贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床稀土元素地球化学及生物成矿基本特征

对贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床进行的稀土元素及微量元素分析结果表明，磷块岩中普遍富集稀土元素，稀土总量∑REE较高，并富集Y元素及La，Nd等轻稀土元素。LREE／HREE比值较高。含稀土磷块岩普遍具Ce负异常，显示其对源区的继承性。指示成磷环境处于氧化程度相对较高状态。稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式曲线、北美页岩标准化模式曲线、Ce元素异常、LREE／HREE比值、微量元素特征及岩石矿物特征表明，织金新华含稀土磷矿床具以正常海相生物-化学沉积等为主伴有海相热水沉积混合成因的特征。在磷矿成矿过程中沉积物沉积时，活体生物及死亡残骸不同程度地摄取和富集了La，Nd，Ce等稀土元素、Y元素及其他微量元素，沉积在含磷层位，构成大量的含稀土、含生物碎屑白云质磷块岩。     

贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床稀土元素地球化学研究

对贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床进行的稀土元素及微量元素分析结果表明,磷块岩中普遍富集稀土元素,含稀土总量∑REE较高,并富集Y、La、Nd等重稀土及轻稀土元素.LREE/HREE比值较高,但低于上部围岩之值.含稀土磷块岩普遍具Ce的负异常,显示其对源区的继承性,也指示成磷环境处于氧化程度相对较高状态.稀土元素球粒陨石标准化模式曲线、北美页岩标准化模式曲线、Ce元素异常、LREE/HREE比值、微量元素特征及岩石矿物特征表明,织金新华含稀土磷矿床具以正常海相生物-化学沉积等为主伴有海相热水沉积混合成因的特征.文中讨论了含稀土磷块岩氧化矿石中稀土元素的迁移富集规律及特征.     

贵州省织金县新华含稀土磷矿矿床地质特征及成因探讨

贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床产于早寒武世梅树村阶底部含磷岩系中(上磷矿层),磷矿伴生的稀土REO含量达333.45×10-6～974.15×10-6,平均640×10-6,为含稀土磷块岩沉积矿床。通过对新华含稀土磷矿矿床的成矿地质背景、地质特征的研究,从岩相古地理、生物成矿基本特征、稀土元素物质来源、成矿作用、成矿模式等矿床成因进行的探讨,初步认为织金新华含稀土磷矿床严格受地层、岩相古地理的控制。     

贵州织金含稀土磷矿床稀土元素赋存状态研究

利用等离子质谱仪ICP-MS、扫描电镜配合能谱分析、电子探针分析方法,研究了贵州织金含磷岩系剖面稀土含量变化。结果表明,剖面上稀土含量与磷灰石含量变化呈正相关关系,说明稀土主要赋存于磷灰石矿物中;利用扫描电镜、电子探针分析方法对生物碎屑、白云石和胶磷矿进行单矿物微量元素分析研究表明,胶磷矿中稀土含量最高,生物碎屑和白云石稀土含量较低,说明织金含稀土磷矿床稀土元素赋存状态是以类质同象的形式存在于胶磷矿中;利用稀土元素化学物相分析研究同样表明只有少量的稀土元素被磷块岩中粘土矿物所吸附,大量的稀土元素以类质同相形式存在于胶磷矿中。     

贵州织金磷块岩型稀土矿含矿岩系REE地球化学特征与稀土富集

贵州织金下寒武统戈仲武组(?1gz)磷矿富集大量稀土,但是磷块岩中REE富集机制问题尚不清楚。本文对贵州织金不同稀土含量区间(262×10~(-6)、262×10~(-6)～527×10~(-6)、527×10~(-6)～761×10~(-6)、761×10~(-6))的磷块岩的研究表明,磷块岩的稀土配分均显示出Ce负异常、Eu无明显异常、MREE富集以及富集重稀土元素Y的特征。(La/Sm)N-δCe及δPr-δCe图解显示织金磷块岩Ce异常为真实的Ce异常,代表磷块岩形成在氧化环境。但当时海水的氧化环境并不是控制MREE富集的决定因素。(La/Sm)N-SmN、(Gd/Yb)N-YbN散点图显示MREE富集是稀土在富集过程中稀土发生分异的结果。(Dy/Sm)N-δEu散点图以及Eu无明显异常说明织金磷块岩形成过程中可能无热水作用的参与。地史时期"老磷块岩"普遍存在重稀土亏损的特征。     

