专家分析秋季天气防灾减灾仍不容忽视

秋天是由盛夏向寒冬过渡的季节,此时我自大部分地区降水减少、风和日丽、秋高气爽、温湿宜人,可谓是一年中最舒适的季节。尽管如此,也不排除出现灾害性天气的可能性。我国主汛期刚过,但防灾减灾仍不容忽视。     

青藏高原地区数值预报工作开展的意见

青藏高原对于我国天气预报有着很大的影响,这个问题的研究和解决,对于建立适合我国自己特点的数值预报,具有很大的意义。我国数值预报工作开展不久就开始考虑地形影响,作了不少工作,但受计算条件的限制,多数工作属于定性方面,缺乏定量计算,迄今还没有一个行之有效的考虑青藏高原的数值预报方法。在数值预报中把青藏高原对天气现象和天气系统各方面的影响恰如其份地考虑进去,首先应对各种天气现象和天气过程作十分充分的分析,然后再在预报中应用,因此,数值分析和数值实验是数值     

1994年秋季（9－11月）山东天气评述

１９９４年秋季（９－１１月）山东天气评述孙兴池（山东省气象台·济南·２５００３１）１天气概况１９９４年秋季我省的天气气候特点是：前期秋高气爽，气温偏高；后期阴雨（雾）绵绵，光照不足。季总降水量分布为（如图１）：鲁东南、鲁中山区大部及半岛地区南部在１５...     

利用天气雷达判断强对流天气和作短时预报的一种客观方法

本文用逐步回归和逐步判别方法,以天气雷达回波参数和气象因子为预报因子,建立了判断强对流天气和作短时预报的方程,并对它们进行了分析讨论、比较和检验。结果表明,这是判断和预报强对流天气的一种有效方法,尤其是逐步判别法不仅能预报强对流天气的有无,还能预报其强度等级。     

北半球中低纬地区春秋季平均垂直环流特征及其与气候的关系

春秋季是冬夏季之间的过渡季节。春季,亚洲南部西风急流的强度逐渐减弱,位置也北移。长江中下游地区常常出现连阴雨天气。秋季,中国大陆东部的一些地区出现了秋高气爽天气。北美大陆东部的一些地区也出现了所谓“Indian Summer”天气。 北半球中低纬不同地区春秋季这样一个气候分布特点,和这两个季节本身大气环流有着密切的联系。春、秋季的环流,过去专门研究得不多。对春、秋季平均垂直环流过去     

浙西地区春夏强对流天气的短时预报初探

前言强对流天气是浙西地区主要灾害性天气之一,灾情重,危害大。用常规的天气图方法预报中小尺度的强对流天气难度较大。使用金华的雷达回波资料及环境气象要素作因子,经统计、筛选,建立判别预报方程和单站回波因子加经验的预报方法,作浙西地区春夏强对流的预报。并根据回波路径和回波演变以及地形特点,确定影响范围和落区。     

全国大部降水少 东北南部雪量大——1984年10月

今年10月我国大部地区的天气与多年平均情况相近,即冷空气对我国的影响逐渐加强,气温明显下降,降水量显著减少。北方大部地区在一次冷空气影响之后,受变性冷高压控制,出现秋高气爽天气。 概况 月内共出现5次范围较大的降水过程,但降水量都不太大。从图1可以看出,本月我国大部地区降水量偏少,一般比常年同期偏少4—8成,其中广东中部、新疆南部、青海西部、甘肃西部等地全月基本无降水,甘肃东部、宁夏、陕西北部、山西、河北、北京、天津、内蒙古和山东等省、市(区)的月降水量只有10几毫米,山东北部和半岛地区月降水量不足10毫米,出现旱象。降水较多的地区有东北南部、淮河下游、江南北部、西南东部的部份地     

秋高气爽的成因

在长江中下游地区,秋季经常出现天高云淡、风和日丽的好天气,这就是人们通常称之为秋高气爽的天气。     

2008年初呼和浩特地区持续低温、降雪成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、以及国家气候中心的海温监测资料等,对2008年初呼市地区出现低温降雪天气的强度、范围、持续时间和灾害影响作了初步分析,并与历史同期进行了比较。分析表明:此次低温降雪天气是在近年来最严重的一次"拉尼娜"事件背景下发生的,与欧亚地区持续大气环流异常密切相关,在"北脊南槽"和西太平洋副高偏北偏强的形势下,北方冷空气不断南下,同时印度洋和孟加拉湾暖湿气流源源不断地往北到东北方向输送,冷暖气流在我国中东部地区频繁交汇,造成了我市持续低温、降雪异常偏多。     

