中国海及邻区盆地现今地温场特征及其影响因素

现今地温场是构造活动、岩石圈热状态的综合反应,对研究盆地的区域构造演化、深部岩石圈结构和评估油气潜力具有重要意义。地温梯度和大地热流是表征沉积盆地热状况的两个基本参数。虽然我国大陆地区地热数据较丰富,并已经过四次系统汇编,但中国海及邻区盆地地热数据报道较少,且未经过系统整理。本文基于近年来新增的钻井温度数据,新增计算研究区810个地温梯度数据,并收集了国内外数据库、期刊的地热数据,在此基础上,首次系统整理了中国海及邻区盆地地温梯度数据和大地热流数据,绘制了其等值线图,分析了研究区现今地温场特征并讨论了其影响因素。研究结果表明,中国海及邻区盆地平均地温梯度43.2±25.7℃/km,平均大地热流74.4±26.6 mW/m²,多数盆地平均大地热流高于65 mW/m²,属于“热盆”;地温场分布总体呈现较为明显的“两带性”,其中近岸带较冷,远岸带较热;研究区现今地温场特征直接或间接地受控于其所处的构造环境,整体上是太平洋板块等多板块作用下岩石圈伸展减薄的结果,局部地区的热异常可能与断裂活动、岩浆活动、泥-热流底辟活动等因素有关。     

开封凹陷区地温场特五及成因机制探析

以40眼地热井资料为基础，研究了开封凹陷地区地热系统的地温、地温梯度及地表热流值的分布特征；结合地质构造及地下水活动规律，说明了控制地温分布的因素及地热系统的成因机制。     

开封凹陷区地温场特征及成因机制探析

以40眼地热井资料为基础,研究了开封凹陷地区地热系统的地温、地温梯度及地表热流值的分布特征;结合地质构造及地下水活动规律,说明了控制地温分布的因素及地热系统的成因机制.     

雷州半岛局部地热异常及其形成机制

雷州半岛地热场主要受基底构造格局的控制和地下水活动的影响,隐伏花岗岩体放射性元素生热对盖层地温的贡献不可忽视,第四纪更新世火山喷发活动的岩浆余热已几乎完全散失,岩浆体和围岩温度已趋于平衡。由火山喷发而形成的雷北螺岗岭和雷南石峁岭两个玄武岩台地,为半岛地下水的主要补给区,由于冷水流下渗的地温效应,新生界盖层浅部地温梯度<3℃/100m,呈现地热负异常。在以传导传热为主的区域,地热场特点与华北盆地相似,新生界盖层地温梯度与基底岩面的埋深密切相关。由于地壳深部较均一的热流在地壳表部再分配的结果,若干凸起区盖层地温梯度为4—5℃/100m,呈现地热正异常。某些控制凸起区的边界断裂,当深层热水沿其上涌,造成附加热源,和传导传热相叠加,盖层地温梯度可高达5—8℃/100m,形成更鲜明的地热正异常。     

四川盆地地热地质条件及勘探潜力评价

地处特提斯—喜马拉雅构造域与滨太平洋构造域交接转换部位的四川盆地,是造山带环绕的多旋回沉积盆地,地热资源禀赋较好,但地质构造复杂,不同构造带地热条件和成热模式差异较大,严重制约地热勘探开发与利用。在四川盆地已有地热勘探开发资料和油气勘探研究成果的基础上,系统总结了四川盆地的地热储层、地热流体、大地热流和地温梯度场的特征及分布规律,对比研究了四川盆地不同类型盆山结构区的地热储盖层组合和地热条件的异同性,指明了不同构造单元的勘探靶区。结果表明：(1)四川盆地及周缘的大地热流值为中低热流值,地温梯度在16～30°C/km之间,地热源受活动断裂和基底构造控制明显,发育传导型水热系统,多属中低温(<90°C)地热资源;(2)四川盆地的地热资源分布主要受盆地构造、地层分布和水文条件等控制;(3)海相层系至少存在4个岩溶型热储层,陆相地层局部偶夹1～2个砂砾岩型热储层,地下水多为SO₄—Ca型微咸水。研究建议以中～下三叠统和中二叠统岩溶型热储为重点层系,尤其在川东和和川西地区二者勘探潜力较大,其次优选其他海相层系岩溶型热储进行勘探,而陆相碎屑岩热储层盖层、地下水补给和热源...     

