Wiener Geologen im Spiegel des Geologenarchivs

The bulk of the correspondence in the Geologenarchiv comes in two major groups:a) letters relating mainly to professional matters and b) letters containing predominantly personal communication. This will be demonstrated by material relating to the three above mentioned Viennese Geologists: Leopold Kober's letter to Wilhelm Salomon-Calvi and the correspondence between Alois Kieslinger and Eugen Wegmann are mainly professional, whereas Otto Ampferer's letters to the Bavarian glaciologist Edith Ebers are a documentation of personal friendship.     

珍贵的师友情谊——纪念李四光先生百年诞辰

本文以李四光先生在1925年写给当时在德国留学的杨钟健的三封信为根据,记述了这两位学者长达五十多年的师友情谊。杨钟健是李四光先生1920年在北京大学地质系任教时的学生,在李四光先生的鼓励、帮助下,杨钟健专攻古脊椎动物学,从而开始了这门学科在中国的发展。     

科学家的人文关怀--读80年前德日进第一次来华时的书信

文章通过读德日进1923～1924年第一次来华工作期间的书信，介绍了德日进思想中的几个重要侧面：其宗教思想中的“上帝”及“现世”；学术研究应跨学科综合进行；精神生活的首要地位以及如何看待东西方文化的异同。     

QUESTION MARK

Some academics (and those responsible for in-service training within industry) may have sampled the alphabet soup that includes the acronyms: CAL, CBT, CAI and CBL. Whether these collections of letters designate Computer Aided Learning, Computer Based Teaching, Computer Aided Instruction or Computer Based Learning the initial interest on the part of the trainers (especially in the UK) is likely to have been motivated by the same question—“Will these methods allow me to teach more students, more effectively, without an increase in the level of resource?”     

Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Kennedy Group of the onshore Carnarvon Basin (Merlinleigh Sub‐basin), Western Australia

Upper Permian strata contain many examples of cyclic deposition, despite the prevailing view that greenhouse conditions existed at the time. The shallow marine Upper Permian Kennedy Group, onshore Carnarvon Basin, has been studied in detail in the Kennedy Range 150 km east of the town of Carnarvon, Western Australia. The Kennedy Group exhibits cyclicity on a scale of 3–10 m, and also some larger scale changes in sedimentation. In this study, the Kennedy Group is divided into twelve informal units, designated with letters from A to L. The small‐scale cyclicity consists of stacked regressive cycles that comprise only thin highstand systems tracts and regressive systems tracts. Transgressive systems tracts are only sometimes represented by highly bioturbated green sandstone layers at cycle boundaries. Cycle tops are planar and often have extensive vertical trace fossil development down from them, as well as surface traces on them. The twelve informal units can be interpreted as being caused by changes in relative sea‐level.     

The investigation of Baker's Hole, Northfleet, Kent, 1909-1914; the impact of collection history upon the interpretation of archaeological data

The site of Baker's Hole in the Ebbsfleet valley, Kent, is the best-known British Early Middle Palaeolithic (MIS 9-7) site, and has produced a substantial assemblage of Levallois artefacts. The history of this collection, however, has become confused over the years, with some suggestions that it was actually amassed through excavation. This paper reviews the history of investigations at the site, on the basis of archive letters and records, and demonstrates that it was clearly collected by quarry workers. This clarification has important implications for understanding human activity in the Ebbsfleet valley during late MIS 8/early MIS 7.     

New data on Jean-Étienne Guettard's journey to Poland in the years 1760–1762

This paper presents new information on the journey of the French geologist Jean-Étienne Guettard to Poland in the years 1760–1762. Search in the Archives of the Academy of Sciences in Paris, especially a review of his biographic dossier and collections of documents reports delivered at the meetings of the Academy, made it possible to find rich material (letters, reports, notes from field studies, drafts of lectures and others), a large part of which refers to this journey. This hitherto overlooked material well supplements our knowledge of the journey and casts some new light on the scope and extent and results of geological and meteorological studies carried out by J.-É. Guettard during his stay in Poland. To cite this article: R. Tarkowski, C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004).     

