湛江湾三维温盐特征季节变化观测分析

利用2017年1?12月的现场观测数据,分析了湛江湾温盐的三维空间结构及季节变化特征。结果表明:(1) 2017年湛江湾各站位年平均温度为23～27℃、盐度为19～27、位势密度为11～17 kg/m3、浮性频率(N2)为7×10?5～5×10?3 s?2。浮性频率的垂向结构及水平分布与温度分布类似,而位势密度则与盐度的变化趋势几乎一致;(2)温度季节变化明显,夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低,冬夏温差最大达15℃,而盐度季节变化则不大。相较于季节引起的变化,涨落潮对温度以及盐度影响较小。温度跃层夏季最强,10 m处温度最大梯度可达到0.7℃/m,春秋季温跃层抬升至5 m附近,冬季水体上下混合均匀。夏季和秋季存在明显的盐跃层,盐度梯度最大可达到1.1 m?1。跃层上下温盐的季节变化规律一致;(3)水平分布上,从湾顶区、湾颈区、大堤区、浅滩区到湾口区,温度递减,盐度递增,湾顶区和湾口区平均温度差为2.3℃,盐度差为2.7。温盐图分析显示,不同季节水体呈现为不同的温盐条带,湾口区基本为低温、高盐水体,而湾顶区基本为高温、低盐水体,其他区域水体介于上述两者之间。     

海黍子(Sargassum muticum)池塘养殖及对氮磷去除效果的研究

初步研究了在海参养殖池塘中,不同养殖方式下,大型海藻海黍子(Sargassum muticum)的生长特性及对水体中氨氮和活性磷的去除作用。2012年3~5月,在山东莱州试验养殖海黍子60d,结果发现其长度最大从43.8cm增长到81.3cm,增长85.6%,日增长率(SGR)在14℃时最大,达到5.0%;每绳的平均质量从0.74kg增到2.59kg,增长3.5倍,SGR在12℃时最大,达4.3%;水体氨氮平均下降了25.9%,活性磷下降了37.5%。实验证明海黍子能在适合的池塘中养殖,并且能有效的去除水体中的氨氮和活性磷,是有效的近海生境修复大型工具种海藻。     

水花生投放密度对富营养化湖水净化效果影响的试验研究

为了研究水花生在不同投放密度下净化富营养化湖水的效果,在太湖梅梁湾进行了多种密度水花生放养试验。结果表明:夏季高温条件下,低屏密度时水花生去除水体中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及悬浮物(SS)的效果较明显,水花生初始投放密度为2 kg/m2和4 kg/m2时,TN最大去除率分别为26.4%和38.4%;TP最大去除率分别为45.3%和32.9%;SS最大去除率分别为44.5%和81.4%。而在初始投放密度为6 kg/m2和8 kg/m2的条件下,植株自屏效应使得水花生生物量增长率低,水体净化效果不明显,易产生二次污染。因此,夏季利用水花生进行水体生态修复时,需要控制合理的初始投放密度(以2~4 kg/m2为宜),并定期收割以控制其植株密度(低于6 kg/m2)。     

荣成湾营养盐的时空分布特征及其影响因素分析

根据2009年2月、5月、8月、11月4个航次的调查数据,分析了荣成湾水体的溶解无机氮(DIN)、磷酸盐(PO4-P)、硅酸盐(Sio3-Si)的时空分布特征及其影响因素,并对荣成湾营养盐的潜在限制进行了讨论.结果表明,荣成湾营养盐含量及分布与养殖海带的生长周期有着紧密的联系:海带生长初期(11月)营养盐含量较高,营养盐的平面分布呈近岸高外海低的变化趋势,NO3-N为DIN的主要成分;海带生长后期(5月份)水体营养盐含量较低,DIN分布趋势与11月份基本一致,PO4-P表现为湾中部较高,近岸和湾外较低,NO3-N和NHL-N是DIN的主要成分;海带收获后期(8月份)营养盐含量极低,DIN呈近岸浓度低外海浓度高的变化趋势,PO4-P和SiO3-Si则呈近岸高外海低的变化趋势,DIN主要以NH4-N为主.荣成湾水体浮游植物生长在春、秋和冬季基本不受营养盐的限制,夏季主要受到P的限制,基本不受N、Si的限制.     

印度洋海水营养盐添加模拟实验中浮游植物生长的营养盐限制作用

借助"中国首次环球科学考察航次",在印度洋海区进行了N、Fe、N+Fe以及N+Fe+P的营养盐添加模拟实验。通过对实验过程中水体营养盐浓度、叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度以及温度等参数进行分析,探讨了添加不同营养盐对该实验海区浮游植物生长的影响。结果表明,N的添加会引起浮游植物的快速爆发,而单独添加Fe并不能刺激浮游植物快速生长,N、P联合作用对浮游植物生长的影响远远大于单独N的作用。另外,在实验海区浮游植物优先利用海水中的硝酸盐,在硝酸根耗尽后,海水中可被利用的P会促进浮游植物的生长。实验过程中水体N/P比值的变化同叶绿素a浓度以及浮游植物生长速度(R)没有可对比性,而且N/P比值与后两者之间的相关性都差,所以认为水体中N/P比值并不能单独决定浮游植物生长。此外,实验水体温度同Chl-a浓度和R值之间相关性分析表明,水体温度虽对浮游植物生长有重要作用,但不能控制浮游植物生长。     

