用与评价提供参考依据。研究表明,铝土岩的Li平均含量高于铝土矿和黏土岩,在空间上Li的分布差异较大。纵向上,中、上部颜色较深的铝土岩、铝土矿的Li含量高,往下岩(矿)石颜色变浅、Li含量降低。在矿体走向上,矿区中部岩(矿)石的Li含量最高,平均厚度最大,东部次之,西部最低;在矿体倾向上,深部和浅部铝土矿的Li含量相对高。矿区铝土矿、铝土岩的Li含量随Al_2O_3含量的升高而降低;Li与SiO_2呈中等正相关关系;Li与TiO_2、A/S呈中等负相关关系。     

贵州修文红黄铝土矿地质地球化学特征及成因意义

红黄铝土矿位于黔中修文铝土矿成矿带,矿体产于石炭系下统九架炉组,呈似层状、层状产于寒武系中-上统娄山关组白云岩之上,石炭系下统摆佐组灰岩之下,矿床成因类型为古风化壳沉积型。矿石自然类型以碎屑状为主。含铝岩系中主量元素以Al_2O_3、SiO_2、TFe_2O_3及LOI(烧失量)为主,BaO、K_2O、Na_2O、P_2O_5等含量相对较低, SiO_2、TFe_2O_3与Al_2O_3呈不显著的负相关关系,TiO_2与Al_2O_3呈显著的正相关关系;微量元素Zr、Sr、V、Li、Ga、Sc等含量相对较高,Sn、Ta、W、Be、Pb、Cs等含量相对较低;环境敏感要素Th含量及Th/U比值表明铝土矿主要形成于半咸水-淡水沉积环境,成矿作用可能是由沉积混杂和风化沉积作用形成;Sr/Ba比值表明铝土矿经过海陆交互沉积。含铝岩系中ΣREE值较高,ΣLREE/ΣHREE比值为1.4■5.71,表现为轻稀土比重稀土富集,具有δEu负异常、δCe异常不明显的特征。含铝岩系Ce/Ce*=1.0■2.8,平均1.91,表明含铝岩系主要形成于富氧的沉积环境。综合研究表明,本区寒武-奥陶系碳酸盐岩为铝土矿提供了丰富的成矿母质,古喀斯特岩溶盆地为铝土矿沉积提供了有利场所和剥蚀风化条件,后期构造作用和风化淋滤作用造成硅铁流失和铝的富集,最终形成优质铝土矿床。     

Police, politics, and the right to the city

Space and spatiality have recently been at the core of debates concerning the political possibilities of the city. The arguments advanced in this paper might be seen as an attempt to contribute to these debates through a reflection on the spatiality of (in) justice, politics, and the right to the city. The case of French urban policy, with its focus on distressed urban areas, and the `suburban problem' in France are used as examples to make arguments more concrete.     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Delivery of Trace Metals (Al,Fe, Mn,V, Co,Ni, Cu,Cd, Ag,Pb) from the Trinity River Watershed Towards the Ocean

The Trinity River (Texas, USA) contains in its watershed 23 different reservoir lakes, the largest one being Lake Livingston situated in the lower Trinity River watershed and two potentially polluting metroplexes, Dallas and Houston. In order to determine fluxes of nutrients and trace metals to Galveston Bay, a survey that included 24 discreet samples collected over a year and at various stages of discharge was carried out during 2000–2001. Geochemical (i.e., sorption by Fe oxyhydroxides), biological (i.e., seasonal uptake by sinking algae in Lake Livingston), and hydrological (i.e., dilution effects by increasing flow rates) controls were found to be mainly responsible for variations in dissolved trace metal concentrations rather than pollution sources. The Trinity River loads of suspended sediments and pollutant trace metals entering Galveston Bay at Anahuac were <20% of those reaching Lake Livingston, and only a few percent of the total upstream trace metal load is entering the Gulf of Mexico. Thus, during the transit through the 23 man-made lakes and an estuary, >96% of the pollutant trace metal load is lost to sediments.     

