差分反演单多普勒速度水平风场

通数学推导,在一定假设条件下给出用径向风分量救解切向风分量的解析式,公式简洁,易于处理,通过数值模拟和个例分析说明这个算法简便易行,与传统的ＶＡＤ技术相比,可以在更小的角度范围内获得水平风场的信息。     

多普勒雷达风场反演VAP方法的资料预处理

在分析了三类单多普勒雷达反演风场方法的基础上, 认为VAP方法是近期内可望在业务中应用的方法, 并指出VAP方法的关键是能否将原始资料中的中-U及以上尺度的风场信息过滤出来, 以消除中-V尺度以下风场信息对反演结果的影响.为此提出了二维区域滑动低通滤波方法对资料进行预处理.此外还对VAP方法的风速计算公式进行了改进以减小计算误差.     

双多普勒雷达风场反演资料的同化应用试验

利用合肥、马鞍山2部多普勒雷达联合观测资料及多部多普勒雷达合成和连续调整技术（MUSCAT）,在笛卡尔坐标下反演得到三维风场。将得到的风场通过由CAPS（center for analysis and prediction of storm）研发的ARPS（advancedregional prediction systemv5．2．4）模式及数据处理系统ADAS（ARPS data analysissystem）进行同化试验。结果表明,反演风场信息可以改善短时模拟场、特别是风场的状况;但由于对湿度场等的改进较小,致使预报的3h降水量与实况有出入。     

浙江沿海登陆台风结构特性的多普勒雷达资料分析

利用浙江省新一代多普勒雷达组网资料,选取在浙江东南沿海近乎同一地点登陆的3个台风进行研究。从登陆前6 h到登陆后7 h,对比分析3个台风在登陆前后的雷达回波和降水结构时空变化特征。利用单多普勒雷达四维变分风场反演技术,对温州多普勒雷达探测资料进行了风场反演。结合利用雷达回波强度资料,对3个台风登陆前后1 h在云岩、昌禅等地造成特大暴雨的中尺度对流系统的三维结构及其演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,台风强度与其螺旋云带中的对流单体密切相关。台风强度愈强,其中低层环状平均回波强度就愈强,对流活动也就愈旺盛,降水强度也愈大。台风登陆前,回波(雨带)从眼墙向外围传播。台风登陆后,随着台风外围回波(雨带)明显减弱,台风眼墙回波(雨带)则明显增强,台风眼区逐渐被强回波所取代,使台风登陆后眼墙的平均雨强比登陆前增大。台风登陆后1 h,由于低(高)层水平辐合(散)增强,强对流回波中倾斜的上升(下沉)气流明显增大,使对流运动更加活跃,造成登陆后1 h的降雨量显著增强。台风强度与登陆后1 h降雨量的增强幅度成正比。台风强度越强,垂直风切变就越大,垂直切变风速大值区与最大降雨区有较好的对应关系。台风登陆后1 h,垂直切变风速的明显增加对登陆台风螺旋雨带中的中小尺度对流的加强和维持起到了非常重要的作用。     

温州单多普勒雷达资料三维风场反演初步试验

简要地介绍了温州单多普勒雷达三维风场反演的方法和几个应用个例,为进一步提高雷达资料在台风等灾害性天气短时临近预报中的作用进行了初步的探索。     

用非线性近似方法反演单多普勒雷达风场

回顾了近年来由单多普勒雷达观测反演风场的各种方法。这些方法大部分基于线性假设，因此风场的非线性交化经常影响反演结果，使得反演的风场误差增大。我们提出一种以非线性近似理论为基础的反演方法，该方法主要考虑了风场分片光滑的特点并充分利用了雷达的径向风场数据。我们把该方法应用到1998年淮河能量与水循环实验的两个个例中。通过同双多普勒雷达观测的结果比较，发现该方法能反演较高分辨率和淮确性的水平风场，反演的垂直风场也比较合理。     

用机载多普勒雷达资料进行三维风场解析反演

模拟结果证明，在机载雷达的技术参数下，多重解析多料勒方法能够提供误差可以接受的三维风场反演。１９９１年夏在美国的佛罗里达州举行的ＣａＰＥ现场实验中首次应用了机载双束多普勒雷达，并获取了珍贵的雷达实测资料。用ＭＡＮＤＯＰ方法分析１９９１年８月９日观测到的一个飑线，取得类似全以往用地基雷达资料得到飑线内部大气环流结构。另外，机载雷达资料与地基雷达资料联合反演的结果与纯粹用机载雷达资料反演的结果之间很好     

