非点源污染对太湖上游西苕溪流域水环境的影响

水资源短缺是全球性关注的问题,水质恶化更加剧了这一问题的严重性,定量研究水质变化及其影响凶素可为治理水环境提供基础依据．与实测数据及综合污染指数的对比表明,水质指数能够合理反映水质的变化程度和时空变化趋势．利用西苕溪流域1996-2000年水质监测数据的研究结果如下：西苕溪流域水质的空间变化趋势是自上游至下游逐渐恶化,时间变化的总体趋势是逐年转好;点污染源得到有效控制年份(1999年)的水质指数比以前年份(1996-1998年)有所提高但幅度不大,说明非点源污染是影响西苕溪流域水质的重要因素;流域水污染的主要形式是氮、磷污染,其主要非点源是农田、经济竹林和城镇径流及居民生活污水等．     

江苏新沂河河漫滩表面流人工湿地对污染河水的净化试验

通过对环太湖水文巡测资料水量统计方法比较入手,计算分析2000-2002年环太湖河流进出湖水量、水质、污染负荷量变化．结合太湖水质变化分析,得出自2000年后环太湖进出湖河流的水质污染恶化趋势总体得到初步遏制,湖州、苏州地区环太湖河流水质保持稳定并呈一定改善趋势,但无锡、常州地区的环太湖河流水质浓度仍呈升高趋势,尤其是常州地区入湖河流的TP、CODMn浓度升高较快．与此相对应,太湖水质在总体保持基本稳定中有所好转,水质总体恶化趋势已经得到初步控制,但位于西北部的竺山湖各项水质指标进一步恶化,明显劣于梅梁湖水质,应当引起当地有关部门重视,加大治理力度．环太湖河流的入湖和出湖污染负荷量总体呈现增加趋势,但从净入湖污染负荷量分析,CODMn呈波动性减少趋势,TP和TN呈增加趋势．     

Entropy principles in the prediction of water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations

A new methodology for predicting water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations is proposed. The method is based upon the Principle of Maximum Entropy (POME) and provides unbiased predictions of water quality levels at upstream tributaries and on the mainstem of a river given observed changes in the distribution of the same water quality parameter at a downstream location. Changes in the values of water quality parameters which are known a priori to have occurred upstream, but which are not sufficiently large to account for all the observed change in the same water quality parameter at the downstream location are able to be incorporated in the method through the introduction of a new term in the basic entropy expression. Application of the procedure to water quality monitoring on the Mackenzie River in Queensland, Australia indicates the method has considerable potential for prediction of water quality at discontinued stations. The method also has potential for identifying the location of causes of observed changes in water quality at a downstream station.     

山东南四湖上级湖水质变化评价(2008-2014年)及成因分析

基于南四湖上级湖6个监测点2008-2014年42个奇数月份的水质资料,选取溶解氧、化学需氧量(COD)、高锰酸盐指数(COD_Mn)、五日生化需氧量(BOD₅)、氨氮、总磷和氟化物作为水质评价的指标.对水质指标的归一化方法进行了改进,采用主成分分析法对6个监测点的水质综合状况进行评价,根据得出的各月综合得分序列分析水质变化趋势.与2000-2007年南四湖上级湖的水质综合状况进行比较,2008-2014年水质明显变好.评价结果表明,同一监测点的水质在不同时间点上有明显变化,同一时间序列不同监测点的水质状况也有不同变化.此外,分析得出南四湖上级湖的主要水质影响指标为COD、COD_Mn和BOD₅.结合评价结果,分析水质变化原因,入湖河流水质状况和湖区底泥是其重要影响因素.     

Water physicochemistry and benthic macroinvertebrate communities in a tropical reservoir: The role of water level fluctuations and water depth

Water level fluctuations due to reservoir operations often cause spatial and temporal differences in water chemistry, which in turn can have considerable biological effects. Nonetheless, few studies have investigated the effects of fluctuating water levels on water quality and benthic macroinvertebrates in reservoirs in tropical countries, and none in the Philippine archipelago. We investigated the littoral zone of a Philippine reservoir subject to strong water level fluctuations and determined whether (i) water quality and macroinvertebrate community health is reduced when water levels are low, (ii) water quality declines with increasing water depth regardless of the overall water level, and (iii) water quality and community health decrease more strongly with water depth during low water level periods. Our study included five sites and four depths at each site, with three collections each during high and low water levels. Low water levels may have negatively affected four water quality and 10 biological metrics, whereas depth may have negatively affected two water quality and five biological metrics. Significant overall water levels by depth interactions were detected for four common taxa but none for water physicochemistry. Our findings show that tropical reservoirs may experience reduced water quality at low water levels, which can affect their biodiversity and potentially their ecological functioning.     