Composition,formation conditions,and genesis of the Talatui gold deposit,the Eastern Transbaikal Region,Russia

The mineral composition of the Talatui gold deposit has been studied with modern methods. Previously unknown minerals (ilmenite, siegenite, glaucodot, wittichenite, matildite, hessite, pilsenite, zircon, tremolite, cummingtonite, hercynite, and goethite) have been identified in the ore. A high Re content has been detected in molybdenite. The spatiotemporal separation of Au and Ag is caused by different mineral species of these elements and their diachronous precipitation during the ore-forming process. Gold crystallized along with early mineral assemblages, beginning from virtually pure gold (the fineness is 996). Silver precipitated largely at the end of the process as hessite (Ag₂Te) and matildite (AgBiS₂). The temperature of ore deposition varied from 610 to 145°C, the pressure was 3370–110 bar, and the salt concentration ranged from 56.3 to 0.4 wt % NaCl equiv. The heterogeneous state (boiling) of fluid at the early stages has been documented. The chemical and isotopic compositions of the fluid testify to its magmatic nature and the participation of meteoric water at late stages in the ore-forming process. Thermodynamic modeling reproduces the main specific features of ore formation, including separation of Au and Ag. A physicochemical model of the gold mineralization in the Darasun ore district has been proposed. On the basis of several attributes, the Talatui deposit has been referred to the prophyry gold-copper economic type.     

Influences of the unsaturated,saturated, and riparian zones on the transport of nitrate near the Merced River,California, USA

Transport and transformation of nitrate was evaluated along a 1-km groundwater transect from an almond orchard to the Merced River, California, USA, within an irrigated agricultural setting. As indicated by measurements of pore-water nitrate and modeling using the root zone water quality model, about 63% of the applied nitrogen was transported through a 6.5-m unsaturated zone. Transport times from recharge locations to the edge of a riparian zone ranged from approximately 6 months to greater than 100 years. This allowed for partial denitrification in horizons having mildly reducing conditions, and essentially no denitrification in horizons with oxidizing conditions. Transport times across a 50–100-m-wide riparian zone of less than a year to over 6 years and more strongly reducing conditions resulted in greater rates of denitrification. Isotopic measurements and concentrations of excess N₂ in water were indicative of denitrification with the highest rates below the Merced River. Discharge of water and nitrate into the river was dependent on gradients driven by irrigation or river stage. The results suggest that the assimilative capacity for nitrate of the groundwater system, and particularly the riverbed, is limiting the nitrate load to the Merced River in the study area.     

扬子北缘马元铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素及S-Pb-He-Ar-C同位素地球化学研究

马元铅锌矿床是近年扬子陆块北缘铅锌找矿的新突破。矿体呈层状、似层状产于碑坝隆起翼部震旦系灯影组角砾状白云岩层间构造带中,围岩蚀变很弱。矿石中硫化物以闪锌矿、方铅矿为主,中粗粒晶质结构,充填于白云岩角砾间。闪锌矿富集Cd、Ge、Ag,贫In、Tl、Se,Ga/In为6~132,Ge/In多1000,成矿温度以中-低温为主。金属硫化物ε~(34)S值相对集中,为12.9‰~19.4‰,平均为17.4‰,来自于海相硫酸盐的还原。铅同位素组成稳定,~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb为17.858~17.918:~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb为15.603~15.694;~(208)Pb/~(204)Pb为37.756~38.046,具有造山带和上地壳铅的特征,震旦系可能提供了金属成矿物质。闪锌矿中流体包裹体的~3He/~4He为0.03Ra~1.05Ra,~(40)Ar/~(36)Ar为326.1~765.1,~(38)Ar/~(36)Ar为0.183~0.204,表明成矿流体主要为地壳流体和饱和大气水(大气降水或海水)的混合。闪锌矿内流体包裹体挥发分δ~(13)C_(CH_4)值为-36.01‰~-28.80‰,δ~(13)C_(C_2H_6)值为-27.72‰~-22.44‰,δ~(13)C_(CO_2)值为-23.24‰~-9.68‰,表明有机流体参与了成矿作用。石英、方解石的H-O同位素结果表明具有海水和有机水混合的特征。可见,成矿流体具有两种流体混合的特征,一为蒸发海水与围岩反应所形成的盆地卤水,二为有机流体。推测矿区可能存在一个古油气藏,由于TSR生成一高硫气藏,为区内还原性有机流体的主要来源。当富含Pb、Zn等成矿物质的成矿流体运移至富含CH_4和H_2S的还原性流体的矿区角砾岩带时,两种流体混合,Pb、Zn等遇到H_2S发生反应而沉淀成矿,并伴生热液白云石等,形成了马元铅锌矿床。综上所述,我们认为马元矿床属MVT型铅锌矿床。     

