热带大气季节内振荡的进一步分析

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料对热带大气季节内振荡作了进一步分析研究,表明热带大气季节内振荡既有Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波型扰动,也有Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波型扰动;影响热带大气季节内振荡移动的主要因素有扰动波型和积云对流活动的异常;伴随ＥｌＮｉｎｏ事件的发生,热带大气季节内振荡的动能急剧减小,而准定常扰动动能急剧增大,既反映了热带大气季节内振荡对ＥｌＮｉｎｏ的激发作用,也说明了在ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间热带大气季节内振荡偏弱的原因。     

10──20天准双周振荡的经向传播及地理特征

本文采用ＥＣＭＷＦ１９８３年７月１日至９月１２日逐日２００ｈＰａ纬向风场资料，用复经验正交方法讨论了１０－２０天低频振荡的经向传播及地理特征。结果表明：（１）１０－－２天振荡有三个显著区域：贝加尔湖附近地区；赤道９０°Ｅ附近以及新加坡、马来西亚地区；８０－１００°Ｅ，２２－３２°Ｎ之间。（２）源于较高纬度地区的振荡与源于赤道附近地区的振荡在１０５°Ｅ，１７—２３°Ｎ附近同位相相遇，在９０°Ｅ，２０°Ｎ附近反位相相叠加，振荡相互削弱，在２５°Ｎ附近同位相相遇。（３）从振荡位相来看，中南半岛东南部、马来西亚北部、菲律宾以西区域的振荡向北传播到中国东南沿海，向西传播到孟加拉湾印度半岛；２０°Ｎ以南低纬度地区的振荡很少能传播到８０°Ｅ以东３０°Ｎ附近地区；位于９０－９５°Ｅ，２５－２７°Ｎ之间的振荡以及贝加尔湖附近地区的振荡可以向南北两个方向传播。     

热带大气季节内振荡激发El Nino的机制

资料分析了表明,热带大气季节内振荡同Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ发生有密切的关系。在Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ事件发生之前,热带大气（尤其是赤道西太平洋地区）季节内振荡异常加强;伴随着Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ的发生,热带大气季节内振荡动能明显增加。简单海－气耦合模式的分析表明,只有在年陵时间尺度大气外强迫作用下,海－气系统才可以产生类似ＥＮＳＯ模的耦合波。资料和理论模式分析和结果相结合,说明热带大气季节内振荡激发Ｅｌ Ｎｉｎｏ的机制     

El Niño－La Niña循环的海－气耦合机制研究

利用１９５０—１９８７年２°×２°格点综合海－气资料（ＣＯＡＤＳ），计算了赤道太平洋洋面（５°Ｓ—３°Ｎ）上逐月平均海温、气压、纬向风、比湿、云以及热量收支各分量的平均值和距平值，分析这些量的演变特征，得出：ＥｌＮｉｎｏ过程中，赤道太平洋洋面上气压梯度减小，东风减弱；赤道中、东太平洋洋面上空气中水汽和云量增加，洋面射入太阳辐射和有效长波辐射减少，感热和潜热交换加强，洋面净获得（损失）热量减少（增加）；ＬａＮｉｎａ过程中，情形相反。最后概括了ＥｌＮｉｎｏ－ＬａＮｉｎａ循环的两种海－气耦合反馈机制。     

对流层大气环流的甚低频振荡

对１９５１—１９９２共４２ａ５００ｈＰａ北半球高度场的月平均资料进行了纬圈谐波分析，计算了３５°Ｎ与５５°Ｎ超长波振幅及位相，以及３５—５５°Ｎ北半球月平均纬向风距平百分比。对超长波振幅及纬向风距平百分比做了小波转换。结果表明，对流层大气环流变化中存在３种准周期性的甚低频振荡：１．年代际的振荡；２．准２ａ周期振荡（ＱＢＯ）；３．半年韵律。同时发现对流层ＱＢＯ和平流层赤道纬向风ＱＢＯ之间可能没有联系。     