不同典型年“引江济巢”工程对巢湖水质的影响

“引江济巢”作为引江济淮的起始段工程,承担着改善巢湖水质的重要任务,调水路线的选取对水质改善效果有关键影响.本文基于MIKE21模型构建了巢湖水动力水质模型,分别模拟了丰水年、平水年和枯水年情景下巢湖流场和总氮、总磷浓度时空分布特征,以及不同调水路线在各典型年对巢湖水质的影响.结果显示巢湖流场和水质分布有明显的空间差异性,受入湖负荷和流量影响,巢湖在丰水年水质较差,整体来说东湖区水质优于西湖区.相比其他年份,丰水年调水对湖区水质的改善作用最明显;不同调水路线中,自白石天河入流相较兆河入流对巢湖,尤其是西湖区水质改善明显.     

Entropy principles in the prediction of water quality values at discontinued monitoring stations

A new methodology for predicting water quality values at discontinued water quality monitoring stations is proposed. The method is based upon the Principle of Maximum Entropy (POME) and provides unbiased predictions of water quality levels at upstream tributaries and on the mainstem of a river given observed changes in the distribution of the same water quality parameter at a downstream location. Changes in the values of water quality parameters which are known a priori to have occurred upstream, but which are not sufficiently large to account for all the observed change in the same water quality parameter at the downstream location are able to be incorporated in the method through the introduction of a new term in the basic entropy expression. Application of the procedure to water quality monitoring on the Mackenzie River in Queensland, Australia indicates the method has considerable potential for prediction of water quality at discontinued stations. The method also has potential for identifying the location of causes of observed changes in water quality at a downstream station.     

滆湖氮、磷平衡研究

通过１９９２￣１９９３年千岛湖水质、底质、生物和污染源调查,对其水环境质量和污染物输入作了综合评价。结果表明,千岛湖水质状况良好;但局部水域水质污染逐年加重,湖泊已属中营养状态。非点源输入量占入湖污染总量的９５％,其中５０％来自上游安徽来水。建立了对流扩散模型并进行水质预测,提出了千岛湖水环境保护对策。     

太湖流域典型滨湖河网水动力与水质时空异质性

基于中国太湖梅梁湾东部的无锡市滨湖区河网29个监测点在丰水期、平水期和枯水期的流速和水质监测数据,将河网分为梁溪河、曹王泾、骂蠡港、城市河网南区以及城市河网北区5个区域,对流速和典型水质指标的时空异质性进行分析,结合主成分分析和相关性分析,得到各区域水动力与水质现状及其成因.结果显示:梁溪河和曹王泾的水质条件和水动力条件较好,多数水质因子与流速表现出了强相关性;骂蠡港的水质和流速区域变化明显,表现弱相关性;城市河网北区和南区的流速较缓,河道污染负荷较大,流速与水质因子之间的相关性较低.通过在滨湖河网开展流速和水质的野外监测,分析流速对于河网水环境的实际效果,验证不同水质指标与流速之间的响应关系,为滨湖河网区水质保护和科学的水污染治理技术提供基础支撑.     

Long-term Trends and Temporal Heterogeneity of Water Quality in Tidally Mixed Estuarine Waters

Dynamics of water quality in the Keonggi Bay, a shallow macrotidal temperate estuary of Yellow Sea, Korea were identified using the major water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The study area during the last 18 years was in eutrophic and mesotrophic water in terms of the nutrient eutrophication index even with a slight decrease in DIN and COD concentrations during recent years. Monthly values of nitrate and ammonia significantly correlated with SS and salinity, respectively, indicating that re-suspension of sediment by vertical mixing and freshwater input are critical factors of monthly fluctuation in water quality. The lack of significant autocorrelation in water quality parameters suggested a significant tidal effect on temporal water quality fluctuation in the tidally mixed estuarine system. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed a clear pattern of long-term trends of water quality. The early 1980s were the periods of best water quality, with worst conditions during the late 1980s and early 1990s. These long-term trends of water quality were well discriminated by PCA which can be further applied for the whole ecosystem interpretation with biological variables.     

黄河流域多时空尺度土地利用与水质的关系

为探究不同时空尺度土地利用与水质的相互关系,以黄河流域为研究对象,基于2018年河流水质与土地利用数据,提取3种空间尺度(1000 m河段缓冲区、500 m河岸带缓冲区、子流域)的景观格局指数,结合4个季节河流水质指标,采用冗余分析方法定量探讨土地利用对河流水质的多时空尺度影响,获得水质资源管理最有效的时空尺度.结果表明:(1)在3种空间尺度下,耕地和草地占比最大.斑块密度(PD)在1000 m河段缓冲区尺度下更大,香农多样性指数(SHDI)在3种空间尺度下变化不大;(2)水质指标季节性和空间性存在显著差异,夏季水质优于冬季;(3)土地利用在夏季和1000 m河段缓冲区尺度下对水质影响最显著;(4)不同景观格局指数对河流水质产生的影响不同,耕地面积占比和林地面积占比、未利用地面积占比和SHDI对水质影响最为显著,除了耕地面积占比和PD值的增加会导致水质下降外,其余土地利用指数在大多数时空尺度下均可改善水质.该研究基于不同的时空尺度对土地利用与水质的关系进行定量研究,为合理规划土地资源提供参考,从而保护流域水质安全.     

