水对上地幔电性结构的影响

上地幔可以存储大量的水,水能够极大地增强地幔矿物的电导率。在实验室高温高压条件下获得了含水和不含水矿物
电导率不同的结论,有必要广泛开展含水矿物电导率实验研究。基于最新实验结果,充分考虑上地幔热力学条件,矿物体积随深
度变化和矿物间水分配情况,对2个研究小组上地幔4种主要矿物实验室电导率结果采用平均方法建立随水含量变化的上地幔
电导率-深度曲线,并与实测地球物理模型进行了对比。研究表明,水能够极大地影响上地幔的电性结构,推测上地幔平均水质
量分数为0.01%,位于地球化学方法推断的上地幔水质量分数范围(50×10-6~200×10-6)。海洋上地幔软流圈高电导率异常
很可能是碳酸盐熔体、硅酸盐熔体及水共同作用的结果。      

北京地区中元古界下马岭组页岩气形成条件

以野外露头与地热井的岩屑样品为基础,以岩石学、有机地球化学和储层物性实验测试分析为手段,对北京地区中元古
界下马岭组页岩进行了页岩气形成条件研究。结果表明,中元古界下马岭组页岩分布广泛,沉积厚度大,有机碳含量高,有机质类
型好,以Ⅱ型为主、兼有少量的Ⅰ型,具有良好的页岩气形成条件。中元古界下马岭组页岩矿物组成主要为石英和黏土矿物,石英
平均质量分数为60%,黏土矿物平均质量分数为31.5%,黏土矿物中伊利石含量最高,占黏土矿物总组成的77.54%;页岩中微孔
隙与微裂缝发育,具备良好的页岩气赋存条件,等温吸附实验也证明了这一点。北京地区经历了多期构造变动,但页岩气藏具有
较强的抗构造破坏能力,使得研究区具有较好的页岩气保存条件。总体认为北京地区中元古界下马岭组是较理想的页岩气勘探
目的层系。      

大同盆地高氟地下水的分布特征及形成过程分析

大同盆地是典型的高氟地下水分布区,其分布规律和成因在类似地区具有代表性。在对盆地地下水水化学特征和空间
变化特征分析的基础上,深入讨论了高氟地下水的空间分布规律、控制因素及其形成的水文地球化学过程。结果表明,整个盆地
浅层孔隙水中的氟质量浓度普遍较高,变化范围为0.29~6.22mg/L,平均值为1.82mg/L。氟质量浓度高值区主要分布于盆地
中部和北部,呈现出由盆地边缘至盆地中心,质量浓度趋向于升高的变化规律。强烈的蒸发浓缩作用以及高pH、高碱度、高钠低
钙含量的水化学特征有利于氟富集。大同盆地高氟地下水的形成是含氟矿物的溶解、离子交换和蒸发浓缩作用等水文地球化学
过程共同作用的结果。      

湘鄂西-渝东地区牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探前景评价

综合利用沉积学、岩石学和地球化学分析手段,对湘鄂西-渝东地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组(与水井沱组对应)黑色页岩的
页岩气形成物质基础(沉积相、岩性、有机质丰度及类型、成熟度等)、储集层特征(孔隙类型、X衍射特征)进行系统性研究后发现:
①研究区牛蹄塘组以深水陆棚相沉积的黑色页岩、硅质页岩为主,厚度较大,分布广泛;②其w(TOC)平均值达1.84%,成熟度为
2%~6%不等,达到成熟-过成熟阶段;③页岩孔隙类型以粒间孔、石英粒内溶孔、黄铁矿晶间孔为主,另有少量黏土矿物溶蚀孔
洞;④页岩中石英质量分数为50%~80%不等,与美国Branett页岩具有较强的相似性,均呈两段式。对于页岩气勘探前景评价而
言,除了优越的页岩气物质基础条件外,后期硅化程度、埋藏深度、后期构造改造强弱等因素同样起着举足轻重的作用。      

西南印度洋中脊钙质沉积物地球化学及矿物学特征

深海沉积物研究能够为海底资源开发利用提供丰富的信息,对推动沉积学发展具有重要的理论意义。以中国大洋科考
20航次西南印度洋中脊附近的钙质沉积物为研究对象,选取了10个沉积物样品进行了X射线衍射物相分析、扫描电镜分析、碳氧
同位素及微量元素测试。结果表明,研究区钙质沉积物矿物组成主要为方解石,黏土矿物含量较低。方解石以钙质超微化石颗石
藻及有孔虫的形态存在,碳氧同位素特征显示超微化石生活在正常的近表层海水环境中,死亡后埋藏环境稳定。稀土元素具有总
量低、轻重稀土元素分异明显、Eu中等负异常、Ce中等负异常的特征。微量元素中富亲石元素、贫亲铁元素,亲生物元素Sr、Ba含
量远高于其他元素。微量元素特征及Ceanom值说明沉积环境偏氧化。沉积物中大量的生物成因方解石及地球化学特征反映了研
究区物源以生物源为主、含有少量陆源及幔源物质的特点。      