T-TREC方法反演登陆中国台风风场结构

在传统的基于天气雷达反射率因子的相关方法跟踪回波运动(TREC)技术的基础上,本研究发展出适用于台风环流反演的T-TREC方法.同传统的TREC技术相比,T-TREC根据台风环流呈逆时针方向旋转的特征,利用雷达观测资料客观选取台风中心,选取扇形网格单元,在以台风中心为原点的极坐标系下进行逆时针方向同波追踪.同时,该方法也利用雷达径向风资料客观选取切向的搜索范围并建立风场相关矩阵,以减少主观设定搜索区域造成的误差.通过利用中国新一代天气雷达网(CINRAD WSR-98D)观测的登陆台风桑美(0608)资料对方法进行验证,结果表明T-TREC方法可以更加准确估计强台风环流,反演的径向风平均误差小于4 m/s.其中径向风信息的引入明显提高了反演风场精度,特别是改善了在眼墙区因回波结构较均匀造成的风场低估.当台风靠近陆地时,因地物回波以及台风环流与地形相瓦作用激发对流的影响,使得低层风场反演误差增加.文中也探讨了台风中心、搜索网格单元大小等因子对反演精度的影响,结果显示,反演结果对于中心定化比较敏感,中心位置偏移4 km将造成反演的径向风平均误差增加约10%.而搜索单元大小对反演结果影响和台风尺度相关,若台风尺度较小,则较小的搜索单元反演效果较好.     

用单部多普勒雷达径向速度资料反演的风场资料及其应用

利用安装在南京气象学院的天气多普勒雷达收集到的雷达资料,分析了在江淮流域大暴雨后期静止锋附近风场的中尺度结构特征。结果表明:静止锋附近的近地面层为冷平流,往上为暖平流。低层吹东北风,随着高度增大,风速减小,在2km高度附近风速最小,以后转为西南风,并反映出水平风场中存在垂直切变。     

多种单多普勒雷达风场反演方法对比试验

采用典型风场资料对 4种单多普勒天气雷达风场反演方法进行了对比试验 ,这4种方法是 VAP方法 ,涡度 -散度法 ,简单伴随函数方法 ,动力方程组求解方法。试验结果表明 ,不同风场应采用不同反演方法。     

QUALITY CONTROL OF SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR DATA AND RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND FOR A LANDING TYPHOON

The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field.     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actualwind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptualmodel of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly fromthe single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generatedconvective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equationsbased on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properlytreated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of theapproach proposed in this paper.     

RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND PERTURBATION FIELDS FROM SIMULATED SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS*

The application of the single Doppler radar dataset analysis is usually confined to the assumption that the actual wind is linearly distributed or uniform locally.Following some dynamic features of convective weather,a conceptual model of moderate complexity is constructed,wherewith a horizontal wind perturbation field is retrieved directly from the single Doppler radar measurements.The numerical experiments are based on a 3-D cloud model-generated convective cell,whose radial velocity component is taken as the radar observations that are put into the closed equations based on the conceptual model to retrieve the horizontal wind perturbation field.After the initial field is properly treated,the retrieval equation is solved in terms of the 2-D FFT technique and the sensitivity to noise is examined.Finally,contrast analysis is done of the retrieved and the cloud model output wind fields,indicating the usefulness of the approach proposed in this paper.     

单多普勒雷达径向风场反演散度场的一种新方法

为利用多普勒雷达的径向风速获得实际风场的信息,提出了一种由单多普勒雷达径向风场反演水平散度场的新方法。在二维平面内,以某个探测点为中心,建立一个分析面,在假设风场呈线性变化的前提下,直接由径向风速推导出此探测点的散度值。并对几种典型理想风场的散度场进行了反演试验,试验结果表明,反演的散度场与分析的散度场比较一致。并对反演场与分析场之间的差别进行了讨论。     

ERROR COMPARISON OF WIND FIELD RETRIEVAL FROM SINGLE AND DUAL-DOPPLER RADAR OBSERVATIONS

The error distributions of the wind fields retrieved from single and dual-Doppler radar observations are given inthis paper.The results indicate that the error of dual-Doppler retrieval depends on the position in the scan region of thedual-Doppler radar.The error of single-Doppler retrieval by using velocity azimuth processing(VAP)technique de-pends on the angle between the directions of wind and the radar beam.Generally,the winds retrieved from single Doppl-er radar are close to those retrieved from dual-Doppler radar.But,the error distribution of the single-Doppler retrievalis different from the dual-Doppler retrieval.We simulate the retrievals of single Doppler observation by the use of theoutput wind data from a 3-D numerical model of severe convection.The comparison of the simulated single-anddual-Doppler retrievals shows that the VAP may be a suitable technique for the operational analysis of mesoscale windfields.It can also be used as a supplement to wind field retrieval in the field experiment.     