热分层对水库水质的季节性影响——以西安黑河水库为例

深水水库作为城市的重要供水水源,通常由于热量在垂向水体上的不均匀分配形成热分层.热分层会阻碍垂向上水体交换引发水质分层现象,在冬季水库发生“翻库”之后,水体混合导致水库的整体水质下降.结合热分层指数可以客观、直接地表达水库热分层的稳定程度.综合水库的气温、水体更新率和水质参数(溶解氧、pH、总磷、氨氮)的年度变化,对陕西黑河水库2008-2010年的热分层状况进行研究.研究表明:水库的热分层形成会直接恶化底部水质尤其会加速底部水体中溶解氧的消耗;热分层的年度变化主要受气温控制,但在特定时期较大的水体更新率可以在一定程度上弱化水体热分层,减缓底部水质恶化.该结果可使水库管理者在水库分层最稳定、水质恶化最严重时期以人工调节水体更新率的方式弱化热分层,为保证水质安全提供参考.     

基于“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的河流水质变异与等级特征值分析方法

时空特征分析对全面掌握水质变异规律具有重要意义,但现有的水质时空特征分析方法仍存在水质变异次序不分、水质变幅极值不清、水质评价特征值不明等不足。为更加清晰地探析水质时空特征信息,以秦淮河为研究对象,参考工程水文学经验频率法,建立“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线用于探索流域内高/低活动区不同时间段和丰/枯水期不同河段水质变异特征,并与传统的箱线图法进行对比。结果表明:与箱线图相比,“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线可量化关键水质评判点与特征值信息,使水质时空变异过程更为清晰。在时间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为线性曲线,水质浓度一般不会发生突变;在空间上“水文频率-水质”拟合曲线的最佳形式为指数曲线,水质浓度有较大可能发生突增。各时间段高活动区氮磷浓度大于低活动区,各水体断面丰水期氮磷浓度低于枯水期。该方法分析过程简单方便,结果直观有序,能将水质信息以统计规律自动反映出来,在水质采样点、采样时间和采样频率典型时可作为优选方法用于河流水质时空特征研究。     

甘肃省地下流体观测资料用于环境保护的初步研究

利用甘肃省地下流体地震观测台网多年积累的观测数据，对各测点的水质与国家水质标准进行对比分析并对某些项目做了一定的动态分析．结果表明，２０多年来区内各泉点水质变化较稳定，除少数泉点外，多数泉点的部分水质超出国家饮用水标准，这是水体本身水质成份引起的，并非是环境污染所致．     

1990年以来北京密云水库主要水环境因子时空分布特征

根据19902011年密云水库共12个监测点的月监测资料,采用聚类分析研究各监测点水环境相似性及空间分布特征,采用因子分析识别影响水质的主要因子并评价各采样点的综合水质.通过绝对主成分多元回归分析,获得汛期和非汛期各因子对各水质指标的贡献率.利用季节性Kendall检验及流量调节检验对密云水库库区水化学特征和水质状况时空分布特征进行了研究.结果表明：汛期水质主要受到农业营养物质的影响,其次为生物化学因素和有机物的影响.非汛期水质主要受到农牧业排放因素的影响,其次为人类活动和生物化学因素的影响.因子得分综合评价显示,汛期辛庄桥、内湖和大关桥综合水质较差,潮河、库西和白河综合水质较好.非汛期辛庄桥、石佛桥和大关桥综合水质较差,库东、套里和恒河综合水质较好.主要水质指标的年际变化规律不同,但最终都趋于平稳.与潮河、白河入库水质变化相比,库区水质变化趋势较小,上游入库水质和库区水质都整体趋好.除白河入库的总氮和总磷外,其他监测指标的变化趋势经流量调节前后基本一致,表明流量并不是引起水质趋势变化的主要因素,水质的变化主要是由于污染源变化而引起.     