注聚三采期岩电参数的实验

中国东部部分油田已进入三次采油期,储层注入聚合物溶液后,储层的物性、电性会发生相应的变化。为了查明储层内注入聚合物溶液后所发生的变化,模拟双河油田开发过程中设计的岩心注聚实验,通过观察注入聚合物的砂岩岩心的实验结果,得出了岩心驱替前后,岩心孔隙度和绝对渗透率变化不大、薄膜电位减小、阿尔奇公式中的孔隙度结构指数优增大,饱和度指数集中在1.4～1.7之间、电阻率变化呈“S"和斜躺“L”型减小等变化规律。注聚后孔隙度和渗透率的计算可以按常规测井评价方法进行,注聚前的薄膜电位明显大于注聚后的薄膜电位,因此注聚后在测井解释中要特别注意自然电位曲线的应用,在聚合物驱油过程中,岩心的电阻率变化规律与盐水驱油过程的电阻率相类似,故在测井评价中可直接使用水驱油田的饱和度的评价方法。     

A new model (DRARCH) for assessing groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination at basin scale: a case study in Taiyuan basin,northern China

A modified DRASTIC model for groundwater vulnerability assessment (abbreviated as DRARCH model by combining the first letters of its six assessment indices) was proposed. It is essentially the specific application of DRASTIC model rather than a new model. Both natural hydrogeological conditions that prevent groundwater from contamination and important intrinsic hydrogeochemical properties of sediments in vadose zone that are related to the retardation of contaminants were considered as vulnerability indices. The DRARCH model consists of six indices: (1) Depth to the water table, (2) net Recharge, (3) Aquifer thickness, (4) Ratio of cumulative thickness of clay layers to total thickness of vadose zone, (5) Contaminant adsorption coefficient of sediment in vadose zone, and (6) Hydraulic conductivity of aquifer. The rating values and the weights of these vulnerability indices were obtained by contaminant transport simulation and factor analysis method respectively. Furthermore, the DRARCH model was applied to evaluate the groundwater vulnerability to arsenic contamination in Taiyuan basin, northern China, where groundwaters with high arsenic concentration occur in some localities. GIS-based mapping of groundwater vulnerability using this model indicates that the distribution of very high and high-vulnerability areas corresponds well to that of high-arsenic groundwaters. The DRARCH model is therefore reliable and useful for guiding groundwater environment management.     

Deformation styles as a key for interpreting glacial depositional environments

Lithostratigraphical and lithofacies approaches used to interpret glacial sediments often ignore deformation structures that can provide the key to environment of formation. We propose a classification of deformation styles based on the geometry of structures rather than inferred environment of formation. Five styles are recognised: pure shear (P), simple shear (S), compressional (C), vertical (V) and undeformed (U). These dictate the first letter of the codes; the remaining letters conveying the evidence. This information can be used to reconstruct palaeostress fields and to infer physical properties of sediments when they deformed. Individual structures are not diagnostic of particular environments but the suite of structures, their relative scale, stratigraphical relationships, and orientation relative to palaeoslopes and to palaeoice‐flow directions can be used to infer the environment in which they formed. This scheme is applied at five sites in west Wales. The typical succession is interpreted as subglacial sediments overlain by meltout tills, flow tills and sediment flows. Paraglacial redistribution of glacial sediments is widespread. Large‐scale compressional deformation is restricted to sites where glaciers readvanced. Large‐scale vertical deformation occurs where water was locally ponded near the ice margin. There is no evidence for glaciomarine conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Curt Teichert - Dokumente zu einer Emigration (Dänemark - Australien - USA)

Curt Teichert (K?nigsberg 1905—Arlington, Virginia 1996) provides in his life story examples of the many hardships and difficulties encountered by emigrants who were fortunate to escape Hitler′s regime. He was a great paleontologist and stratigrapher whose fieldwork on four continents involved nearly every fossil group; his interests were focussed mainly on the Paleozoic and the Triassic. His results and critical remarks on many general topics filled numerous publications. Remarkably, he accomplished all this under partly very unfavorable working conditions. He donated his scientific correspondence from his times in Germany, Denmark and Australia to the Geological Archive in Freiburg. The following article makes use of these documents. Teichert’s professional career started in Germany in the scientifically exciting nineteen-twenties; he worked at the universities in K?nigsberg, Munich and Freiburg/Breisgau. In Freiburg, however, he had serious disagreements with the Director of the Geological Institute there—this in spite of his investigations having produced some excellent results. The times around 1930 were a period of a global economic crisis, and, like many others, he could only survive financially by getting fellowships from different institutions and payments for publications. In 1933, his situation in Germany became even more critical: this was because he had married a “Non-Aryan”. However, he was able to work in Copenhagen from the end of 1933; this was largely a result of his having participated in 1931–1932 in an expedition to Greenland led by the Dane Lauge Koch. Unfortunately, he could not get a permanent position in Copenhagen because the relations between him and the influential Koch became very unpleasant. Noting Hitler′s war preparation, Teichert tried to escape from Europe. He wrote many touching letters to correspondents around the globe, receiving mostly disappointing answers. Finally, in 1937, he succeeded in getting the post of a research paleontologist at the University of Perth, in Western Australia. There he worked very successfully, both in the field and in the laboratory. Additionally, he cooperated with the University in lecturing, and contributed much to its collections. His wife Gertrud assisted him always in his work, with great effectiveness. Yet tenure still eluded him, even after seven years of hard work—tenure was what he wanted, understandably, especially after such a long period of uncertainty. Finally, he succeeded in getting tenure in Eastern Australia , but moved then to the USA in 1954. There his outstanding scientific qualities were fully recognized, both in the Geological Survey and in several universities, also as an editor of several classic publications.     