中国磷块岩型稀土矿资源前景分析

磷块岩中通常伴生有稀土元素富集,是一种潜在、具有很高开发利用价值的稀土资源。我国磷块岩型稀土矿分布广、稀土含量高、具有综合回收价值,是仅次于独立稀土矿床的伴生稀土资源。通过统计全球及中国磷矿时空分布规律,总结中国典型磷块岩型稀土矿床的矿床成因、地质背景、沉积环境、岩石组合、REE地球化学特征。在此基础上,结合P_2O_5与ΣREE、δCe、δEu、MREE/ΣREE和MREE/LREE在各时代之间的对比及耦合关系,讨论各时代稀土配分模式,讨论磷块岩中稀土富集机制与控制因素问题,讨论中国典型磷块岩型稀土矿资源储量。同时总结国内对磷块岩中稀土高效、环保的提取技术,对工业化开发利用磷块岩中稀土资源具有良好的可行性。因此,从磷矿中提炼稀土资源可以获得很好的社会价值和经济效益,能有效缓解我国南方离子吸附型稀土开采带来的环境污染、生态破坏,为日益枯竭稀土资源提供新的资源途径。     

贵州织金磷块岩稀土元素富集特征与制约因素:以摩天冲矿段2204号钻孔为例

织金磷矿区摩天冲矿段戈仲伍组稀土元素含量高,磷块岩的∑REE和Y含量平均分别约为650×10~(-6)和200×10~(-6)。岩石学、矿物学及主微量元素地球化学分析表明,稀土元素的富集特征及制约因素为:1)稀土元素在剖面上含量变化受岩石类型影响大,由白云岩→含磷白云岩→白云质磷块岩→磷块岩→黑色(碳质)磷块岩,∑REE和Y含量依次增加;2)∑REE和Y含量与岩石的P2O5含量均呈正相关,反映出∑REE和Y含量可能与岩石中P的化学成分和矿物成分密切相关;3)戈仲伍组中下段胶磷矿主要为砂屑结构,矿物颗粒以柱状、条状为主,并含有一定数量的生物碎屑,戈仲伍组上段主要为粉屑结构,矿物颗粒以椭圆形、圆形粒状为主,P2O5含量与稀土元素含量在中下段较高,而在上段相对较低,推测稀土元素的富集可能与矿物结构和生物活动有关,生物有利于稀土元素尤其是轻稀土的富集;4)磷块岩稀土元素后太古代澳大利亚页岩(PAAS)标准化配分图显示中稀土富集的"帽型"配分模式,Ce明显负异常,LREE/HREE比值约大于5,反映轻稀土富集;戈仲伍组磷块岩的Ce/Ce*均-0.1,反映磷块岩沉积时环境为氧化状态,氧化的沉积环境可能有利于磷和稀土的富集,通过Ce/Ce*与LaN/NdN负相关关系,说明轻稀土的富集可能与古海水的氧化还原条件有关,在越氧化的条件下,轻稀土越富集。     

贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床扫描电镜研究

用扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线能谱仪等方法研究织金新华含稀土磷矿床矿物组成,结构特征及微量元素含量变化特征。通过ＥＤＡＸ能谱仪进行矿物成分分析,得出Ｙ２Ｏ３质量分烽与胶磷矿物密切相关的结论。对伴生矿物作了相关研究,初步探讨了稀土元素赋存状态及富集规律。     

黔西新华大型磷矿磷块岩稀土元素地球化学及其成因意义

利用ICP_MS测试方法系统分析了黔西织金新华磷矿磷块岩的稀土元素组成,同时还测定了贵州遵义和湖南张家界等华南下寒武统黑色岩系中磷块岩的稀土元素含量。结果显示①新华磷块岩稀土元素总量(ΣREE)较高,变化较大,为164.23×10-6～1395.01×10-6,平均642.54×10-6,轻重稀土分异明显,LREE/HREE值为5.04～6.52,平均5.69,而华南其他地区磷块岩的ΣREE和LREE/HREE分别为156.69×10-6～637.41×10-6(平均431.75×10-6)和3.17～6.95(平均4.37);②新华磷块岩的δCe为0.26～0.53,华南其他地区磷块岩的δCe为0.30～0.66,均具明显的Ce负异常,表明它们均为典型海相沉积磷块岩,主要形成于陆缘海环境,且新华磷块岩形成的深度较深;③大多数样品具不明显的Eu正异常,少部分出现较高的Eu正异常,δEu介于0.98～2.40,显示这些磷块岩的形成过程中可能有较高温(>200℃)、强还原热液的加入;④新华磷块岩中HREE相对亏损,且多数样品LaN/NdN>1,而δY>1.5,δY与δCe之间不存在相关性,说明磷块岩遭受了较强的后期风化淋滤作用,深埋成岩作用基本未改变其REE组成。     

磷矿综合利用研究

自然界中部分磷矿床,尤其是氟磷灰石矿床伴生大量稀土。贵州织金新华含稀土磷矿床就是非常具有工业价值的集磷矿产与稀土矿产于一体的超大型综合矿床。由于稀土离子与钙离子性质很相近,稀土主要以类质同象方式赋存于磷酸盐矿物中,因此分选富集磷矿时,稀土也富集到磷精矿中,具有很大的回收价值。为此针对贵州织金含稀土磷矿开发利用的需要,用织金磷矿浮选精矿为原料,模拟传统的二水法工艺制磷酸过程,并研究改善稀土溶解性能的方法,回收稀土元素及磷元素。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.