北京市苗圃土壤肥力调查与评价

为了对北京市苗圃基地土壤肥力进行调查,选取了407个代表性苗圃,研究和分析了其土壤的物理、化学性状,并对其进行综合肥力指数评价.结果表明,北京地区苗圃土壤以砂壤土为主,有机质含量显著偏低,碱解氮、有效磷总体偏低,速效钾偏高,容重偏高,通气孔隙度偏低,土壤偏碱性,土壤阳离子交换量平均为12.4 cmol·kg-1,保肥能力中等,土壤总体理化性状较差,对苗木生长有一定不利影响.     

黄土高原-阿拉善高原典型断面表土磁学特征研究

在黄土高原-阿拉善高原区域沿接近降水量最大梯度线方向系统采集了表土(包括沙漠和土壤)样品,详细研究了其环境磁学、粒度和有机质含量等环境替代指标的变化特征.结果表明,整个断面表土中的强磁性矿物主要为磁铁矿和磁赤铁矿,并含有赤铁矿.阿拉善高原表土中磁性矿物颗粒多为多畴(MD),总体含量偏低,磁性矿物中硬磁组分含量较高;黄土高原区表土中磁性颗粒多为准单畴(PSD),总体含量偏高,磁性矿物中软磁组分含量较高.进一步分析发现,在干旱地区,频率磁化率与降水有良好的相关性,而常用的磁化率不能较好地反映降水量变化.本研究指示在干旱地区应用单一磁化率指标解释环境变化需要谨慎.     

典型黑土中有机质和养分元素的变化分析

依据2003-2008年松辽平原中南部地区多目标区域地球化学调查成果,选择黑土类型土壤样本6553件,研究典型黑土中有机质及养分元素碳、氮、硫、磷、钙、钾、铁、镁、锌、铜、钼、锰、硼的变化特征.发现典型黑土中有机质结构性元素碳、氮、硫、磷以及铜、镁、铁、钙元素的含量变化与有机质的变化具有正相关性.养分元素含量的变化与成土母质和土壤类型关系密切,如锰在黑土中含量普遍偏高.中国土壤以及松辽平原土壤的宏观背景是典型黑土中钾偏高和钼、硼偏低.生物气候带是影响有机质和某些养分元素变化的重要因素.温带-寒温带的气候条件影响着土壤的物理性质和化学性质,如粒级、黏粒性、酸碱性,进而影响元素含量的变化.     

青岛市地表伽玛辐射特征及环境影响评价

对青岛市1 500 km 2范围内大密度土壤放射性核素和地表γ 辐射测量,系统深入研究了其放射性特征、分布规律及其影响因素。结果表明,青岛市土壤中核素232 Th 和40 K 的放射性比活度偏高,而238U 偏低。地表γ 辐射剂量率( 平均值91. 87 nGy /h) 略高于全国和世界平均值。研究发现,地表 93. 14%的γ 辐射来自地面放射性核素238U、232 Th 和40K 的γ 辐射,其中232 Th 和40K 的贡献占81. 21%,是主要的贡献者。地质背景决定地面γ 辐射剂量率值,燕山期各类花岗岩是导致青岛市区-王哥庄一带γ 辐射剂量率偏高的主要原因; 同时环境因素( 路面材料、地貌景观) 对其剂量率也存在一定影响。虽然研究区的γ 辐射剂量率较高,但其年有效剂量( 0. 56 mSv) 低于公众照射年剂量当量限值 ( 1. 0 mSv) ,人居环境基本不受影响。     

ENSO对青藏铁路沿线气温和地温的影响及其预测

研究了天文因素对近500 a来厄尔尼诺事件的影响, 分析了近50 a来ENSO事件与青藏铁路沿线气温地温的关系. 结果表明: 年平均气温和年平均最高气温, 春季平均最高气温、夏季平均最低气温和秋季平均最低气温, 在El Nio年偏低; 而在La Nia年则偏高. 0 cm年平均最低地温、秋季平均最低地温和冬季平均最低地温, 在El Nio年偏低; 而在La Nia年则偏高. ENSO事件对从5 cm及其以下的地温没有明显影响. 厄尔尼诺事件有准60 a和准19 a周期, 其可能是对天体运动的响应.     

