基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析方法及应用研究——以四川凉山彝族自治州为例

可持续生计框架是辩证思考贫困的影响因素及其形成过程的理论总结,有助于对精准扶贫进行规范化和系统化的研究。本文以可持续生计框架为蓝本,构建基于可持续生计的精准扶贫分析框架,并从影响农户生计的内因和外因视角,讨论精准扶贫的多维贫困识别指数(MPII)的基本构成。以四川省凉山州作为案例区域,建立具有本土特色的MPII指标体系;识别出420户贫困户,其中80.48%(338户)的建档立卡户与识别结果重叠;与建档立卡农户相比,所识别贫困农户在各单个维度和综合维度都几乎处于更劣势的水平,识别效果更加精准。根据贫困原因的相似性,可将贫困农户划分为人力资本贫困型、基础型资本贫困型、社会资本贫困型、多维资本贫困型、生计环境恶劣型等五种类型,并针对不同的贫困类型提出相应的帮扶措施。     

秦巴山集中连片特困区农户多维贫困测度与影响机理分析——以商洛市为例

中国扶贫瞄准单位已下沉到农户单元,发展和完善农户尺度的多维贫困测度方法是精准配置扶贫资源、提高扶贫效率的关键。通过借鉴“人”“地”和“业”关系理论构建了“能力—资本—环境”多维贫困综合评估框架,以秦巴山特困区商洛为例,通过多维贫困测度体系对农户进行综合测度,识别样本区多维贫困户,进而与建档立卡贫困户进行对比分析,并探讨了多维贫困发生的主要影响机理,最后依据多维贫困户剥夺维度的组合划分不同类型。研究结果表明:① 有245户被识别为多维贫困户,239户被识别为非多维贫困户,多维贫困户与非多维贫困户在能力维度、资本维度和环境维度均存在较大差异;② 有84.08%的多维贫困户与建档立卡贫困户相重叠,多维贫困户在综合维度和单维度的贫困程度均较深;③ 多维贫困发生主要受“人”的发展能力和生产能力、“业”的金融资本、物质资本以及“地”的地理条件和区位的弱势或剥夺的影响;④ 多维贫困户划分为发展缺失型、复合贫困型、生存环境恶劣型和综合贫困型4类。     

喀斯特山区村域多维贫困空间异质性研究——以盘州市为例

厘清喀斯特山区贫困人口空间分布及贫困机理是我国全面建成小康社会的关键。基于自然环境、地理区位、经济基础及人力资本4个维度指标测算了盘州市村域多维贫困,并结合GIS技术分析了其空间异质性。结果表明:(1)31.65%的行政村处于多维贫困状态,主要集中分布在盘州市的北部、东部以及零星分布在西部和南部。(2)多维贫困的热点区主要分布在各维度上均未处于冷点区的盘州市北部的乌蒙镇、坪地彝族乡、柏果镇、普古彝族苗族乡以及旧营白族彝族苗族乡东部和竹海镇东南部。(3)4个行政村在各维度上均处于贫困,53个行政村在其中3个维度处于贫困,贫困维度的热点区集中在盘州市北部的乌蒙镇与坪地彝族乡交界处、柏果镇、鸡场坪镇北部、淤泥乡北部、旧营白族彝族苗族乡东部以及竹海镇东南部。(4)根据盘州市实际情况,将各行政村的脆弱维度组合划分为自然条件缺乏型、经济基础缺乏型、人力资本缺乏型、自然经济兼缺型、自然人力兼缺型、经济人力兼缺型、自然经济人力兼缺型和发展友好型8类,并提出相应的脱贫建议。通过对村域多维贫困定量测度和空间异质性研究,明晰了多维贫困的测度方法及其空间分异规律,这对区域全面脱贫和乡村振兴具有重要的现实意义。     

中国县域多维贫困与相对贫困识别及扶贫路径研究

当前,中国脱贫攻坚任务步入了由绝对贫困转向相对贫困、收入贫困转向多维贫困的新阶段。本文以中国31个省（直辖市）县域为研究对象,采用基于夜间灯光数据的平均夜间灯光指数以及基于脆弱性可持续生计框架的县域多维发展指数和多维相对贫困识别方法,从多维贫困和相对贫困两个层面对中国多维贫困现状进行分析,并基于以上研究筛选出的贫困县,采用耦合协调模型从产业扶贫、教育扶贫、旅游扶贫和农业扶贫分析适宜县域的扶贫路径。结果表明：中国约60%县域处于多维相对贫困状态,其中47%为多维相对轻度贫困县;基于平均夜间灯光指数和县域多维发展指数分别识别出602个和611个多维贫困县,分别包含了63%和79%的国家级贫困县（截至2018年）,这表明县域多维发展指数识贫机理更为精准。多维贫困县集中在甘肃、四川和云南等地;而在筛选的贫困县中,适宜产业扶贫、教育扶贫、旅游扶贫和农业扶贫的县域分别有414个、172个、442个和298个,且在4种扶贫方式中,约61%县域适宜采用多种扶贫路径共同扶贫。研究结论将为确保中国扶贫的可持续性提供重要的科学依据。     

