In situ filtration sampler for taking filtered water samples

A new type ofin situ filtration sampler is described. The all Teflon sampler is hung on a nylon rope attached to a steel wire (Fig. 3). By dropping a messenger, the sampler piston is pulled down by a released weight of 50 kg, and the sampler is filled with about 400 ml of filtered water. The sample is not contaminated by metals because there is no metal around the sampler.     

New devices for sediment and water sampling

Four new devices for sediment and water sampling are described, viz. (1) a large-volume water sampler; (2) a water sampler for thin water layers, (3) a bottom-water sampler, and (4) a gravity corer with exchangeable plastic tubes for use in a small boat.     

XD-1型箱式采样器

箱式采样器由美国斯克里普斯海洋研究所于1962年研制成功,经多次改进后被广泛应用于海洋底质中采集沉积物原状样品和上覆水。我们于1979年着手研制并于1981年初试制成功带有测定沉积物方位的XD-1型箱式采样器。 本文就XD-1型箱式采样器的构造、工作原理、稳定条件及采样效果报道如下。     

A comparative study of energy performance of hydrostatic seafloor sediment samplers and a new high-efficiency sampler

The hydrostatic energy of high-pressure seawater is a renewable and green energy source for ocean exploration and have been used to replace underwater electrical energy transmission through the cable and underwater battery pack to power seafloor equipment. The advantage of the energy supply method is the cost-effective and the robustness. In the paper, the energy performance of the existing hydrostatic seafloor sediment samplers powered by seawater hydrostatic energy are modelled and analyzed and compared. In view of the common shortcoming of existing technology, a novel hydrostatic seafloor sediment sampler is proposed. The model of energy conversion of the new sampler is built, and its energy performance is obtained. The analysis results indicate that the energy conversion efficiency of the novel sediment sampler is much higher than the existing ones, which means that the new sampler can collect much longer sample with the limited amount of hydrostatic energy. The seawater hydrostatic energy conversion system of the new sampler can also be used to power other seafloor equipment.     

A Novel Mechanical Gas-Tight Sampler for Hydrothermal Fluids

A new mechanical gas-tight sampler has been designed to collect hydrothermal fluids at the seafloor. A key feature of the sampler is the novel sample valve which is pressure balanced under deep sea, and actuated by the ram on a submersible's manipulator. The sampler is designed to be deployed at the seafloor 3000 m underwater and can be used to sample hydrothermal fluid with temperature up to 400degC. Compressed gas is used to compensate for pressure reduction of sample fluids. Simulation of the flow system was conducted to estimate the fill rate. The sampler has been tested successfully in the first Sino-American Cooperative Deep Submergence Project from August 13 to September 3, 2005.     

大容量海水采水器的研制

介绍一种实用新型的采水器，该采水器具有全新的开闭装置及密封结构．文章对采水器的构造、工作原理及特点进行了有益的探讨。     

A Remotely Operated Serial Sampler for Collecting Gas-Tight Fluid Samples

This paper describes the design, construction and preliminary test results for a gas-tight serial sampler intended to be deployed at seafloor for long-term operation to take time-series fluid samples from deep-sea environments such as cold seeps, water column and hydrothermal vents. The serial sampler is a modular system that is based on independent and identical sampling modules, which are designed to collect six 160 ml gas-tight fluid samples maintained at high pressure to a depth of 4000 meters. With two working modes, the sampler can be deployed either with seafloor cabled observatory for remote control or as a stand-alone device for autonomous operation. A prototype of the instrument has been constructed and tested on the MARS cabled observatory for two months. The laboratory and field tests proved the success of the design and construction of the serial sampler, and indicated the potential for future ocean sciences.     

A sampler for concentrating radionuclides from natural waters

A sampler which permits concentration of both particulate and dissolved radionuclides from large volumes of ocean and freshwater has been developed and tested. The water sample passes through a filtration section for particle removal, then through a sorption section where the radionuclides of interest are removed on sorption or ion exchange beds. Components of the sampler which contact the water are of polyvinyl chloride construction, and flow rates of about 40 l./min are employed. This sampler has been successfully employed in concentrating some twenty radionuclides from ocean and fresh waters.     

