The effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution global spectral model

An analysis is made of the effects of topography on the summer atmospheric energetics of the Northern Hemisphere in a low-resolution global spectral model. The numerical mode! is a global, spectral, primitive equation model with five equally spaced sigma levels in the vertical and triangular truncation at wavenumber 10 in the horizontal. The model includes comparatively full physical processes. Each term of the energy budget equations is calculated in four specific latitudinal belts (81.11°S–11.53°S; 11.53°S–11.53°N; 11.53°N–46.24°N; 46.24°N–81.11°N) from a five-year simulation with mountains and a one-year simulation without mountains, respectively. Differences between them are compared and statistically tested. The results show that synoptical scale waves transport available potential energy and kinetic energy to long waves and increase conversion from available potential energy of the zonal flow to eddy's and from the eddy kinetic energy to the zonal kinetic energy in region 3 (11.53°N-46.24°N) due to mountains; topography intensifies the atmospheric baroclinity in region 3, consequently the baroclinic conversion of atmosphere energy is increased. The seasonal characteristics associated with the summer atmospheric energy source in region 3 are caused by seasonal variation of the solar radiation and the land-ocean contrasts and independent of topographic effects. The mechanism of topographic effects on the increase of long wave kinetic energy is also discussed.     

热带500百帕动能的基本特征与季节变化——南、北半球的比较

本文利用1980—1988年30°S—30°N的风场资料,计算了逐日的平均动能,涡动动能及相互转换和波数域动能;并分析了南、北半球热带对流层中层动能的演变特征,季节调整规律,指出了热带与中高纬动能的差异。      

春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕能量变化的波谱分析和研究

本文利用1972-1982年5月初-7月底春夏季节过渡期间北半球500百帕高度资料计算有关能量谱、角动量输送谱和扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱,分析了大气环流由春到夏季节过渡期间能量谱变化特征及过渡前后特征差异,并揭示了它们与初夏中期主要天气过程-梅雨天气过程的关系。结果表明由春到夏季节过渡前后,对流层中层扰动动能谱和大气波能密度均有显著变化,大气波能密度值有个急剧减弱过程,经向扰动动能集中的波数由超长波向长波转移,55、45、35°N角动量输送平均辐散也有明显转折,这些是春夏二种不同流型在能量学上的基本差异点。对流层中层扰动动能向平均动能转换率谱在季节过渡前后也有显著不同:过渡前高纬强于中纬;而过渡后中纬转换明显增强,并大大超过高纬。大气环流由春到夏的季节过渡,一般由一次或二次长波急剧发展来完成。在大型环流转变上对应为一次副热带高压明显北跳加强及西风带迅速北撒减弱,在天气表现形式上江淮流域对应为梅雨这种大型天气过程的出现。      

一九七九年夏季亚洲季风区上空的区域能量分析

本文用美国气象中心(NWC)1979年6—8月资料计算了亚洲季风区上空的瞬变涡动动能、区域的热源和能量变化。计算结果表明,1979年夏季印度季风区的印度半岛和孟加拉湾地区,东亚季风区的南海和西太平洋地区,我国东部大陆地区都是扰动活动频繁的地方,其对流层上部表现为强热源;南半球西印度洋热带地区和澳大利亚地区热带扰动不活跃,其上空为冷源区。 再有印度季风区扰动发展是正压不稳定和斜压不稳定,以后者为主;东亚季风区扰动发展靠斜压转换而来;大陆东部地区扰动发展也主要靠斜压转换过程。而南半球西印度洋热带地区和澳大利亚地区是通过和中纬度西风带大气的侧向耦合获得能量,并通过跨赤道气流的扰动把能量转送到北半球季风区。     

变网格模式LMDZ对1998年夏季东亚季节内振荡的模拟

本文利用法国国家科研中心(CNRS)动力气象实验室(LMD)发展的变网格大气环流模式LMDZ4,对1998年夏季东亚季节内振荡(IS())现象进行了模拟研究.分析表明,该模式能准确模拟出1998年夏季东亚地区ISO的准周期信号,并能较好地再现30～60天振荡经向上北传、纬向上西传的传播特征,对ISO动能强度的模拟在低纬...     