天气变化剧烈 气温持续偏高

1998年夏季,全疆大部分地区气温偏高。进入秋季（9－10月）以来,并没有出现往常的秋高气爽的局面,相反,气温仍持续偏高,全年高温极值也出现在秋季。与此同时,冷空气活动强度较强,甚至出现了强寒潮天气,致使初雪、初霜早于常年。这种强烈的反差,剧烈的天气变化过程,构成了1998年秋季天气的明显特点。回天气概况1．l月平均气温和月总降水量9月份,全疆大部分地区气温偏高,北疆地区的平均气温为17．2℃,较常年偏高0．st,各站中除阿勒泰偏低0．6T,精河、乌苏偏高0．3－0．7℃外,其它各站偏高的幅度在0．9一互。6℃之间。南疆地…     

Characteristics of Eurasian snow depth with respect to Indian summer monsoon rainfall

Earlier studies show a strong negative relationship between Eurasian snow cover/depth and Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR). In such studies, both the parameters snow and rainfall are seasonally averaged over large areas. Indian summer monsoon has its own characteristics of evolution such as onset, active, break and withdrawal phases which have been studied extensively. However, the evolution of Eurasian snow is yet to be examined. Further, it is interesting to explore the characteristics of evolution of snow over the different regions of Eurasia and their relationship with the evolution characteristics of summer monsoon. In this paper, a detailed examination has been done on the starting and the ending dates of snowfall over different regions of Eurasia and attempts have been made to explore any relationship with onset of ISMR. It is observed that the regions where snowfall started early, it also ended late. Further, in those regions maximum snow depth also occurred late. In some years, more snowfall in East Eurasia is followed by less snowfall in West Eurasia. Also snow depths particularly in the northernmost and southwest regions of East Eurasia are opposite in phase. The results of this study indicate a weak relationship between snow starting dates in Eurasia and summer monsoon onset dates in the Kerala coast. However, the relationship between the northernmost Eurasian snow depth and the summer monsoon precipitation in the Peninsular India is significant.     

一种基于整层水汽通量的南海夏季风爆发指数

利用1951～2000年的NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析风场、比湿和海平面气压资料,得到南海区域的整层水汽通量。根据南海夏季风爆发前后水汽通量的特征分析,定义了南海夏季风爆发指数IVIMT,并确定出1951～2000年南海夏季风的爆发日期。通过分析发现,利用该指数可以合理地确定南海夏季风的爆发时间。     

Temporal Variations of the Frontal and Monsoon Storm Rainfall during the First Rainy Season in South China

The temporal variations in storm rainfall during the first rainy season (FRS) in South China (SC) are investigated in this study. The results show that the inter-annual variations in storm rainfall during the FRS in SC seem to be mainly influenced by the frequency of storm rainfall, while both frequency and intensity affect the inter-decadal variations in the total storm rainfall. Using the definitions for the beginning and ending dates of the FRS, and the onset dates of the summer monsoon in SC, the FRS is further divided into two sub-periods, i.e., the frontal and monsoon rainfall periods. The inter-annual and inter-decadal variations in storm rainfall during these two periods are investigated here. The results reveal a significant out-of-phase correlation between the frontal and monsoon storm rainfall, especially on the inter-decadal timescale, the physical mechanism for which requires further investigation.     

南海夏季风与印度夏季风爆发早晚的年际差异

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料分析了南海夏季风与印度夏季风的爆发时间,根据爆发时间差值区分了差异大小年,结果表明二者的爆发具有明显的年际异常.差异偏小年,南海夏季风爆发时,印度半岛已经盛行偏西风,两者几乎同时建立;而差异偏大年,南海夏季风爆发后7候左右印度才盛行偏西风,印度夏季风爆发得晚,环流形势有明显差异;进一步分析机制表明,印度夏季风的建立主要由经向温度反转所决定,而南海夏季风的建立取决于纬向温度反转,二者的爆发具有相对独立性,且纬向温度反转的早晚更大程度上影响了差异的大小,积温线密集带出现的早晚决定了温度反转的早晚.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) havebeen analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region. It is found that there exist maximum centers ofTMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as thewestern Pacific, SCS, the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal, and their locations and strengthschange significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset. A positive zonal deviation of TMLHoccurs first in the Indochina Peninsula, apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula. Theappearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with thesummer monsoon onset. Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas, the TMLH increases graduallywith a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon, and the rate of increase issignificantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean, TMLH decreasesbefore the monsoon onset, varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually afterthe ending of monsoon. Therefore, it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an importantrole in the maintenance of the summer monsoon, and its variation is an phenomenon accompanyingthe onset of summer monsoon.     

南海西南季风异常与广东省汛期重要天气的关系

南海西南季风的活动直接影响广东省前、后汛期重要天气的异常,因此深入探索南海西南季风的活动规律及其与广东省各种重大天气异常的关系十分必要.利用合成分析和相关统计方法,探讨和分析了南海西南季风建立早晚、强弱与广东省前、后汛期降水量趋势,初、终台的早晚及登陆广东省的热带气旋个数等重要天气的关系.指出南海西南季风爆发早的年份,前汛期雨量以正常偏少为主、后汛期雨量以偏多为主、登陆广东热带气旋偏多;南海西南季风偏强的年份,后汛期雨量以偏多为主,登陆广东热带气旋以正常偏多为主.还分析了4～6月、7～9月以及前冬(12～2月)的海温场、500 hPa高度场与西南季风建立早晚、强弱的关系,初步探索了西南季风建立的早晚、强弱与广东省汛期重要天气气候异常的关系的一些机理,其结果可供短期气候业务预测参考.     