Rb-Sr, K-Ar, H-and O-Isotope systematics of the Middle Riphean shales from the Debengda Formation, the Olenek Uplift, North Sibera

Clay subfractions (SFs) of <0.1, 0.1–0.2, 0.2–0.3, 0.3–0.6, 0.6–2 and 2–5 μm separated from Middle Riphean shales of the Debengda Formation are studied using the TEM, XRD, K-Ar and Rb-Sr isotopic methods. The oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions in the SFs are studied as well. The low-temperature illite-smectite is dominant mineral in all the SFs except for the coarsest ones. The XRD, chemical and isotopic data imply that two generations of authigenic illite-smectite different in age are mixed in the SFs. The illite crystallinity index decreases in parallel with size diminishing of clay particles. As compared to coarser SFs, illite of fine-grained subfractions is enriched in Al relative to Fe and Mg, contains more K, and reveals higher K/Rb and Rb/Sr ratios. The Rb-Sr age calculated by means of the leachochron (“inner isochron”) method declines gradually from 1254-1272 Ma in the coarsest SFs to 1038-1044 Ma in finest ones, while the K-Ar age decreases simultaneously from 1225–1240 to 1080 Ma. The established positive correlation of δ¹⁸O and δD values with dimensions of clay particles in the SFs seems to be also consistent with the mixing systematics. The isotopic systematics along with data on mineral composition and morphology lead to the conclusion that mixedlayer illite-smectite was formed in the Debengda shales during two periods 1211–1272 and 1038–1080 Ma ago. The first period is likely close to the deposition time of sediments and corresponds to events of burial catagenesis, whereas the second one is correlative with the regional uplift and changes in hydrological regime during the pre-Khaipakh break in sedimentation.     

Breakthroughs in the biodiversity, biogeography, biostratigraphy, and basin analysis of the Beaufort group

Over the past decade researchers working on the rocks of the Beaufort Group in the main Karoo Basin of South Africa have vastly increased our understanding of this important Permo-Triassic sequence. Many new fossil forms have been discovered, allowing for breakthroughs into the biodiversity, biogeography and biostratigraphy of the group. Taxonomic and phylogenetic advances are many and varied, and cover most of the vertebrate taxa, but with emphasis placed on the temnospondyl amphibians, archosauriforms and non-mammalian synapsids, in particular the anomodontia. Biostratigraphic breakthroughs have centered on the Middle Permian Eodicynodon and Tapinocephalus assemblage zones, the Late Permian Dicynodon Assemblage Zone, and the Triassic Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus assemblage zones. Correlation of these biozones with better dated sequences in Europe, Russia and China has allowed for many chronostratigraphic refinements, which are in turn vital for sequence stratigraphical analysis of the basin fill. Based on fossil data, both the lower (Ecca–Beaufort) and upper (Beaufort–Molteno) contacts of the group have been proved to be highly diachronous. The refined chronostratigraphic framework has also allowed for a better analysis of the basin evolution through time, particularly in terms of the correlation of external stimuli that affect basin sedimentation patterns.     

藏北羌塘丁固—加措地区康托组的时代

自西藏区域地质调查大队创建康托组以来,康托组岩石地层单位广泛应用于羌塘地区,普遍认为其时代为新近纪.笔者于丁固-加措地区的康托组地层中采获古近纪轮藻化石Obtusocharat sp.,O.lanpingenis,Gyrogona qinajiangica和部分孢粉化石,并在康托组底部安山岩中获K-Ar年龄65.1～66.5Ma.上述轮藻组合与同位素年龄指示的地层时代为古新世-始新世,据此将测区康托组的时代确定为古近纪.由于测区康托组之上被唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组角度不整合覆盖,因此康托组时代的确定不仅进一步完善了测区新生代地层系统,还指示测区在康托组与唢纳湖组或鱼鳞山组之间发生了一次强烈的构造运动.