Diagnostic Study of Global Energy Cycle of the GRAPES Global Model in the Mixed Space-Time Domain

Some important diagnostic characteristics for a model’s physical background are reflected in the model’s energy transport, conversion, and cycle. Diagnosing the atmospheric energy cycle is a suitable way towards understanding and improving numerical models. In this study, formulations of the “Mixed Space-Time Domain”energy cycle are calculated and the roles of stationary and transient waves within the atmospheric energy cycle of the Global-Regional Assimilation and Prediction System （GRAPES） model are diagnosed and compared with the NCEP analysis data for July 2011. Contributions of the zonal-mean components of the energy cycle are investigated to explain the performance of numerical models. The results show that the GRAPES model has the capability to reproduce the main features of the global energy cycle as compared with the NCEP analysis. Zonal available potential energy （AZ） is converted into stationary eddy available potential energy （ASE） and transient eddy available potential energy （ATE）, and ASE and ATE have similar values. The nonlinear conversion between the two eddy energy terms is directed from the stationary to the transient. AZ becomes larger with increased forecast lead time, reflecting an enhancement of the meridional temperature gradient, which strengthens the zonal baroclinic processes and makes the conversion from AZ to eddy potential energy larger, especially for CAT （conversion from AZ to ATE）. The zonal kinetic energy （KZ） has a similar value to the sum of the stationary and transient eddy kinetic energy. Barotropic conversions are directed from eddy to zonal kinetic energy. The zonal conversion from AZ to KZ in GRAPES is around 1.5 times larger than in the NCEP analysis. The contributions of zonal energy cycle components show that transient eddy kinetic energy （KTE） is associated with the Southern Hemisphere subtropical jet and the conversion from KZ to KTE reduces in the upper tropopause near 30？S. The nonlinear barotropic conversion between stationary     

正压模式中大地形作用下的低频波

利用包含大地形和常数纬向基本气流的正压模式方程组,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明：起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度,地形最大高度的作用主要是使Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波的稳定性决定作用。同时,适当地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。     

THE INFLUENCE OF EDDY VISCOSITY ON THE SUBTROPICAL PLANETARY-SCALE CIRCULATION IN SUMMER

The influence of eddy viscosity on the distribution of subtropical quasi-stationary planetary waves in summeris analysed theoretically.It is found that since the basic flow is very weak,the eddy viscosity may play an impor-tant role for the subtropical planetary-scale motion in summer.A linear,quasi-geostrophic,34-level spherical coordinate model is also utilized to calculate the differencesof quasi-stationary planetary waves and of quasi-stationary disturbance pattern responding to forcing bytopography and heat sources under the different eddy viscosities.The computed results show that thecoefficient of eddy viscosity considerably influences the strength of the subtropical planetary-scale circulationin summer.     

Comparative energetics analysis of CCM2 with different horizontal resolutions

 Comprehensive global energetics analysis is carried out for the NCAR CCM2 with different horizontal resolutions of R15, T42, T63, and T106 to assess the effect of various model truncations on the global energetics characteristics in climate models. Both the energy levels and energy transformations are examined over the zonal wave number domain during a northern winter and summer. In addition to the simulated atmosphere, the ECMWF global analysis during 1986 to 1990 is analyzed for comparison using the same diagnostic scheme. Previous studies have revealed that zonal kinetic energy is supplied by synoptic disturbances in terms of the zonal-wave interactions of kinetic energy. According to our result, however, such an energy flow from eddies to zonal motions is valid only for zonal wave numbers up to about 30. We find that the zonal-wave interactions of kinetic energy change sign beyond wave number 30 where the energy is transformed from zonal to eddies for both the ECMWF and CCM2-T106. The large-scale zonal motions are diffusive against the short waves beyond wave number 30, which may well be parameterized by various forms of the diffusion schemes. We suggest from this result that the atmospheric disturbances with wave numbers lower than 30 are necessary to represent accurately the two-way interactions between zonal and eddy motions, because these waves can actively influence the behavior of the zonal motions. Based on this finding, we suggest that the model resolution of R15 is inadequate for climate studies from the energetics point of view, and that resolution of T42 is the minimum requirement to represent the general circulation adequately. Some other discrepancies are discussed in detail for the coarse resolution climate models. Received: 15 July 1996/Accepted: 3 January 1997     

正压准地转模式中大地形作用下的低频波

利用包含大地形和常速纬向基本气流的正压准地转位涡度方程,研究了大地形对低频波激发的作用,结果表明,起作用的地形因子主要是地形的最大高度和地形坡度。地形最大高度的作用主要是使Rossby波趋向低频,而地形坡度的作用主要是对Rossby波的稳定性起决定作用,同时适当的地形坡度也可导致低频波的形成。而常速纬向基流在总体上的作用是使波动变得趋向低频,且西风基流更有利于低频（30～60天）波的形成。从纬向波数上看,纬向3波以上的波动更容易出现低频（30～60天）。     