CHARACTERISTICS OF 10-DAY MEAN SURFACE LATENT HEAT FLUX VARIATIONS IN THE SCS MONSOON REGION AND POSSIBLE CONNECTIONS WITH THE SCS SUMMER MONSOON ONSET*

The temporal and spatial variations of the ten-day mean surface latent heat flux (TMLH) have been analyzed in this paper based on the data of NCEP from January of 1979 to December of 1995 in the South China Sea (SCS) monsoon region.It is found that there exist maximum centers of TMLH standard deviation in the northwest Indochina and the Indian Peninsula as well as the western Pacific,SCS,the Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal,and their locations and strengths change significantly during the period of SCS monsoon onset.A positive zonal deviation of TMLH occurs first in the Indochina Peninsula,apparently earlier than that in the Indian Peninsula.The appearance of maximum positive zonal deviations of TMLH approximately coincides with the summer monsoon onset.Over the Indochina and Indian Peninsulas,the TMLH increases gradually with a small amplitude of variation before the onset of summer monsoon,and the rate of increase is significantly enhanced after the onset of the monsoon; whereas over the ocean,TMLH decreases before the monsoon onset,varies little during the period of monsoon and increases gradually after the ending of monsoon.Therefore,it seems that the surface latent heat flux plays an important role in the maintenance of the summer monsoon,and its variation is an phenomenon accompanying the onset of summer monsoon.     

近52年淮河流域的梅雨

气候资料表明梅雨期不仅出现于长江中下游区，也会出现于淮河流域中南部。为此应用淮河流域分布均匀的5站日雨量资料结合西太平洋副热带高压脊线的季节进程划分出近52年（1953—2004年）淮河流域梅雨期。该处梅雨期和长江中下游沿江区一样十分显著，其平均入梅及出梅期分别比长江中下游沿江区推迟5 d和7 d，其梅雨量年际丰枯是形成该地区汛期旱涝的主要因素。江淮流域梅雨在多数年趋势一致，但有1/4年份淮河梅雨与长江中下游沿江区距平符号相反。1979年附近淮河梅雨出现突变，即由此前的梅雨偏少、出梅偏早趋势突变为有较大振幅的2.2~2.3年短波振荡，梅雨量大及出梅迟年明显增多。在1979年前后也因此出现了两段梅雨异常期:1958—1966年淮河枯梅期和1979—1987年淮河丰梅期。进一步发现7月东亚中纬沿海槽的伸缩对淮河梅雨量、出梅的影响比鄂霍次克海高压及乌拉尔高压更显著。     

APPLICATION OF HYSPLIT MODEL IN DEFINITION OF THE ONSET OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON

Using NCEP reanalysis data and an airflow trajectory model based on the Lagrangian method, the Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model, the daily backward trajectories on the height of 850 hPa above the South China Sea (SCS) area are simulated from April to June. The onset date of the SCS summer monsoon from 1948 to 2009 is determined according to the simulated source of airflow in the monitored area of the SCS. By analyzing the SCS monsoon onset dates over the 62 years, we found that the number of years in which the SCS monsoon onset is earlier accounts for 13%, and the later years 14%, the normal years 73%, of all the 62 years. Analyses with the Lagrangian method, done in comparison with the other two methods which combine wind and potential pseudo-equivalent temperature, were performed to determine the onset dates of the SCS summer monsoon. In some years, the source of the southwest airflow in the monitored area of the SCS is in the subtropical region before the onset of the SCS monsoon, so the airflow from the subtropics can be distinguished with the airflow from the tropics by using the Lagrangian method. The simulation by the trajectory model indicated that in some years, after the onset of SCS summer monsoon, the SCS will be controlled by the southeast wind instead of the southwesterly usually expected.     

夏季索马里急流的建立及其影响机制

定义了夏季索马里急流（SSMJ）的建立指数，从而确定了1948--2002年的SSMJ建立日期，并以此为基础研究了SSMJ建立过程以及前冬海陆热力异常和冬季风异常对其建立早晚的影响。结果表明：SSMJ的建立是亚洲季风爆发的最早信号；其建立过程受到马斯克林高压、中非低压以及阿拉伯高压等非洲-印度洋系统的影响，而印度低压的发展有利于SSMJ越过赤道后向东转向；夏季索马里急流建立时间的年际变化反映了北半球冬季海陆热力差异的年际异常；强（弱）东亚冬季风时，次年春季SSMJ建立偏迟（早）。