东营凹陷热流体活动及其对水-岩相互作用的影响

从气体地球化学、有机质热变、包裹体均一温度、古地温梯度、成岩矿物、重金属元素和岩浆活动等方面证实了东营凹陷发生了大量的热流体活动.热流体主要沿活动性较强的深大断裂运移至浅部, 并以侧向强迫对流为主, 同时具有多期次活动的特点.热流体通过改变温度场和地温梯度以及带入一些无机物质, 导致水-岩相互作用强度和类型的差异.      

“岩浆热场”说及其成矿意义(上)

文中首先介绍了岩浆热场的沿革,指出"岩浆热场"并不是一个新概念,很早已出现在文献中了。常识告诉我们,炽热的岩浆侵位必定在周围形成一个热场,这就是岩浆热场。国外在19世纪晚期即对岩浆热场有比较深入的研究。罗文积和陈家清早在20世纪90年代(1997)就明确表述了对"岩浆热场"的认识,并给予精彩的阐述,他们是"岩浆热场"学说的先行者。文中简要介绍了地热场的概念,讨论了岩石的热力学性质、热传导形式、影响热流和地温分布的各种可能的因素。而"岩浆热场"指的是:在一个很短的时间内,在一个局部的地区出现的岩浆活动,使该区域地热梯度相对周边地区明显的上升,使之形成一个局部区域的热场。热场的规模很小,通常只离岩体几米或几公里。热异常和等温线是垂直分布的,叠加在地热场之上。并介绍了岩浆热场的基本特征。岩浆热场与地热场的热的来源不同,热的分布不同,地温梯度不同,热场规模不同,持续的时间不同,热与流体的关系不同以及研究方法不同等。岩浆热场说是建立在岩浆物理性质和岩浆动力学基础上的,它依赖于对岩浆的形成、侵位、冷却、固结及其对围岩的影响等知识的了解。牵涉到岩浆的温度、压力、黏度、密度、流变等基本问题。文中着重讨论了岩浆对围岩的热效应和岩浆热场中的流体等问题。岩浆热场最重要的意义是,它是流体赖以上升的通道。文中还概略讨论了流体和成矿流体来自哪里?流体是怎样上升的?热场中流体是怎样对流循环的?热液双向汇聚成矿理论等。     

非洲G盆地南部凹陷热演化史恢复及成藏期次判断

非洲G盆地是受中非剪切带影响而发育形成的典型被动裂谷盆地,其南部凹陷带为盆地主要油源区。为进一步明确G盆地油气勘探方向,需开展盆地南部凹陷热演化史及油气成藏方面的研究。油层测温表明,南部凹陷现今平均地温梯度为3.9 ℃/100 m,属于中温型地温场。根据镜质体反射率、包裹体测温恢复了G盆地凹陷带古地温演化史,研究表明G盆地凹陷白垩纪古地温梯度为2.4～3.77 ℃/100 m,古地温梯度低于现今地温梯度。古地温恢复及热史模拟表明最高地温是在现今达到的,下白垩统烃源岩热演化程度主要受现今地温场控制。包裹体均一温度分析表明G盆地南部凹陷存在两次流体作用事件,分别发生在晚白垩世早期(96.0～87.0 Ma)及第四纪(3.0～0 Ma)。下白垩统油气的主要成藏期在晚白垩世早期。     