THE EFFECTS OF THE PLATEAU'S TOPOGRAPHIC GRADIENT ON ROSSBY WAVES AND ITS NUMERICAL SIMULATION

By using barotropic model equations, this article analyzed the characteristics of Rossby waves, the propagation features of wave energy and the influence of dynamic and thermal effects of the Tibetan Plateau on Rossby waves, and the focus is on discussing the plateau's topographic gradient effects on atmospheric Rossby waves. Then based on the WRF3.2 and the NCEP/NCAR FNL reanalysis data, we devised comparative tests of changing the plateau's topographic gradient and simulated a process of persistent heavy rain that happened in May 2010 in South China. The results are shown as follows. The Tibetan Plateau’s topography is conducive to the formation of atmospheric Rossby waves. while the plateau's terrain, its friction and heating effects can all make the atmospheric Rossby waves develop into the planetary waves; The effects of plateau's north and south slopes on the Rossby wave’ phase velocity is opposite, and when the slope reached a certain value can the quasi-steady normal fluctuations be generated; Simultaneously, due to the plateau's topographic gradient, descending motion appears at the west side of the plateau while ascending motion appears at the east side, and the vertical movement increased with the amplification of topographic gradients. The plateau's topographic gradient also obviously amplified the precipitation in South China, and the rainfall area increased with the amplification of topographic gradients and gradually moved from south to north and from west to east, which is conducive to the occurrence and development of convective activities in the downstream areas of the Tibetan Plateau; Moreover, for the plateau’s dynamic and thermal effects, the Rossby wave’ propagation shows upstream effects of energy dispersion, so the plateau can then affect the weather in downstream areas. Moreover, the wave group velocity increased with the degree of topographic slope.     

东西风廓线特征与大气运动平衡态定常波的相关关系及共振条件的研究

本文采用简化数学模型探讨了东、西风廓线特征与外源强迫下大气环流平衡态定常波结构的相关关系。文中采用实际观测资料研究了西风廓线特征与大气环流型季节特征之间的联系。研究表明,西风廓线冬、夏季节差异与中、高纬度西风槽“冬三夏四”波数差气候特征有关,且低纬强东风切变可作为赤道东风波周期振荡成因之一。冬夏西风廓线季节特征可导致大地形强迫效应、海陆加热因子影响作用的显著季节差异。研究还揭示了大气环流型优势波转换的基流特征影响效应,并导出了流场与纬向加热强迫源共振状态的西风廓线特征函数与临界曲线。     

纬圈平均大气运动特征的振动

本文考虑高度非线性的大气中期运动是一种准涡旋运动,引用了准涡旋观点和方法来处理二维无辐散和三维运动方程,即在开始时保留涡旋项,而在对方程进行纬圈平均后,去掉一些涡旋项,得到了某些大气运动特征如西风指数、纬向动量和涡度的经向输送的纬圈平均值等的变化或摆动的振动方程,并求出谐波解。振动周期决定于经向动能二倍的纬圈平均值的平方根(v~2)~(1/2)。基本周期约二十天左右。 所得结果可能对极端复杂的大气运动总有出现中期振动的趋势和精致设计的圆盘模拟实验出现摆动的事实,提供某种程度的动力学解释,同时也可能对中期预报的实践提供一些依据。 本文的主要科学目的,是想指出对极端复杂的大气中期过程还是可能用线性理论来研究其某些特征的。     

GOALS模式中大气能量循环的诊断分析与不同版本计算结果的比较研究

利用大气能量循环框图,对比分析中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室(LASG/IAP)全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式(GOALS)两个版本(GOALS-2和GOALS-4),以及观测的全球平均大气能量循环的主要特征,并从能量循环贮蓄和转换项的纬向平均贡献去解释全球积分值改善和转坏的原因,以及诊断分析参数化方案变化后产生的影响.结果表明:模式的两个版本基本上能正确地模拟出全球能量循环的主要特征.旧版本GOALS-2能较好模拟全球积分值,常常是不同符号局地误差的相互抵消结果.新版本GOALS-4中某种局地过程的改善在一些情况下导致了全球积分值的转坏.引入辐射日变化参数化方案可能对能量循环各参数的局地贡献有着明显的影响.如纬向平均有效位能向瞬变涡动有效位能的斜压转换率、瞬变涡动有效位能向瞬变涡动动能的斜压转换率以及定常涡动动能的局地贡献有明显改善.南极地区不合实际的上升运动,是模拟的纬向平均有效位能与纬向平均动能之间的转换项全球积分值为负数的主要原因.     