河北省县域贫困度多维评估

在京津冀加快区域经济一体化的背景下,河北省出现环绕京津地区的贫困带引起了学界与公众的普遍关注。目前国内贫困县的设定往往以经济指标为唯一度量标准,本文在经济维度基础上增加社会维度（代表人类贫困）和自然维度（代表自然贫困）两方面评价指标,构建县域贫困度多维评价指标体系,对河北省136 个县的贫困状况分别进行经济单维度与经济—社会—自然三维评估,并基于SOFM网络将全省县域贫困度划分为五级,与河北省现有各类贫困县分布进行对比。结果表明,基于经济单维度与经济—社会—自然多维度评估的聚类分析得到的高贫困度县域均与现有贫困县有很好的对应,与河北省贫困县分布现状基本吻合;由于经济—社会—自然的多维度贫困度评估综合考虑了贫困现状及其潜在可能性,评估更加全面和深入。基于自然维度的潜在贫困度对多维贫困度的影响分析表明：环京津地区的贫困现状比较严重、且潜在贫困程度高,应积极依托京津,承接产业转移。而在冀中南地区,尽管贫困现状较为严重,但潜在贫困程度较低,因其较易脱贫而容易被忽视;同时,还存在大量非贫困县转化为贫困县的可能性;应进一步加强对该地区贫困问题的关注,分类扶贫、防治结合、区域联动,促进京津冀区域一体化、社会财富同步增长。     

东南沿海县域贫困度演变特征及驱动因素研究——以福建省为例

区域贫困是各界关注和研究的热点问题,传统的贫困地区研究缺少对中国东南沿海的关注。论文以中国相对发达的东南沿海省份福建省为例,构建3个维度9个向度共30项指标的度量模型,利用多维贫困度等指数和Kohonen神经网络算法,分析2000年和2016年的县域贫困度演化特征及其驱动因素。结果表明：① 通过对广东、福建和浙江3个东南沿海省份县域发展水平的正态分布检验进行对比,发现福建省县域发展水平在东南沿海具有典型性。② 根据贫困度指数P可划分为贫困县、弱势县和一般县,贫困县、弱势县分布于福建北部和西南部的总体格局不变,且向省域边际县聚集。③ 经济维度贫困度指数、社会维度贫困指数和自然维度贫困度指数的各自变化率最多的县市区均属于缓慢恶化区,属于快速优化区的县市区数量居中,属于缓慢改善区的县市区数量少且分布散;基于多维贫困度指数PI的变化率表现为缓慢恶化区分布于福建北部、中部和西南部,缓慢改善区分布于福建中西部,快速优化区分布于福建东部沿海。④ 对2000年和2016年多维贫困度贡献率均产生较大影响的向度为医疗卫生、教育水平、居住环境、经济发展,加强基础设施、医疗卫生、教育水平等公共服务的建设供给,应作为当前福建扶贫重点关注的内容。⑤ 基于不同向度的贫困度贡献率可划分4类致贫类型：I类县市区是教育水平和基础设施向度主导的贫困类型,II类县市区是经济发展和居住环境向度主导的贫困类型,III类县市区属于人口特征和基础设施向度主导的贫困类型,IV类县市区属于医疗卫生和经济发展向度主导的贫困类型。研究结果对准确识别县域贫困和深入实施精准扶贫战略具有一定的参考价值。     