1999年7月胶州湾东部赤潮生消过程生态环境要素分析

根据 1 999年 7月 2 3 - 2 4日胶州湾东部赤潮发生海区的观测资料 ,结合同年 6 ,7,8月3个航次的数据 ,分析了赤潮前后水体浮游植物群落、叶绿素 a和营养盐等要素的变化特征。结果显示 ,本次赤潮为短角弯角藻 (Eucampia Zoodiacus)赤潮 ,总生物密度高达 1 .6× 1 0 10个 /m L。赤潮发生时 ,叶绿素 a浓度范围为 2 8.8～ 3 6 .0 mg/m3 ;温度、盐度变化不大 ,DO,p H值升高 ,营养盐浓度处于较低水平 ,其中 P降幅最大 ,N/P值则急剧上升 ,峰值为 2 4 7,P被认为是本次赤潮的限制因子 ;NO2 - N/NO3 - N的值变化很大 ,高于正常值。赤潮消退 ,各要素恢复正常     

北极楚科奇海北部特征水团对浮游植物空间分布的调控

通过楚科奇海北部–加拿大海盆西侧交接地带的生态调查,我们发现0～150 m海域水体中以融冰水(MW,0～20 m)、白令海夏季水(s BSW)和阿拉斯加沿岸流(ACW)等水团为主。水温和营养盐变化与水团息息相关,物理–生化的耦合作用进一步影响了浮游植物分布和群落结构。叶绿素a浓度最大值多位于约50 m深、富含营养盐的s BSW和ACW暖水团中。sBSW和ACW中分别以小型(占比约74%)和微微型(占比约65%)浮游植物为主。藻华初期,溶解无机氮(DIN)虽呈相对限制状态,但仍高于浮游植物生长所需阈值。双单元混合模型显示：浮游植物对氮去除明显,氮吸收量与叶绿素a浓度呈正比,且在温度略高的ACW水团中氮吸收量高于s BSW水团。在北极变暖、波弗特流涡增强以及ACW和sBSW营养盐补给下,该区域的浮游植物的叶绿素a浓度(均值：(0.327±0.163)mg/m³,范围：0.04～0.69 mg/m³)与历史数据相比有所提高。这将增加北极海区的碳吸收通量,有利于其作为碳汇区的发展。     

渤海湾天津近岸海域夜光藻赤潮生消过程初探

对2006年夏季渤海湾赤潮重点监控区发生的夜光藻赤潮的生消过程进行了初步分析和研究,结果表明,在赤潮的整个生消过程中,3个站位的pH值、叶绿素-a含量、溶解氧、化学耗氧量和营养盐的变化均与夜光藻快速增值前浮游植物的迅速生长有关,浮游植物进行生长时大量吸收水体中的营养盐,而温度和盐度对此次赤潮的生消不存在明显影响.同时,水文气象因子的变化是此次赤潮的发生和消亡时必不可少的条件.     

组织培养获得的海黍子幼孢子体的营养盐吸收和生长特性的研究

以组织培养间接获得的海黍子幼孢子体为实验对象,研究温度和氮、磷浓度对其营养盐吸收和生长的影响。结果显示,15~30℃范围内幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P。25~30℃下NH+4-N的吸收显著高于10~15℃时,而NO-3-N和PO3-4-P的吸收速率在实验温度下差异不显著。NO-3-N、NH+4-N和PO3-4-P的最大吸收速率分别出现在15、25和25℃。当氮浓度3 000μg·L-1时,幼孢子体均可吸收NO-3-N和NH+4-N,且二者均呈现开放型吸收模式。当磷浓度30μg·L-1时,幼孢子体可吸收PO3-4-P,且呈现饱和型模式。温度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。10~30℃范围内,富含氮磷组和去除氮磷组的特定生长率(SGR)均随着温度的升高先增大后减小,且最大SGR(分别为19.58%·d-1和14.58%·d-1)均在25℃时取得;叶绿素a、c的含量随着温度的升高先减小后增大。氮、磷浓度对幼孢子体的生长影响显著。富含氮磷组的SGR、叶绿素a含量和叶绿素c含量分别在15~25℃、15~30℃和20~30℃范围内显著高于去除氮磷组。     

围隔生态系内不同粒级浮游植物群落变化研究

通过现场围隔实验，模拟赤潮发生过程，研究了种群不同生长阶段中不同粒级浮游植物种群的变化情况。结果表明，添加营养盐能有效促进浮游植物的生长，东海原甲藻围隔（M1）和自然水体围隔（M2）中浮游植物分别于第7天和第4天出现生长高峰，叶绿素a最大值分别为112．79mg／m和235．60mg/m。微型浮游植物与微微型浮游植物存在竞争，微型对微微型生长的抑制作用：M2〉M1。在营养盐丰富时，硅藻的增殖速率比东海原甲藻快，达到高峰期时间短，消亡也快。硅的减少促进硅藻水华的消亡。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,