贡嘎山东坡林地土壤的诊断特性与系统分类

贡嘎山东坡寒区林地在海拔2200～3650m的典型土壤,其土壤诊断层和诊断特性主要有暗瘠表层、漂白层、雏形层、石质接触面特征、常湿润土壤水分状况和寒冻、寒性、冷性或温性土壤温度状况.由于泥石流和冰川堆积物对所发育土壤性状有很大影响,提出了划分泥石流岩性特征和冰碛物岩性特征及其诊断指标.根据本区土壤诊断层和诊断特性,按照中国土壤系统分类对研究区典型土壤进行了检索,在分类中首次根据泥石流岩性特征和冰碛物岩性特进行了土壤系统分类.     

浙北地区土壤硒元素特征及其生态环境效应评价

本文从土壤硒的集散规律出发,研究了浙北地区土壤硒的分布特征及其与土壤成因、土壤理化特性的关系.研究表明,浙北地区土壤硒可分为富硒、足硒、潜在硒不足3种类型,土壤硒含量与土壤成因类型(成土母质)密切相关,受成土改造作用、土壤质地、pH、Eh值和有机质含量等理化性状控制.依据硒元素的生物化学性状、分布形态及生物有效性特点,参照国内外有关的硒生态景观评价标准对浙北土壤硒进行了初步的生态环境效应评价.     

干旱半干旱地区农田土壤NO3-N深层积累及其影响因素

以长期试验资料为基础,着重分析了干旱半干旱地区农田系统中施肥、作物、降水、耕作措施以及土壤类型和特性对产生土壤NO3-N深层积累的影响.分析发现,氮肥的过量施用和400～800 mm降水量偏低是导致干旱半干旱地区土壤NO3-N积累在100～300 cm土层的主要因素.随着氮肥用量的增加,NO3-N深层积累显著增加;氮磷配施有助于降低其积累量.不同作物对氮素的吸收利用效率也是影响NO3-N深层积累的因素,作物之间的轮作方式会有效降低NO3-N深层积累;休闲期种植合理植物可有效降低NO3-N深层积累.NO3-N深层积累主要产生在质地较重的土壤上,带正电荷粘土矿物对NO3-N吸附是导致热带土壤中NO3-N积累的主要因素.深入研究深层积累NO3-N的生物有效性、迁移变化机理、与作物根系之间的关系以及对土壤性状和环境的影响具有重要意义.     

黑河上游山区典型站的水热过程模拟研究

Noah LSM陆面过程模型在国际上被广泛应用于陆面的水热过程模拟, 但在高寒山区的适用性研究并不充分, 目前还没有在黑河上游高寒山区应用的案例. 利用Noah和黑河上游两个典型站(大冬树山垭口站和阿柔站)2008-2009年的观测数据, 对两站的水热过程进行了模拟. 通过比较模拟结果和实测的地温和液态水含量, 表明Noah能够较真实地反映该地区的水热过程. Noah对观测站的地温模拟较好, 但冬季存在一定偏差; 液态水含量的模拟总体偏低, 表层液态水含量在春季土壤融化期的模拟偏差较大. 以上现象与该地区土壤异质性较大、 春季融化期土壤冻融过程中土壤含冰量判定存在偏差、 冬季降水量观测不准等有关. 此外, 结合模拟结果, 讨论了观测数据的质量问题.     

鄱阳湖及周边经济区表层土壤营养元素分布现状与丰缺评价

本文通过对鄱阳湖周边经济区表层土壤中全氮、全钾、全磷及有机质含量的分布特征进行研究,依据土壤养分等级标准对该地区土壤养分进行评价.结果表明,该地区土壤中全氮和全钾含量总体属于适当-富足等级,而有机质在农业种植区含量普遍缺乏,全磷则总体缺乏,这两个项目应当视种植情况进行补充.该评价结果对地区农业区划、科学施肥和土壤改良提供了重要的地球化学依据.     