深海新型取样仪器-电视抓斗及使用方法

每一位海洋地质工作者都非常重视外业调查及第一手资料的获取,而这些往往得益于海洋地质调查仪器的帮助.以前我们常用的表层沉积物取样仪器,有普通蚌式抓斗、小箱式取样器、多管取样器等.这里介绍一种深海新型取样仪器--电视抓斗.目前,它在深海及大洋洋中脊资源调查,特别是在深海底块状硫化物、多金属结核、锰结壳调查等勘测中扮演着重要...     

Comparing the passive sampler and biomonitoring of organic pollutants in water: A laboratory study

Passive sampling could provide the solution to problems associated with costly and time consuming sampling programmes and biomonitoring. Mussels (Mytilus edulis) and Chemcatcher passive sampler were simultaneously analyzed for sequestered pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MSD). The Chemcatcher passive sampler based on a solid phase extraction disc with two types of diffusion-limiting membranes (polyethelene and polysulphone), were also compared. Diuron, atrazine, irgarol and lindane were accumulated in the polysulphone passive sampler in greater concentration than in the mussels or in the other passive samplers with polyethelene limiting-membrane. Mussels can accumulate in their tissue high concentration of non polar compounds such as PCB 52, dieldren and PCB 153; more than the passive sampler with polysulphone membrane. The device with polyethelene limiting membrane has high affinity capacity to concentrate high amount of phenenthrene, dieldrin, PCB 153 and PCB 52, so it acts as a sampler for non-polar compounds. The highest uptake rate of hydrophobic compounds by Chemcatcher was observed for analytes with log octanol-water partition coefficient (K_OW) between 4.5 and 7.5. Laboratory-based studies using passive samplers to assess the potential for bioaccumulation could provide robust and reliable information at relatively low cost compared to biomonitoring data. Laboratory data obtained using passive samplers could be related to accumulation under field conditions where field assessments are required.     

A sampler for quantitatively assessing the macrobenthic epifaunal community of a hard substrate

A quick and effective underwater quantitative quadrat sampler was designed for sampling macrobenthic epifauna on hard substrates. Using a 400 cm² quadrat, divers could take samples quickly and with little or no loss of organisms. The sampler can be used successfully in adverse conditions in the open ocean on any relatively flat substrate, regardless of its orientation.     

高精度CTD采水器控制系统的设计与分析

本系统是国家“８６３”任务中８１８－０２Ａ项目的重要组成部 和高精度ＣＴＤ测量仪联用,可以完成任意深度、任意时刻的采水控制功能,它采用国内外最新的技术和元器件,打破了原有的采水控制装置的设计思想,使采水器的动作完全合理准确。本文重点介绍其工作原理和关键技术。     

自动返回式采水器的阻力系数计算与方法验证

摘要：应用有限元软件ANSYS，以与采水器外壳接触的周围水域为研究区域，计算其总阻力系数及最大运动速度。采用相同的数值方法计算了圆球总阻力系数，计算结果与经典实验结论吻合良好，证明了该数值方法的准确性。利用ANSYS软件计算预报采水器或其他类似的海洋仪器在流体中的阻力系数，可指导其尺寸参数设计。     

Two samplers for large-volume collection of chlorinated hydrocarbons

Two sampling devices for the in situ extraction of chlorinated hydrocarbons from water are described. Both samplers use the macroreticular adsorbent Amberlite XAD-2. They include a “fish” sampler which has been used to collect samples for PCB analysis from waters around the British Isles. Operation of this sampler causes a minimum of interruption to a ship's cruise programme and at the same time allows a large area to be surveyed. The second sampler is a self-powered in situ pump which is cheap to construct and can be left unattended to extract large volumes of water at a fixed station. The device is serviced by divers and samples may be collected daily on a routine sampling basis.     