中国县域贫困综合测度及2020年后减贫瞄准

贫困问题长期以来受到世界各国的重点关注。科学揭示农村贫困发生机制、贫困化格局和探究2020年后减贫瞄准策略,成为新时代中国农村贫困问题研究的重要议题。本文基于人地关系地域系统理论,多维度剖析了中国农村贫困的发生机理,构建了表征县域贫困压力的指标体系,运用BP神经网络模型对县域多维贫困压力指数进行了综合测度,识别出2020年后国家政策仍需重点倾斜的帮扶县,并划分出帮扶县的4种类型。结果表明：① 人类发展能力、自然资源禀赋、社会经济发展及由这三个维度构成的县域综合发展能力呈现出自东南沿海向西北内陆递减的规律,并与地势的三级阶梯呈现出一致性;② 2020年后仍需要国家政策倾斜的帮扶县有716个,主要分布在青藏高原高寒区、三级阶梯的过渡地带、西南喀斯特地区等生态脆弱区和少数民族集聚区;③ 识别的帮扶县可以划分为综合制约型一类重点帮扶县、人类发展能力制约型二类一般帮扶县、自然资源禀赋和社会经济水平制约型三类一般帮扶县,以及人类发展能力和社会经济水平制约型四类一般帮扶县,重点帮扶县主要集中在深度贫困地区。新时期中国贫困格局、贫困化机制、减贫路径及问题和模式,亟需深化创新精准扶贫的体制机制,这为重视和加强贫困地理学的研究提出了新机遇和新挑战。     

干旱风沙区农村多维贫困地域分异机制研究

运用A-F法测度多维贫困,结合热点分析、地理探测器和主成分分析等方法对干旱风沙区进行农村多维贫困地域分异系统剖析。结果表明:① 农村多维贫困发生率为14.73%,住房、教育和发展维度贡献率分别高达32.25%,23.94%,15.98%,收入已不再是主要致贫维度;② 村域多维贫困表现出集中连片性和地域差异性,南部山区为热点区域,北部扬黄灌区和塬区为冷点区域;③ 深度贫困地区影响MPI地域分异的主导因素为村庄区位条件、自然环境和资源禀赋;④ 农村多维贫困呈现出自然环境限制农户发展,地理区位影响群体福利,资源丰度约束农业生产的地域分异机制。为了缓解区域多维贫困,亟需推进城乡公共服务均等化和融合发展。     

居住环境多维剥夺的地理识别及类型划分——以郑州主城区为例

设计城市多维剥夺度量方法和提高剥夺地理识别的精度,是近年来城市社会地理研究的重要内容,也是城市政府高效建成和谐舒适的人居环境所面临的关键问题。根据居住小区规划标准和15分钟社区生活圈建设要求,从与居民日常生活密切相关的设施邻近入手构建城市居住环境评价框架与识别方法,对郑州居住环境剥夺开展街道尺度的地理识别,并对识别出的街道按照消除剥夺政策措施的相似性进行类型划分。结果表明：① 多维居住环境剥夺指数低的街道呈现“十”字型分布格局,剥夺指数值由“十”字型的中心向外逐渐增加,并且任何两个环境剥夺维度间相互作用对解释多维居住环境剥夺指数的空间分异有非线性增强作用;② 单一维度的剥夺指数值呈现显著空间集聚特征,但不同环境维度的空间变化呈现不同形态;③ 32个街道被识别为多维环境剥夺区,根据剥夺维度将其划分为噪音环境剥夺型、教育医疗剥夺型、生活出行剥夺型、品质生活剥夺型、居住条件缺乏型五种类型。依据不同剥夺类型提出有针对性的措施,以改善街道居住环境的适宜性和增强其街道活力。     

欠发达农区家庭贫困的动态转变分析——以河南省为例

精准扶贫战略实施以来,以收入标准衡量的农村贫困人口大幅下降,但贫困具有多维性、动态性的特点,开展农户贫困动态变化研究对新时期农村贫困的有效治理具有重要的指导意义。论文基于2010—2018年河南农村固定观察点数据,从收入、生活条件、教育3个维度构建农户多维贫困评价指标体系,并运用马尔科夫概率转移矩阵和面板Logit模型对贫困状态类型转移及家庭陷入贫困的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明：① 多维贫困比单维贫困(尤其是收入贫困)更能准确反映农区贫困状况;② 2010—2018年间,单维贫困发生率与多维贫困发生率之间差距不断扩大,这很大程度与教育贫困发生率大幅上升,而生活条件贫困、收入教育贫困和三维贫困明显下降有关;③ 单维贫困家庭更易转入教育贫困,多维贫困家庭更容易转入教育生活条件贫困;④ 农户贫困的发生是户主特征、家庭特征和村庄特征共同作用的结果,但不同类型贫困发生的影响因素有显著差异。与单维贫困发生相比,多维贫困发生受到更少因素的显著影响,并且各影响因素的作用更大。上述结论意味着新时期扶贫工作重点转向多维贫困的同时,应依据贫困类型制定具体扶贫措施,尤其重视教育等公共服务的供给。     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.     

PRODUCTIVITY OF AMERICAN PH.D.-GRANTING DEPARTMENTS OF GEOGRAPHY

Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .     