CSAMT 法在辽西康杖子区深部探矿中的应用

可控源音频大地电磁法(CSAMT)具有探测深度大、横向分辨率高、抗干扰能力强的特点,在深部找矿勘探中有着重要的指导意义。肖家营子铜钼矿床是辽西地区一个大型矽卡岩型金属矿床,大部分矿体是隐伏矿体,矿区外围的康杖子区与本区有相似的成矿地质环境,成矿地质条件优越.矿体与围岩电性差异明显,通过应用CSAMT,矿体具有低电阻特点,根据成果推断解释,对深部有利成矿部位进行了钻探验证,取得了理想的探矿效果,在矿区外围取得第二深度空间找矿重大突破。     

Geography in general education in Nigeria

This paper traces the development of geographic education in Nigeria and examines the views of geographers, other academics, students and the public at large about the importance of geography. Geography's value is immense despite the non-professional nature of the discipline. Nevertheless, there is a need to define geography's status and ensure career prospects for students. The Nigerian Geographical Association (from classroom teaachers to top geographers) must promote geography, improve its status in schools and universities, and continuously restructure its content and methods to address pertinent social needs.     

Trends in landslide occurrence in Nepal

Nepal is a mountainous, less developed kingdom that straddles the boundary between the Indian and Himalayan tectonic plates. In Nepal, landslides represent a major constraint on development, causing high levels of economic loss and substantial numbers of fatalities each year. There is a general consensus that the impacts of landslides in countries such as Nepal are increasing with time, but until now there has been little or no quantitative data to support this view, or to explain the causes of the increases. In this paper, a database of landslide fatalities in Nepal has been compiled and analysed for the period 1978–2005. The database suggests that there is a high level of variability in the occurrence of landslides from year to year, but that the overall trend is upward. Analyses of the trends in the data suggest that there is a cyclicity in the occurrence of landslide fatalities that strongly mirrors the cyclicity observed in the SW (summer) monsoon in South Asia. Perhaps surprisingly the relationship is inverse, but this is explained through an inverse relationship between monsoon strength and the amount of precipitation in the Hill District areas of Nepal. It is also clear that in recent years the number of fatalities has increased dramatically over and above the effects of the monsoon cycle. Three explanations are explored for this: land-use change, the effects of the ongoing civil war in Nepal, and road building. It is concluded that a major component of the generally upward trend in landslide impact probably results from the rural road-building programme, and its attendant changes to physical and natural systems.     

2010年的美国铀矿业

2010年,美国铀矿总共施工7 209个钻孔,总进尺1 493 520 m;生产铀1 628.55 t;铀矿业总支出费用为2.773亿美元,其中铀矿地勘费支出为3 450万美元,占铀矿业总费用的12.44%。铀矿地勘钻探费用为4 460万美元,占铀矿业总费用的16.08%。     

地下水环境中的硫代砷研究进展

硫代砷是富硫化物地下水中砷的重要形态,对环境和人类健康有潜在威胁。目前硫代砷研究程度尚低,本次主要针对国内外地下水（地热水）中硫代砷的存在形态,水文—生物—环境地球化学过程,样品保存,定量检测方法等方面进行研究。结论如下:pH, 氧化还原电位,硫化物含量和微生物作用等是影响地下水中硫代砷稳定存在和形态分布的重要因素。含铁矿物能与水中的硫代砷形成配位键对其进行吸附,吸附性普遍弱于（亚）砷酸盐,因此,地下水中硫代砷可能表现出更强的迁移性。用于硫代砷检测的自然水样在采集中可采取过滤,速冻,厌氧和低温短期保存的操作流程,以减缓该形态的转化甚至消失。色谱联用ICP-MS系统可用于自然水样中硫代砷的分离定量检测,紫外—可见分光光度法和X射线吸收光谱法在不同场景下也可对硫代砷进行定量和表征分析。地热水和浅层地下水中均可能存在硫代砷,由于水样中硫代砷的不稳定性,室内检测和分析难以准确反映现场过程,因此,野外样品保存技术和现场检测方法的更新可能在未来有更大研究空间,值得进一步探索。     