中高纬度垂直环流的低频振荡与华北地区夏季干旱初探

用国家气象中心１９９２年６月１０日至７月２３日Ｔ４２中期数值预报模式格点资料，分析了中高纬度夏季垂直环流的低频振荡。发现中高纬度纬向垂直环流与热带纬向环流不同存在着２０－４０天的局地低频振荡，在热带季风中断时，３５－４５°Ｎ范围内中高纬度纬向垂直环流主要表现为１２０°Ｅ附近区域内下沉气流加强。初步探讨了中高纬度地区经圈环流的低频振荡，所选范围为１００－１２０°Ｅ平均低频经向环流，热带季风中断时，下沉气流在３０－４０°Ｎ区域内加强。通过对中高纬度地区垂直环而的低频振荡的分析，探讨了中高纬度地区垂直环流的低频振荡与华北地区夏季干旱的可能联系。由于热带季风中断时，主要降雨带位于我国江淮一带，此时垂直环流表现为在对流层低层２８°Ｎ左右范围内为上升运动区，在３５－４５°Ｎ区域附近内下沉气流加强，即我国华北地区上空盛行下沉气流，对应于该地区干旱、少雨。     

热带准两年振荡影响北半球冬季大气环流的诊断分析

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,首先讨论了热带纬向风准两年振荡(QBO)的东、西风位相的划分标准.结果发现,赤道50 hPa的风与西风深厚度关系最密切,即赤道50 hPa的纬向平均风为西(东)风时往往代表平流层下层为一层深厚的西(东)风.在此基础上诊断分析了1958/1959～1997/1998年共40个冬季中热带纬向风QBO对北半球中高纬度地区纬向平均环流和准定常行星波传播的影响.诊断分析表明,热带QBO对北半球冬季大气环流的影响主要表现在平流层和对流层上层.热带QBO的东风位相年与西风位相年相比,中高纬地区的绕极西风环流明显减弱,中低纬地区则出现相反变化,从而在平流层的纬向平均环流分布上呈现偶极子形式.纬向平均流的这种年际变化可以很好地用中高纬度准定常行星波传播的异常加以解释,QBO的东风位相年和西风位相年相比,中高纬准定常行星波向极地的传播更强,从而在高纬度平流层产生异常的E-P通量辐合,波-流相互作用的结果使得西风减弱.但是热带纬向风QBO的影响在1958/1959～1997/1998年的前后20年有所差异.后20年相对于前20年而言,东西风位相的差异有所减小,Hol-ton-Tan振荡明显减弱;就行星波传播而言,东风位相年下,前20年行星波向上传播较弱,而后20年则以大约70°N为分界点,以南向上传播较强,以北向上传播较弱.这种差异可能跟中高纬度纬向西风的自身变化有关.     

春运期大气15—25天振荡的传播与江苏连阴雨（雪）过程

本文对６年春运期江苏附近几个经圈和纬圈８５０ｈＰａ温度格点序列, 分别计算１５－２５天带通滤波。结果表明１１０°Ｅ和３５°Ｎ剖面的低频波与江苏连阴 雨（雪）天气过程有较好的对应关系。     

青藏高原地气系统辐射收支变化特征及其与气候变化的关系

利用ＥＲＢＥ资料分的了１９８５～１９８８年期间青藏高原地气系统辐射收支的分布特征与几次重大天气气候事件的关系,结果表明,ＥｌＮｉｎｏ期间,高原东南部地区（Ⅲ区即９０°Ｅ以东,３５°Ｎ以南）加热场强度比高原西部地区（Ｉ区即９０°Ｅ以西）及高原东北部地区（Ⅱ区即９０°Ｅ以东,３５°Ｎ以北）要大,ＬａＮｉｎａ期间,高原Ｉ区的热源强度比Ⅱ,Ⅲ区大,高原热源强度大,西南季风弱,反之,西南季风强。     

1991—1992年ENSO事件的特征

根据美国国家海洋大气局气候分析中心（ＣＡＣ）和中国气象局气候监测公报所提供的海－气资料，综合分析了１９９１－１９９２年ＥＮＳＯ事件的形成、发展过程。这次ＥＮＳＯ事件的主要特点是：①在ＥＮＳＯ事件爆发前一年内热带太平洋海气特性频频呈现异常，暖水堆积在赤道中太平洋（５°Ｎ－５°Ｓ，１６０°Ｅ－１６０°Ｗ）约１２个月，然后自西向东传输，爆发１９９１－１９９２年ＥＮＳＯ事件。②对ＥＮＳＯ事件作出响应的西太     

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE SEA BREEZE OVER SOUTHWESTERN BOHAI GULF