Maintenance and oscillation mechanisms of summer tropical upper-tropospheric easterlies

The mechanisms of the maintenance and oscillation of 1982 summer tropical 200-hPa mean easterly flow and extra-long waves are investigated in terms of the energy equations in wavenumber-frequency space. Calculation results show that the difference in heating between land and sea and the boundary effect serve as the main source of energy; frictional dissipation as the sink; the conversion of available potential energy into kinetic takes place dominantly in the waves of number 1–2 such transformation is accomplished in just a small amount in zonal mean flow and therefore can be ignored because of the value. In the interaction between wave and zonal mean flow, the latter loses its available potential and gains kinetic energy. The tropical easterly belt over 20°N-5°S is found barotropically stable and that over 10°-5°S, unstable. The waves of number 2 and 1 manifest themselves a primary source and sink of kinetic energy, respectively, in the interplay between waves and between zonal mean flow and wave. It is found that zonal mean flow and the waves of number 1-2 have a roughly 40-and 20-day oscillational period of kinetic energy, respectively, whose primary mechanism is the transfer of barotropic energy, the conversion of baroclinic energy, and the boundary effect.     

Low—frequency waves forced by large—scale topography in the barotropic model

A barotropic model containing large-scale topography and zonal mean flow is established to discuss the effects of large-scale topography on the low-frequency waves. The results show that what affects low-frequency waves mostly is maximal height of topography and topographic slope. The former makes frequency of topographic Rossby waves decrease, the latter makes Rossby waves instable. Moreover, when topographic slope is appropriate, it can also make Rossby waves turn into low-frequency waves.     

冷暖事件对大气能量循环和纬向平均环流影响的模拟研究

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学与地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室新发展的GOALS 5全球海 陆 气耦合模式研究了暖事件 (ElNi no)和冷事件 (LaNina)对大气能量循环和纬向平均环流的影响 ,并用观测资料进行了对比分析。结果表明 :对于纬向平均资料来说 ,冷、暖事件在热带和副热带地区的大气环流相关量的反相变化特征非常清晰 ,中高纬度地区并不明显。此外 ,还发现 ,暖事件时定常涡动的经向热通量的变化是北半球对流层热带外地区温度异常的主要原因 ,而瞬变波的影响则起抵消作用。冷事件时定常波和瞬变波相互抵消的局地特征也依然存在 ,但瞬变波的影响有所增强。     

定常条件下感热和地形影响的Rossby波

通过在非绝热准地转线性模式中引入波动形式解,并确定适当的定解条件,用正交模方法求得了感热波的波动解。结果表明由于感热加热集中于近地层附近,其波动解具有与山脉波类似的波动垂直结构,波动等位相线随高度向西倾斜,波动能量向上传播。对NCEP/NCAR资料的分析验证了理论推导结果的合理性。大尺度大气定常波随纬度和季节有明显变化。热带地区定常波主要受潜热加热影响,副热带地区大气波动常表现为地形、潜热和感热加热的综合效应,而中纬度地区大气定常波则主要由地形和感热加热决定。     

东亚高空纬向风的季节内振荡对登陆中国大陆热带气旋活动的影响

使用1979—2015年欧洲长期天气预报中心所提供的ERA-Interim再分析资料和中国气象局上海台风研究所整编的西北太平洋热带气旋（TC）最佳路径资料,分析了7—8月东亚高空纬向风的季节内振荡（ISO）信号特征及其与登陆中国大陆热带气旋（TC）的关系。结果表明:（1）200 hPa纬向风在副热带、中纬度地区季节内振荡显著,尤其是在纬向西风带中,有两个南北分布的大值中心,方差贡献均超过50%。（2）基于东亚高空纬向风的ISO和EOF典型空间模定义的西风指数(EAWI),可以用来描述东亚高空纬向西风在ISO尺度上的经向移动。（3）在西风指数的ISO负位相期间,登陆中国东南沿岸22 °N以北的TC增多;反之减少。在西风急流出口南侧的副热带区域,200 hPa ISO纬向风向北移动,使纬向西风位置偏北,出现东风异常,从而使西风减弱;TC引导气流为向西的异常,有利于TC登陆中国大陆偏北沿岸;同时有异常的ISO纬向异常东风切变,有利于TC登陆过程的维持。（4）在西风指数的ISO负位相期间,在对流层高层西风急流出口区向南输送的天气尺度的E矢量,在TC登陆地区,出现异常扰动涡度通量的辐合,引起了该区域的西风减弱。