根据多时相夜间MODIS LST推断的腾冲地区新生代火山岩岩浆囊分布与活动特征

腾冲火山地热区位于印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲-碰撞带的弧后活动区,是我国新生代火山-地热最为活动的地区之一.本文利用MODIS夜间月平均地表温度(Land Surface Temperature,LST)数据,计算了研究区2001～2011年132个月的月平均地表温度,圈定了地温异常区;分析了异常区年内及年际间的平均地表温度变化趋势,推测了可能的地下岩浆囊分布位置及活动特征.研究结果表明,腾冲地区现今地下可能存在3个岩浆囊:第1个位于五合-新华-蒲川-团田一带,面积约为537km2,地温异常最明显;第2个位于朗蒲-热海-马鞍山地区,面积约为226km2,地温异常次之;第3个位于马站-曲石之间,面积约为28km2,地温异常较为明显.3个地温异常区在年内的地表温度变化趋势基本一致,而且周期性明显,均在5～6月份和8～9月份出现2个温度峰.其中朗蒲-热海-马鞍山异常区的地温变化波动最大,可能反映地下岩浆囊地热系统与地表地下水系统的对流交换活动性更强.MODIS夜间月平均地表温度数据得出的结果与测震、GPS形变、He同位素比值及最大相对地热梯度等方法推测的地温异常区范围具有很好的一致性,特别是地温异常区年内温度周期性变化的发现,表明卫星热红外遥感技术应用于地热异常实时监测与研究的巨大潜力.     

华北克拉通南部地区现今地温场特征及其地质意义

在系统分析华北克拉通南部地区现今地温场数据的基础上,对该区现今地温场特征进行了系统的研究,对其控制因素及其油气地质意义进行了探讨。该区现今地温梯度平均为2.69℃/100 m,大地热流平均为5654 mW/m2,地温场特征表现为北高南低,东高西低,与中国东部热盆、西部冷盆相比,华北克拉通南部地区属于一种过渡类型。现今地温场主要受岩石圈厚度、构造特征和地下水活动的影响。华北克拉通南部不同地区热演化过程及其结果不同,开封坳陷、周口坳陷中部局部凹陷带现今地温场代表了该区最高的热演化状态并影响着古生界烃源岩成烃。其他地区现今地温则小于古地温,古地温决定了这些区域古生界烃源岩成烃。     

中国地下热水分布之特点及属性

本文依据我国近年来地下热水资源调研和勘探的新进展及其与有关的研究结果，简述我国地下热水形成和赋存的地热地质背景，分析和归纳构造隆起区中的温泉和中、新生代沉积盆地中的地下热水分布之基本特点，讨论主要水热带的地热学属性和沉积盆地热水的形成机制，为我国地热资源的勘探、开发和今后地球科学有关问题的深化研究提供参考。     

Regional heat flow patterns in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin

The regional geothermal pattern of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin has been studied using available temperature data from wells. Average heat conductivity for various geological formations has been estimated on the basis of net rock studies by Canadian Stratigraphie Services. These data and observations of temperature made in “shut-in holes” in some of the oil pools have been used in heat flow estimations by the Bullard method.The geothermal gradient and heat flow within the basin are exceptionally high in comparison with the other world wide Precambrian platform areas. Especially high geothermal gradient areas are found in the northwestern part of the Prairies Basin in Alberta and British Columbia and most of southeastern and southwestern Saskatchewan. Areas of low gradient are found mainly in the Disturbed Belt of the Foothills, southern and southeastern Alberta, and the Peace River area in British Columbia. Neither the analysis of regional heat conductivity distribution nor the heat generation distribution of the basement rock of the Prairies Basin evaluated on the basis of U, Th and K data after Burwash (1979), explain the observed heat flow patterns of the Prairies Basin. Comparison of heat flow patterns with some of the hydrogeological phenomena suggests the significant influence of fluid flow in the basin formations on geothermal features. Low geothermal gradient areas coincide with water recharge areas and high hydraulic head distribution regions.The phenomenon of upward water movement in the deep strata and downward flow through much of the Cenozoic and Mesozoic strata seems to control the regional heat flow distribution in the basin. The analyses of coal metamorphism in the upper and middle Mesozoic formations of the Foothills Belt and in the central Prairies Basin suggest that the pre-Laramide paleogeothermal heat flow distribution was different from the present one. It is very probable that the Foothills Belt area was characterized by a higher geothermal gradient than the central part of the Prairies Basin, i.e. opposite to the present picture.     