南祁连盆地二叠纪碎屑岩地球化学特征及其源岩探讨

南祁连盆地在二叠纪时期处于稳定的海陆交互相沉积,盆地南部主要为海相沉积,北部为陆相沉积,碎屑岩比较发育。
地球化学主量元素、微量元素分析结果表明,中二叠统勒门沟组、上二叠统诺音河群以及北部陆相二叠系的源岩构造背景均十分
复杂,但以活动大陆边缘为主。结合区域地质构造背景判断南祁连盆地二叠纪沉积物源可能为其以北的中祁连—陇西地块的前
寒武纪变质结晶岩系及花岗岩。      

大别山北麓黄土-古土壤地球化学元素特征及富集因子法物源研究

为了解大别山北麓自中更新世以来黄土-古土壤的沉积环境及物质来源,对其地球化学元素进行了测定。结果表明,
研究区沉积物的地球化学元素组成具有富硅、铝、铁,贫钙,低钠、镁、钾、钡、锶的特点。通过对气候特征元素变化的进一步分析,
表明大别山北麓自中更新世以来是以温湿为主且从老至新气候由温湿向干冷趋势发展,与洛川黄土相比,大别山黄土经历了更强
烈的化学风化作用。选择化学性质稳定的Ti、Sc、Th、Nb作为参比元素,运用富集因子法进行地球化学元素研究进而判别物质来
源,结果表明,大别山北麓黄土-古土壤与洛川黄土同源,均来自西北的风尘堆积。      

扬子北缘中二叠统孤峰组不同岩性孔隙特征及其地质意义

孔隙是页岩层系是否具有生烃能力、储气能力和开采价值的主要标志。采用场发射扫描电镜对鄂西建始扬子北缘中二
叠统孤峰组硅质页岩、泥质灰岩和碳质页岩3类岩石采取二次电子模式扫描,发现并分析了5大类9小类孔隙,即①絮凝作用孔
隙;②有机质化石孔;③有机质碎片沥青孔;④黄铁矿粒间孔;⑤矿物颗粒晶间孔;⑥微型通道;⑦微裂缝;⑧钙质化石孔;⑨碎屑与
围岩之间孔。研究表明,硅质页岩中发育较多的黄铁矿微球粒以及絮凝结构,有机质孔隙从纳米级至微米级;泥质灰岩中以矿物
质孔隙为主,微裂缝比较发育,脆性矿物多;碳质页岩中存在大量蜂窝状孔洞和广泛分布的微裂缝,孔隙类型主要为有机质纳米
孔。碳质页岩与传统储层孔隙特征具有很大差异,是页岩气勘探最为有利的岩层。      

中国西北地区页岩气形成地质条件分析

长期以来,对西北地区盆地常规石油勘探已经取得了巨大突破,但页岩气的勘探仍处于起步阶段。页岩气具有自身的
成藏机理,需要特殊的地质条件。通过分析我国西北地区塔里木盆地、柴达木盆地、准噶尔盆地、吐哈盆地、银-额盆地和焉耆盆
地页岩分布情况、厚度、面积、总有机碳含量、热演化程度、有机质类型、矿物岩石成分等因素,认为中国西北地区页岩分布面积广
泛、厚度大,许多盆地或地区页岩有机碳含量高、热演化程度高、有机质类型好,具备页岩气大规模成藏的地质条件。其中吐哈盆
地页岩与塔里木盆地页岩中黏土矿物含量低,石英等脆性矿物含量高,易受外力作用影响形成天然裂缝与诱导裂缝网络结构,有
利于页岩气开采。与美国产气页岩的各项指标比较发现,塔里木盆地与准噶尔盆地古生界海相及海陆交互相页岩厚度大、脆性矿
物种类多且含量高,但有机质丰度较美国海相产气页岩低,且热演化程度高(大部分处于高-过成熟热解气阶段)。与埋深超过
3000m的古生界过成熟(Ro 为0.51%~3%)页岩和浅埋深但有机碳含量偏低(普遍小于2%)的新生界陆相页岩相比,中生界湖
相和湖-沼相高有机碳含量(最高值达15.6%)页岩更具有勘探价值。      

广西十万大山盆地扶隆坳组地球化学特征及其地质意义

为了探究广西十万大山盆地扶隆坳组地球化学特征及其地质意义,在显微镜下对研究区砂岩进行了系统鉴定、碎屑颗
粒组分统计,并利用ICP-MS对该区泥岩样品进行了微量元素和稀土元素分析,结果显示扶隆坳组砂岩碎屑颗粒组分石英颗粒含
量较高,长石含量较少,岩屑以浅变质岩屑为主,Dickinson图解显示物源区为再旋回造山带;泥岩样品的REE受成岩作用改造微
弱,且主要来自陆源碎屑矿物,源岩主要为沉积岩及花岗岩岩石;稀土元素和微量元素相关参数显示晚三叠世扶隆坳沉积时期气
候相对湿热,沉积了一套以陆相沉积环境为主的碎屑岩。综合前述认识,结合本区构造演化史,推断扶隆坳组物源供给主要来自
晚泥盆世-早石炭世钦防海槽沉积的硅质岩、硅质页岩及泥岩,源区构造背景兼有活动大陆边缘和被动大陆边缘的性质。      

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.