海洋大气气溶胶的采集和中子活化分析的应用

本工作应用带有风向风速自动控制的M241大容量空气颗粒采样器,采集了海洋大气中的气溶胶,采用中子活化分析方法,分析了样品中的重金属元素。结果表明,该采样系统具有较准确的流量测定,较均匀的样品捕集,适应于海洋大气气溶胶样品分析,中子活化分析可同时测定海洋大气中Na、Al、V 等不同来源指示元素。     

可浮动自锁式深海气密采水器的研制

深海海水中气体的含量可以在一定程度上标识深海资源蕴藏量,因而实现对深海海水的气密采样意义重大.为此设计了一种可浮动的自锁装置,并采用压力自适应平衡原理,实现了对深海海水的气密采样.实验室和海上试验结果均表明深海气密采水器在装上可浮动自锁装置后耐压能力和气密性都得到了有效的提高,对初始压强为1.208 MPa的N2气保压2 h,压力损失不到1.2%,并成功地实现了对960 m深的海水样品的气密采样.此样品中CH4浓度为5.44 nmol/dm^3,CO2浓度为140.6nmol/dm^3.该可浮动自锁式深海气密采水器的研制为深海资源勘探分析提供了必要的技术支持.     

A new, automatic hydrothermal fluid sampler using a shape-memory alloy

A new hydrothermal fluid sampler has been developed to provide more maneuverability in underwater operation. The sampler characteristically employs a shape-memory alloy, which senses high temperature and actuates the suction mechanism. A shape-memory alloy is also used to switch the intake valve of the sampler, the intention being to avoid missampling when the inlet is in low temperature water. Prototype samplers were designed to collect the fluids hotter than 80°C. Test sampling was performed at hydrothermal vents (1372–1374 m deep) in the submarine volcano, Suiyo Seamount, Izu-Bonin Arc, northwestern Pacific. Observed fluid temperature was between 138 and 298°C, while the ambient seawater temperature was 3.1°C. Each prototype collected about 100 ml fluid as designed. The magnesium concentration in the samples indicated a seawater content of 47.5–90.8%, which indicates the entrainment of ambient seawater. Microscopic observatinn revealed the occurrence of microorganisms in the sample fluids at a population density of 10⁵ to 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹, which is 2–3 orders of magnitude higher than those in seawater at that depth. The use of the newly developed fluid sampler will greatly facilitate the collection of vent-associated microorganisms, which are of potential biological and biotechnological interest.     

Field measurements of time-averaged suspended sediment concentrations under waves

A suction sediment sampler has been developed for sampling suspended sand in the field. It works by the pressure difference between seabed and water surface, and thus no pump is required. The fact that the sampler has no mechanical moving parts and no electronics makes it very dependable. Seven samples are taken simultaneously at different elevations starting at about 1 cm above the bed. The sampling time is about 3 min for water depths of about 1.5 m. Sixty-five concentration profiles, complete with hydraulic data and sediment characteristics are given in the appendix.     

A new gas-tight isobaric sampler for hydrothermal fluids

A new gas-tight isobaric sampler for the collection of hydrothermal fluids venting at the seafloor has been designed, constructed, and tested at a ridge-crest vent site. The new device is constructed of chemically inert titanium, is gas-tight to 450 bar and can be used to sample fluids with temperatures up to 400°C. Compressed gas is used to maintain the sample at seafloor pressure before and during sample withdrawal onboard ship, allowing subsampling without degassing the fluid remaining in the sampler. This feature eliminates the need to collect separate gas-tight and major element samples since a single fluid sample can be analyzed quantitatively for major, trace, semi-volatile, and volatile components. The sampler fill rate is regulated to minimize entrainment of ambient seawater during collection of fluids from environments characterized by low fluid flow such as diffuse hydrothermal vents. In addition to deployment at the ridge-crest, the samplers can be used to collect gas-tight samples from other subseasurface environments such as hydrocarbon seeps, areas of methane-gas hydrate formation, cold seeps associated with serpentinites, regions of groundwater egress to the oceans, and the water column.     

基于实际气体状态方程的深海采样压力补偿技术

压缩气体通常用于深海压力保持采样器的压力补偿。回收的流体样品的压力和体积与预充气体高度相关。为了更好地理解高压下气体的行为，我们提出了一个新的基于压缩因子Z的实际气体状态方程，该方程是从实验数据得出的。然后基于该经验气态方程引入了样品压力和体积的理论计算方法。最后，通过采样器进行了在115MPa下的高压模拟采样实验，很好地验证了本文所提出的计算理论。