Causes of geothermal fields and characteristics of ground temperature fields in China

There are many arguments on energy sources and main controlling factors of geothermal fields, so a systematic study on the distribution of ground temperature fields shall be necessary. In this paper the thermal conduction forward method of geothermal field is used to simulate cooling rate of abnormal heat sources and heat transfer of the paleo-uplift model. Combined with a large number of geothermal field exploration cases and oil exploration well temperature curves of domestic and foreign, the following conclusions are drawn:(1) According to the magmatic activity time, the magmatism activities are divided into two categories: Magma active areas(activity time 500 000 years) and weak/magma inactive areas(activity time 500 000 years). The latter has a fast cooling rate(the cooling time of the magma pocket buried around 10 km is less than 200 000 years) after it has intruded into the shallow layer and it has no direct contribution to modern geothermal fields;(2) China belongs to a weak/magma inactive area such as Tengchong region and Qinghai-Tibet region because the chronological data of these regions show that its magma activity time is more than 500 000 years;(3) The temperature of most geothermal fields can be obviously divided into three segments in the vertical direction: A high geothermal gradient segment(Segment H) at the surface, then a low geothermal gradient segment(Segment L) at a secondary depth, and finally a lower temperature segment(Segment D) at a deeper depth. The temperature isoline presents a mirror reflection relation on the temperature profile, indicating that geothermal field is dominated by heat conduction, rather than having an abnormally high temperature "heat source" to provide heat;(4) Near-surface(0-5 km) materials' lateral heterogeneity caused by tectonic movement shall probably be the main controlling factor of ground temperature fields.     

Causes of geothermal fields and characteristics of ground temperature fields in China

There are many arguments on energy sources and main controlling factors of geothermal fields, so a systematic study on the distribution of ground temperature fields shall be necessary. In this paper the thermal conduction forward method of geothermal field is used to simulate cooling rate of abnormal heat sources and heat transfer of the paleo-uplift model. Combined with a large number of geothermal field exploration cases and oil exploration well temperature curves of domestic and foreign, the following conclusions are drawn: (1) According to the magmatic activity time, the magmatism activities are divided into two categories: Magma active areas (activity time < 500 000 years) and weak/magma inactive areas (activity time > 500 000 years). The latter has a fast cooling rate (the cooling time of the magma pocket buried around 10 km is less than 200 000 years) after it has intruded into the shallow layer and it has no direct contribution to modern geothermal fields; (2) China belongs to a weak/magma inactive area such as Tengchong region and Qinghai-Tibet region because the chronological data of these regions show that its magma activity time is more than 500 000 years; (3) The temperature of most geothermal fields can be obviously divided into three segments in the vertical direction: A high geothermal gradient segment (Segment H) at the surface, then a low geothermal gradient segment (Segment L) at a secondary depth, and finally a lower temperature segment (Segment D) at a deeper depth. The temperature isoline presents a mirror reflection relation on the temperature profile, indicating that geothermal field is dominated by heat conduction, rather than having an abnormally high temperature “heat source” to provide heat; (4) Near-surface (0-5 km) materials’ lateral heterogeneity caused by tectonic movement shall probably be the main controlling factor of ground temperature fields.     

海拉尔盆地地温分布及控制因素研究

根据大量钻孔测温资料和实测热导率资料分析了海拉尔盆地地温分布状况,现今地温梯度变化在2.50℃/100m至4.0℃/100m之间,平均为3.0℃/100m,现今大地热值为42.15~63.86 mWm^-2,平均约为55.00mWm^-2,明显较松辽盆地低,表明海拉尔盆地是一个中温盆地。海拉尔盆地大磨拐河组底面和南屯组底面地温分布具有南高北低的特点。现今地温对油气生成有重要的控制作用,南部凹陷南屯组热演化程度高,普遍处于成熟生油阶段,南屯组是海拉尔盆地的主力生油层位,南部凹陷是海拉尔盆地主要找油区。海拉尔盆地与松辽盆地壳幔结构存在显著的差异。海拉尔盆地现今地温场主要受地壳厚度、基底结构、基底埋深及盆地构造等因素的控制。     