花岗岩地区地下水水文地质特征分析

通过对泰安市岱岳区花岗岩地区地下水的形成条件、地下水类型、分布状况、水文地质特征以及地下水补给、径流、排泄条件的分析,指出了花岗岩地区供水方向。     

Recent advances in aquaculture in Japan

Conclusions During the last ten years, aquaculture, especially mariculture has undergone remarkable expansion to counter-balance the gap between the supply and demand of fishery products in Japan. Its expansion has also been supported by the traditional preference of the Japanese people for seafood. Mariculture is now being forced to change its structure due to adverse economic circumstances such as the rise in the cost of energy, feeds and other materials for culture, low market prices, deterioration of environmental conditions, and many other factors. Before these constraints can be resolved, advanced scientific knowledge and technologies must be integrated to develop new types of aquaculture. Expansion of maricultural activities to more open-sea and off shore areas would be one route to follow. Technologies for the development of formulated diets not only for young but also for adults and larvae, establishment of feeding standards, prevention of epizootic diseases must support the establishment of modern aquaculture.The culture-based fisheries, or marine ranching, is becoming a subject for further development in Japan. Much research work has been conducted with a great degree of governmental support. Establishment of a net work of seedstock production farms has made it possible to carry out releasing experiments on a large scale. A newly integrated restoration system could be developed on the basis of these experiments, even though the profits resulting from the artificial restoration of stocks is not thouroughly verified at present. The commencement of a national scheme for culture-based fisheries would be a manifestation of the enthusiasm of the Japanese fish industry.     

Some Measurements of Radon in Soils and in Stream-Water in County Durham

Radon is a radioactive gas emanating naturally from uranium rich granites and shales. It may be emitted from the ground surface into the atmosphere as a gas, or it may be dissolved into stream water and transported over distance. The levels of radon gas in soils at ground surface depend on a number of factors relating to the source of the gas and to its transmission. Igneous rocks contain the highest mean concentrations of radium and uranium. The depth of cover is relevant also. Surveys over the years by the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) and others have indicated that the highest concentrations in the United Kingdom occur in Cornwall, Devon and northeast Scotland. However, recent reports have indicated that high concentrations of the gas may be detected in small pockets in counties outside of those considered at high risk. This survey relates to a series of measurements taken in and around Darlington, County Durham. The results showed the presence of small areas with strong concentrations of radon in soil gas, but only minor levels of dissolved gas in stream waters.     

内蒙古苏尼特地下水氟污染形成机理研究

为了研究内蒙古苏尼特地区地下水氟污染机理,本文运用水文地球化学分类方法,从水文地质、水化学特征两方面研究其地下水的水质特征、氟的起源、分布规律及污染形成机理。研究结果发现:高氟地下水的主要水质类型为HCO3—Na型,pH值在7.08～9.38之间,氟浓度与井深有关,即井越浅,氟浓度越高;地下水中氟浓度最高达14.78mg/L,5～9月地下水氟浓度相对增长率在7.8～23.1之间;F-浓度与Li+、Br-相关系数达0.89和0.82,受断层影响的深层地下水中F-浓度几乎与Li+、Br-没有相关关系,这暗示着氟来源于浅部,并受到强烈的蒸发作用影响而使水中的氟浓缩;地质调查发现该地区还有数个萤石矿存在,显微镜分析结果证实表层土壤中普遍存在CaF2,地下水中的氟来自CaF2。高氟地下水存在于潜水层,深部含水层的地下水可供开采。从断层带涌出的水对潜水层有稀释作用。