Fossil localities of the Santa Cruz Formation (Early Miocene,Patagonia, Argentina) prospected by Carlos Ameghino in 1887 revisited and the location of the Notohippidian

Between January and September of 1887 Carlos Ameghino carried out his first geologic and paleontological expedition to the Río Santa Cruz, Patagonia. Based on the fossils and geologic information compiled, in 1887 and 1889, Florentino Ameghino named more than 120 new species of extinct mammals and his Formación Santacruceña and Piso Santacruceño (Santacrucian stage). Data published by both brothers state that the specimens were collected in outcrops by the Río Santa Cruz, between 90 and 200 km west of its mouth. However, information in the posthumously published letters and Travel Diary of C. Ameghino allows us to recognize a fourth locality, Río Bote, at about 50 km further southwest. In 1900, 1902, F. Ameghino divided the Piso Santacruceño in a younger étage Santacruzienne and older étage Notohippidéen, restricting the geographical distribution of the latter to Kar Aiken locality, northeast of Lago Argentino. However, 15 of the 54 species that F. Ameghino listed as exclusively Notohippidian stage already had been named on specimens collected South to the Río Santa Cruz in 1887, two year prior to C. Ameghino's first visit to Kar Aiken. Based on historical information and several expeditions to the Río Santa Cruz and its environs, in this contribution we establish the geographical locations of the 1887 localities, formalize their names, evaluate the stratigraphic position of the fossil-bearing levels, and analyze the geographic extension of the Notohippidian, inferring that Río Bote is where C. Ameghino first collected species that came to define the Notohippidian.     

晚松山时南黄海的古长江三角洲

早更新世晚期(加拉米洛亚时开始到松山时结束)，中国东部陆架发生海侵。随着海侵的推进，在南黄海中部出现了较厚的三角洲沉积。在沉积层的垂直序列上，发现了分流河口沙坝、分流河道和分流河口间湾等三角洲前缘沉积亚相的交替。这是一个海侵序列的三角洲层序。在海侵进程中三角洲的进积速率与海水进侵速率基本平衡。南黄海晚松山时古长江三角洲的发现，从一个侧面证明了浙闽隆起带在早期第四纪仍然是继承晚第三纪的一个构造上的隆起及地貌上的屏障，它制约着古长江流向东北方向。     

令人怀念的裴文中先生

１９２８年中国地质学家李捷和瑞典古哺乳动物学家Ｂ·Ｂｏｈｌｉｎ分别离开了周口店的发掘工作之后,即派杨钟健和裴文中先生主持其事。裴先生对工作非常努力,几乎没有闲暇的时间。于１９３４年即发表了《周口店猿人产地之肉食类化石》巨著。他为人非常坦诚,有事摆在当面,既不抬高自己,也不背后贬人。     

青藏高原盐湖硼酸盐形成问题

目前已知世界上硼酸盐沉积的类型有四种:1)与泉华沉积有关.2)与火山活动有关.3)与古盐矿床有关.4)与盐湖有关的。后者实际上也往往与温泉和火山活动有着密切的联系。世界上盐湖中的硼酸盐主要分布在美国西部的加里福尼亚州和内华达州、南美西部安底斯高原的东侧(其中包括智利、秘鲁、阿根廷和玻利维亚等)和我国的青藏高原。我国青藏高原盐湖的硼酸盐无论在资源储量方面或在矿物种类方面都比其它地区丰富得多。