In this paper,a simulation study is made on the sea breeze process over southwestern Bohai Gulf byuse of the Pielke mesoscale meteorological model.The simulated results show that when a south wind of 8m/s blows over the top of the model,a strong wind zone of 15—25 km wide with a maximum speed more than14 m/s,which is close and nearly parallel to the south shore,will appear at 160 m above the sea surface.When a strong sea breeze penetrates inland,there often appears a thermal internal boundary layer(TIBL)near shore.The inversion above the TIBL can damp the vertical dispersion of atmospheric pollution.Besides,it is also found that,for a three-dimensional sea/land breeze circulation,if the divergence centre inthe return flow departs vertically far from the correspondent convergence centre in the sea breeze,a centre ofstrong descending movement will be formed at the middle and upper levels of the return flow.The resultsin this paper is also applicable to the Laizhou Bay.     

The effect of water surface temperature on lake breezes and thermal internal boundary layers

A two-dimensional prognostic numerical model has been used to study a lake breeze event reported by Keen and Lyons (1978). Model predictions showed fair to good agreement with the observations. For the mature lake breeze, the model predicted inflow at the coast within about 1.5 m s^–1 of the observed value, lake breeze depth within 50–90 m of the observed, and inland penetration within about 6 km of the observed. The top of the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) was associated with a minimum in the predicted turbulent kinetic energy profile. This may be of consequence for attempts to evaluate pollutant dispersion using numerical models.Predicted lake breeze characteristics showed little sensitivity to temperature of the water surface, except when the water surface temperature was increased to a value exceeding the inland maximum temperature. The most sensitive lake breeze characteristic was the TIBL, which grew more slowly with inland distance and persisted for a greater distance inland as the lake surface became colder.     

Characteristics of sea breeze front development with various synoptic conditions and its impact on lower troposphere ozone formation

To examine the correlation between the sizes of sea breeze fronts and pollutants under the influence of synoptic fields, a numerical simulation was conducted in the southeast coastal area of the Korean Peninsula, where relatively high concentrations of pollutants occur because of the presence of various kinds of industrial developments. Sea breeze and sea breeze front days during the period 2005-09 were identified using wind profiler data and, according to the results, the number of days were 72 and 53, respectively. When synoptic forcing was weak, sea breeze fronts moved fast both in horizontal fields and in terms of wind velocity, while in the case of strong synoptic forcing, sea breeze fronts remained at the coast or moved slowly due to strong opposing flows. In this case, the sea breeze front development function and horizontal potential temperature difference were larger than with weak synoptic forcing. The ozone concentration that moves together with sea breeze fronts was also formed along the frontal surfaces. Ozone advection and diffusion in the case of strong synoptic forcing was suppressed at the frontal surface and the concentration gradient was large. The vertical distribution of ozone was very low due to the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL) being low.     

Observation of lake breeze penetration and subsequent development of the thermal internal boundary layer for the Nanticoke II Shoreline Diffusion Experiment

The turbulent structure of the lake breeze penetration and subsequent development of the thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) was observed using a kytoon-mounted ultrasonic anemometer-thermometer. The lake breeze penetrated with an upward rolling motion associated with the upward flow near the lake breeze front. After the lake breeze front passed, the behaviors of the velocity and temperature at the top of the lake breeze layer were similar to those found in convective boundary layers (CBL). Comparing _gq/_*, _u /w _* and _w /w _* between the present observation of TIBL development after the passage of the lake breeze front and CBL data from the literature, the /_* values showed reasonable agreement; however, _u /w _* and _w /W_* had smaller values in the TIBL than in the CBL at higher altitudes. This is due to the differences in the mean velocity profiles. While the CBL has a uniform velocity profile, the TIBL has a peak at lower elevation due to the lake breeze penetration; the velocity then decreases with height.Present address: The Institute of Behavioral Science, 1-35-7 Yoyogi, Tokyo 151, Japan.     