洞庭湖湖区水质时空演化(1983-2004年)

根据洞庭湖湖区的1983-2004年的水质监测数据,参照GB3838-2002中Ⅲ类水质标准,运用内梅罗水污染指数法进行水质评价,分析了洞庭湖湖区22年来的水质时空变化.结果表明:洞庭湖湖区水质污染在时间上呈有升有降的波动变化.洞庭湖湖区丰水期和洪水期的水质较差,但是从2002年以后,丰水期的水质逐渐好于平水期.污染空间变化表现为入湖河道的污染程度高于湖体,湖体污染呈西洞庭湖的污染较为严重,南洞庭湖其次,东洞庭湖的水质仍较好的格局.     

Comparative study of fuzzy evidential reasoning and fuzzy rule-based approaches: an illustration for water quality assessment in distribution networks

This paper presents the use of two multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) frameworks based on hierarchical fuzzy inference engines for the purpose of assessing drinking water quality in distribution networks. Incommensurable and uncertain water quality parameters (WQPs) at various sampling locations of the water distribution network (WDN) are monitored. Two classes of WQPs including microbial and physicochemical parameters are considered. Partial, incomplete and subjective information on WQPs introduce uncertainty to the water quality assessment process. Likewise, conflicting WQPs result in a partially reliable assessment of the quality associated with drinking water. The proposed methodology is based on two hierarchical inference engines tuned using historical data on WQPs in the WDN and expert knowledge. Each inference engine acts as a decision-making agent specialized in assessing one aspect of quality associated with drinking water. The MCDM frameworks were developed to assess the microbial and physicochemical aspects of water quality assessment. The MCDM frameworks are based on either fuzzy evidential or fuzzy rule-based inference. Both frameworks can interpret and communicate the relative quality associated with drinking water, while the second is superior in capturing the nonlinear relationships between the WQPs and estimated water quality. More comprehensive rules will have to be generated prior to reliable water quality assessment in real-case situations. The examples presented here serve to demonstrate the proposed frameworks. Both frameworks were tested through historical data available for a WDN, and a comparison was made based on their performance in assessing levels of water quality at various sampling locations of the network.     

Ecological water quality analysis of the Guayas river basin (Ecuador) based on macroinvertebrates indices

The Guayas river basin is one of the major watersheds in Ecuador, where increasing human activities are affecting water quality and related ecosystem services. The aims of this study were (1) to assess the ecological water quality based on macroinvertebrate indices and (2) to determine the major environmental variables affecting these macroinvertebrate indices. To do so, we performed an integrated water quality assessment at 120 locations within the river basin. Biological and physical–chemical data were collected to analyze the water quality. Two biotic indices were calculated to assess the water quality with an ecological approach: the Biological Monitoring Working Party Colombia (BMWP-Col) and the Neotropical Low-land Stream Multimetric Index (NLSMI). Both the BMWP-Col and NLSMI indicated good water quality at the (upstream) forested locations, lower water quality for sites situated at arable land and bad water quality at residential areas. Both indices gave relevant assessment outcomes and can be considered valuable for supporting the local water management. A correspondence analysis (CA) applied on both indices suggested that flow velocity, chlorophyll concentration, conductivity, land use, sludge layer and sediment type were the major environmental variables determining the ecological water quality. We also suggested that nutrient and pesticide measurements are important to study water quality in the area where intensive agriculture activities take place. The nutrient levels detected in agricultural areas were relatively low and illustrated that the types of crops and the current cultivation methods were not leading to eutrophication. The applied methods and results of this study can be used to support the future water management of the Guayas river basin and similar basins situated in the tropics.     

A bioindicator system for water quality on inshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef

Responses of bioindicator candidates for water quality were quantified in two studies on inshore coral reefs of the Great Barrier Reef (GBR). In Study 1, 33 of the 38 investigated candidate indicators (including coral physiology, benthos composition, coral recruitment, macrobioeroder densities and FORAM index) showed significant relationships with a composite index of 13 water quality variables. These relationships were confirmed in Study 2 along four other water quality gradients (turbidity and chlorophyll). Changes in water quality led to multi-faceted shifts from phototrophic to heterotrophic benthic communities, and from diverse coral dominated communities to low-diversity communities dominated by macroalgae. Turbidity was the best predictor of biota; hence turbidity measurements remain essential to directly monitor water quality on the GBR, potentially complemented by our final calibrated 12 bioindicators. In combination, this bioindicator system may be used to assess changes in water quality, especially where direct water quality data are unavailable.     

博斯腾湖水质现状(2010-2011年)及近50年来演变趋势

博斯腾湖(简称博湖)6个采样点周年(2010年6月-2011年6月)水质调查分析表明,博湖水质空间差异明显,但不同样点水质月变化无一致趋势.大湖区西北角水域水质最差;开都河入湖处水质月变化幅度大,水质相对较好;中东部水域水质处于中间水平.小湖区喇嘛湖水质最好,介于Ⅰ-Ⅲ级之间;北闸附近的湖沼湿地,水质差,多为Ⅴ类和劣Ⅴ...