Deserts and Aeolian Desertification in China: Book review and some thoughts

Desertification is a global phenomenon that affects about two billion people. It occurs in arid zones where the annual precipitation is below 400 mm, partic- ularly in the marginal areas of the world＇s largest deserts. It is a result of water and wind erosion, over- grazing, global warm-ing, improper soil cultivation, and increased pressure ot population growth, and it causes degradation of soil and natural and agricultural vegetation. The direct result is less food for people and livestock, which influences pop- ulation and animal husbandry fluctuations. Despite ef- forts to combat and reduce desertification, the affected areas are annually increasing.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The Rice Economy of Asia . Randolph Barker and Robert W. Herdt with Beth Rose. Using Microcomputers: A Guidebook for Writers, Teachers, and Researchers in the Social Sciences . Blaine A. Erie—the Lake that Survived . Noel M. Burns. Geology and Society . Donald R. Coates. Caves and Karst of Kentucky . Percy H. Dougherty, ed. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics, and the Fate of the World's Food Supply . Jack Doyle. The Middle East and North Africa, A Political Geography . Alasdair Drysdale and Gerald H. Blake. Clamor at the Gates. The New American Immigration . Nathan Glazer, ed. Development and the Landowner: An analysis of the British experience . Robin Goodchild and Richard Munton. Discovering Landscape in England and Wales . Andrew Goudie and Rita Gardner. The Modern Plantation in the Third World . Edgar Graham and Ingrid Floering. Social Relations and Spatial Structures . Derek Gregory and John Urry, eds. The World Food Problem 1950–1980 . David Grigg. Costa Rica: A Geographical Interpretation in Historical Perspective . Carolyn Hall. The Urbanization of Capital: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey Consciousness and the Urban Experience: Studies in the History and Theory of Capitalist Urbanization . David Harvey. Reviving Main Street . Deryck Holdsworth, ed. Rural Roads and Poverty Alleviation . John Howe and Peter Richards, eds. Uneven Development in Southern Europe: Studies of Accumulation, Class, Migration and the State . Ray Hudson and Jim Lewis, eds. Karst Geomorphology . J. N. Jennings. The Geomorphology of North-west England . R. H. Johnson, ed. Climate Impact Assessment: Studies of the Interaction of Climate and Society . Robert Kates, Jesse Ausubel, Mimi Berberian, eds. Public Service Provision and Urban Development . Andrew Kirby, Paul Knox, and Steven Pinch, ed. State and Market: The Politics of the Public and the Private . Jan-Erik Lane, ed. Living Cities . Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Urban Preservation Policies. World Climatic Systems . John G. Lockwood. Urban Ethnicity in the United States. New Immigrants and Old Minorities . Lionel Maldonaldo and Joan Moore, eds. Culture and Conservation: The Human Dimension in Environmental Planning . Jeffrey A. McNeely and David Pitt, eds. The Andean Past. Land, Societies, and Conflicts . Magnus Mörner. Gaia: An Atlas of Planet Management . Norman Myers, ed. Progress in Industrial Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Political Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Rivers and Landscape . Geoff Petts and Ian Foster. Urbanization and Planning in the 3rd World: Spatial Perceptions and Public Participation . Robert B. Potter. One Island, Two Nations? A Political Geographical Analysis of the National Conflict in Ireland . D. G. Pringle. Circulation in Third World Countries . R. Mansell Prothero and Murray Chapman. The Ozarks Outdoors: A Guide for Fishermen, Hunters, and Tourists . Milton D. Rafferty. Suburban Burglary: A Time and a Place for Everything . George Rengert and John Wasilchick. Geomorphology and Soils . K.S. Richards, R.R. Arnett, and S. Ellis, eds. The Homes and Homeless of Post-War Britain . Frederick Shaw. Indochinese Refugees in America . Paul J. Strand and Woodrow Jones, Jr. Wild Horses and Sacred Cows . Richard Symanski. Forever Wild: Environmental Aesthetics and the Adirondack Forest Preserve . Philip G. Terrie. The Regional Economic Impact of Technological Change . A.T. Thwaites and R.P. Oakey, eds. The Good Life . Yi-Fu Tuan.     

REVIEWS OF GEOGRAPHIC SOFTWARE

Reviews of geographic software in this article: DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS. ESP GAUSS. CEMODEL S. Damus LIMDEP. William H. Greene MICROSTAT 4.1 OTIS PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System) . H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein. REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS) SPSS/PC+ URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)     

Guidelines to Authors

1. Aims and scope
Sciences in Cold and Arid Regions （SCAR） is a bimonthly journal that publishes in English the latest research achievements in processes and the pattems of the Earth surface system in cold and arid regions. Researches in cold regions emphasize particularly on the cold-region-characterized physical,