青藏高原新生代岩浆活动与地热关系探讨

青藏高原地热资源丰富,具有分布广、温度高、潜力大等特点。为了更好地评价该区地热资源潜力,探索符合青藏高原地热资源特点的勘查、开发方案,需要对地热资源分布规律及成因进行研究。在总结前人对青藏高原新生代岩浆活动和地热资源特征的基础上,从青藏高原地质演化的角度分析地热资源分布的控制因素,探讨新生代岩浆活动与地热资源的空间展布关系,重点讨论藏南地区地热区划和雅鲁藏布缝合带岩浆活动之间的关系。结果表明: 青藏高原地热活动受控于地质构造演化,具有南强北弱的分布特点; EW向区域性构造缝合带和SN向深大断裂的交汇部位是地热的主要活跃区域,不同的岩浆活动为地热提供热源。     

华北平原新生界盖层地温梯度图及其简要说明

本文报道新编比例尺为1:1500000的华北平原新生界盖层地温梯度图。该图以近4000口钻井的温度资料和对地温场控制因素的分析为基础,并结合地温场数学模拟计算结果编制而成。圈定全区地温梯度G>4℃/100m及大地热流q>62mw/m²的局部地热异常区44片,总面积为25000km²,为地热能勘探、开发远景规划提供了重要的科学依据。     

Crustal deformation effects on the chemical evolution of geothermal systems: the intra-arc Liquiñe–Ofqui fault system,Southern Andes

A better understanding of the chemical evolution of fluids in geothermal and hydrothermal systems requires data-based knowledge regarding the interplay between active tectonics and fluid flow. The Southern Andes volcanic zone is one of the best natural laboratories to address this issue because of the occurrence of numerous geothermal areas, recent seismic activity generated by regional fault systems, and intense volcanic activity. Geothermal systems have been understudied in this area, and limited scientific information exists about the role of local kinematic conditions on fluid flow and mineralization during the development and evolution of geothermal reservoirs. In this study, we provide data for a 1:200,000 scale geological and structural map of the Villarrica–Chihuio area as a setting in which to perform a structural analysis of active geothermal areas. This structural analysis, combined with geochemical modelling of hot spring data, allows the identification of two magmatic-tectonic-geothermal domains based on fault systems, volcanic activity, and lithologies. The Liquiñe–Ofqui fault system (LOFS) domain encompasses geothermal areas located either along the master or subsidiary faults. These are favourably orientated for shear and extension, respectively. In the LOFS domain, the geochemistry of hot spring discharges is controlled by interaction with the crystalline basement, and is characterized by low B/Cl conservative element ratios and high pH. In marked contrast, the arc-oblique long-lived fault systems (ALFS) domain includes geothermal occurrences located on the flanks of volcanoes forming WNW-trending alignments; these systems are built over faults that promote the development of crustal magma reservoirs. Unlike the first domain, the fluid chemistry of these geothermal discharges is strongly controlled by volcanic host rocks, and is typified by lower pH and higher B/Cl ratios. Reaction path modelling supports our model: chemical evolution of geothermal fluids in the Villarrica–Chihuio area is strongly dependent on structurally controlled mechanisms of heat transfer. Within this framework, heat transfer by conduction is responsible for the LOFS domain, whereas magmatically enhanced advective transport dominates heat flow in the ALFS domain. Although more studies are needed to constrain the complex interplay between tectonics and fluid flow, results from this study provide new insights towards efficient exploration strategies of geothermal resources in Southern Chile.     

淮南煤田现今地温场特征

在系统分析淮南煤田大量地面钻孔井温测井数据和井下巷道围岩温度测试数据的基础上,结合58块岩石样品的热导率测试结果,全面阐述了该区现今地温梯度和大地热流的分布特征。研究表明,淮南煤田现今地温梯度的众值介于2.50~3.50℃/hm之间,平均地温梯度为2.9℃/hm;大地热流值变化范围为31.87~83.9 m W/m2,平均热流值为63.69 m W/m2,地温梯度和热流值区均高于淮北煤田;大地热流受地温梯度控制明显,其变化特征和地温梯度分布较为相似,整体表现为中东部高,西部其次,东南部最小的特征。分析揭示,区内现今地温场和热流分布主要受区域地质背景和区内构造格局的控制。