Recycling of suspended particulates by the interaction of sea-land breeze circulation and complex coastal terrain

Summary The dispersion of recycled particulates in the complex coastal terrain surrounding Kangnung city, Korea was investigated using a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic numerical model and lagrangian particle model (or random walk model). The results show that particulates at the surface of the city that float to the top of thermal internal boundary layer (TIBL) are then transported along the eastern slope of the mountains with the sea breeze passage and nearly reach the top of the mountains. Those particulates then disperse eastward at this upper level over the coastal sea and finally spread out over the open sea. Total suspended particulate (TSP) concentration near the surface of Kangnung city is very low. At night, synoptic scale westerly winds intensify due to the combined effect of the synoptic scale wind and land breeze descending the eastern slope of the mountains toward the coast and further seaward. This increase in speed causes development of internal gravity waves and a hydraulic jump up to a height of about 1km above the surface over the city. Particulate matter near the top of the mountains also descends the eastern slope of the mountains during the day, reaching the central city area and merges near the surface inside the nocturnal surface inversion layer (NSIL) with a maximum ground level concentration of TSP occurring at 0300 LST. Some particulates are dispersed following the propagation area of internal gravity waves and others in the NSIL are transported eastward to the coastal sea surface, aided by the land breeze. The following morning, particulates dispersed over the coastal sea from the previous night, tend to return to the coastal city of Kangnung with the sea breeze, developing a recycling process and combine with emitted surface particulates during the morning. These processes result in much higher TSP concentration. In the late morning, those particulates float to the top of the TIBL by the intrusion of the sea breeze and the ground level TSP concentration in the city subsequently decreases.     

The depth of the internal boundary layer over an urban area under sea-breeze conditions

Field data are analyzed in order to study the development of the Thermal Internal Boundary Layer (TIBL) under sea breeze conditions. The measurements were carried out by the National Observatory of Athens (NOA) during ATHens Internal Boundary Layer Experiment (ATHIBLEX) in summer 1989 and 1990.Several formulations found in the literature are tested against the measurements in order to investigate whether they are capable of predicting the depth of the TIBL. It is found that a slab model including mechanical production of turbulence gives overall good agreement with the measurements.Finally, the concept of local equilibrium is used to explain the discrepancies found between small-and meso-scale observations and models; a formula is proposed which is intended for use over a wide range of downwind fetches.     

Simulation of coastal winds along the central west coast of India using the MM5 mesoscale model

A high-resolution mesoscale numerical model (MM5) has been used to study the coastal atmospheric circulation of the central west coast of India, and Goa in particular. The model is employed with three nested domains. The innermost domain of 3 km mesh covers Goa and the surrounding region. Simulations have been carried out for three different seasons—northeast (NE) monsoon, transition period and southwest (SW) monsoon with appropriate physics options to understand the coastal wind system. The simulated wind speed and direction match well with the observations. The model winds show the presence of a sea breeze during the NE monsoon season and transition period, and its absence during the SW monsoon season. In the winter period, the synoptic flow is northeasterly (offshore) and it weakens the sea breeze (onshore flow) resulting in less diurnal variation, while during the transition period, the synoptic flow is onshore and it intensifies the sea breeze. During the northeast monsoon at an altitude of above 750 m, the wind direction reverses, and this is the upper return current, indicating the vertical extent of the sea breeze. A well-developed land sea breeze circulation occurs during the transition period, with vertical extension of 300 and 1,100 m, respectively.     

中国黄海西岸海陆风循环结构研究

陆海风是由于海陆表面之间的比热容不同而导致的昼夜热量分布差异,从而在海岸附近引发的大气中尺度循环系统.本文利用多普勒风激光雷达Windcube100s首次对黄海西海岸的海陆风的循环结构进行了观测研究.在2018年8月31日至9月28日观测期间发现,海陆风发展高度一般在700 m至1300 m.海陆风转化持续的时间为6小时至8小时.在425m高度,海风水平风速出现最大值,平均为5.6 m s-1.陆风最大水平风速出现在370m,约为4.5 m s-1.最大风切变指数在1300m处,为2.84;在陆风向海风转换过程中,最大风切变指数在700m处,为1.28.在同一高度上,风切变指数在海风盛行和陆风盛行时的差值范围为0.2-3.6,风切变能反映出海陆风的发展高度.     

澳门及其邻近地区海陆风的模拟

利用宾州／美国国家大气研究中心的ＭＭ５模式来模拟澳门的海陆风和珠江口的三维风场。模式设计为四重套网格,分辨率分别为 １ｋｍ,３ ｋｍ,９ ｋｍ,２７ ｋｍ。使用常规观测资料作为初始场,模拟时间为３０小时。结果表明采用高分辨率（１ｋｍ）模拟能很好地捕捉到澳门的海风和陆风。海风锋和热力内边界层也清楚可见。如果最小分辨率为３ ｋｍ,则只捕捉到海风,陆风却模拟不出来。