单多卜勒雷达对台风的自动定位方法

利用单多卜勒雷达径向速度的ＰＰＩ资料,使用模式识别技术自动探测台风中心。结果表明本方法能较快较好地探测到台风中心,本产品可用来作为台风的预警系统。     

单多普勒雷达二维风场反演——Extended VPP方法

文中提出的EVPP(Extended Velocity Plan Processing)方法是根据风场连续及局部分片光滑的性质,假定在一很小的分析窗内风矢量保持线性变化关系,使得在分析窗内反演得到的风场在矢径上的投影与实际观测的多普勒雷达径向速度场之间的误差达到最小,并利用零速度线这一特点对问题的求解做出约束,使得所得解尽可能达到全局最优,即(1) 利用变分的思想求出水平风速的大小及方向;(2) 利用风场局部分片光滑,对风的方向做出矫正.虽然由于风场受到线性假设这一限制,使得其使用的范围得到了局限,但是在本文中利用零速度线这一特征使得反演的结果得到了进一步的提高.文中利用模拟的理想个例和实际观测到的个例分别进行了研究分析.为了证明其理论的可行性,首先我们利用三维冰雹云模式模拟了辽宁2005年7月8日的一次冰雹云过程,考虑到个例的代表性,我们选择了辐合、辐散、旋转以及均匀风场等4种类型的流场结构进行了模拟分析,同时为了验证该种方法对于资料质量的依赖性以及噪声的敏感性,我们在理想质量中加入了随机噪声.从对模拟风场的反演,证明了该方法理论上的可行性,而且噪声对其结构的影响不大.然后针对台风、飑线、强对流等实际天气过程作了进一步分析.最后对反演结果进行了误差分析,结果表明这一方法能较好地反演出中尺度系统的水平流场结构.     

WIND SHEAR IDENTIFICATION WITH THE RETRIEVED WIND OF DOPPLER WEATHER RADAR

Wind shear reflects that the wind field is not uniform, which is one of the primary factors which make the retrieval of the wind field difficult. Based on volume velocity process(VVP) wind field retrieval technique, the intensity of wind shear is identified in this paper. After analyzing the traditional techniques that rely on the difference of radial velocity to identify wind shear, a fixed difference among radial velocities that may cause false identification in a uniform wind field was found. Because of the non-uniformity in wind shear areas, the difference of retrieved results between surrounding analysis volumes can be used as a measurement to show how strong the wind shear is. According to the analysis of a severe convective weather process that occurred in Guangzhou, it can be found that the areas of wind shear appeared with the strength significantly larger than in other regions and the magnitude generally larger than4.5 m/(s·km). Besides, by comparing the variation of wind shear strength during the convection, it can be found that new cells will be more likely to generate when the strength is above 3.0 m/(s·km). Therefore, the analysis of strong wind shear's movement and development is helpful to forecasting severe convections.     

多普勒雷达风场信息变分同化的试验研究

文中试验研究了一个在三维变分框架中直接同化多普勒天气雷达信息,获取雷达覆盖范围内大气风场的技术方案。径向风速是多普勒天气雷达数据中可直接被三维变分同化系统用来反演大气风场的唯一信息。由于风矢量有二或三个分量,径向风速作为风矢量的一个分量,不能为反演风矢量提供足够的信息。如果三维变分同化系统仅仅同化径向风速,所存在的不确定性将可能会给所反演的风场带来错误。文中提出的方案,不仅同化雷达径向风速,还同化雷达回波的移动信息,其关键是将雷达回波强度时空变化转换成一个新的雷达观测变量———雷达“视风速”。由于“视风速”是包含风场信息的变量,这在三维变分同化系统中增加了风场探测信息。通过联合利用“视风速”和径向风速,由单一径向风速确定风矢量所带来的不确定性可以被克服。使用中国气象科学研究院数值预报研究中心开发的三维变分同化系统(GRAPES-3Dvar)和广东省新一代天气雷达的监测资料进行了实例试验,结果表明本技术方案能够对获取大气系统结构是有用和有效的,也可用于形成模式初始场,这对中尺度天气预报是有作用的。