皖北新元古界水下砾石丘构造的古地震成因

在皖北新元古界四十里长山组滨海潮间或潮下高能动水陆棚,陆源碎屑岩相的粉砂-细砂岩沉积地层中,发育了一组
同沉积变形构造。剖面上整体为丘状,可识别出涌流破碎砾石堆、下陷回填砾石堆和震裂砾石堆3部分,下垫层为液化均一层。
在它的左侧及下分层发育液化卷曲变形,包括震褶层和液化角砾岩。根据这些发育特征可以确定这组同沉积变形构造为古地震
成因。其形成机理是在古地震应力作用下该处发生饱水沙层液化,并形成局部范围的地震能、重力能、与液化能多能量叠加使液
化沙层局部爆发,推动沙层流动喷涌与破碎,局部破碎物短暂涌至海底,又下陷回填至液化沙层的负压带,形成由涌流破碎砾石堆
和回填砾石堆组成的砾石丘构造。其成因类似河流阶地富含水的砾石丘、沙丘及混杂堆积。      

云南绿春下志留统-上三叠统砂岩碎屑组分与物源分析

通过对云南省绿春地区下志留统—上三叠统地层中砂岩岩屑成分的统计分析,研究了沉积物物源的变化及其所代表的
构造意义。研究区砂岩碎屑组分源区大地构造背景的判别结果表明,下志留统—中石炭统砂岩中的沉积物物源为混合造山带砂
岩源区,而中二叠统—上三叠统砂岩中的沉积物物源为火山弧造山带源区。下志留统—上三叠统砂岩物源的属性经历了从再循
环造山带到火山弧造山带的转变。志留纪—早二叠世为被动陆缘盆地发育时期,砂岩的物源主要来自于盆地边缘的造山带;到中
二叠世,随着哀牢山洋盆向西俯冲,洋盆逐渐关闭,研究区由之前的拉张环境转变为挤压环境,盆地性质转变为弧后盆地,此时盆
地沉积物的物源应来自于研究区东侧的火山弧。      

华南加里东运动初探

华南加里东运动包含了郁南运动、北流运动(崇余运动)和广西运动,具多幕陆内造山特点。其影响范围包括扬子板块
东缘“江南隆起”以东、以南广大地区。华南加里东构造带总体呈东西向展布,南部桂西右江盆地-粤南地区泥盆系不整合于下伏
的寒武系之上,中部桂东-粤中-闽西-赣南-湘南地区泥盆系不整合于奥陶系之上,靠近“江南隆起”的湘中-浙西地区泥盆系
不整合于志留系之上,但钦防盆地志留系与泥盆系整合接触。寒武系-志留系为同造山盆地的复理石沉积。从寒武纪-志留纪
同造山盆地由南向北迁移,盆地展布、物源供给等显示“南山北盆”的盆山格局和造山带“由南向北”挤压的趋势。      

浙江江山地区震旦系灯影组叠层石特征及沉积环境分析

浙江江山地区上震旦统灯影组叠层石发育,宏观形态类型多样,且保存完好,是研究江山地区晚震旦世沉积环境较为理想的沉积构造。叠层石的宏观形态特征在地层剖面纵向上表现为水平纹层状→波纹状→丘状→锥状→柱状演变,其中柱状叠层石构成叠层石礁。通过对叠层石的宏观沉积特征及微观特征分析,初步认为该区的水平纹层状叠层石发育在潮上带,波纹状叠层石、丘状叠层石发育在潮间带,锥状叠层石、柱状叠层石发育在潮下带。根据浙江江山地区震旦系灯影组上段叠层石的沉积环境指示,认为灯影晚期研究区处于浅海局限碳酸盐岩台地环境,经历了潮上带→潮间带→潮下带的水体加深过程,可能主要受控于该时期扬子地块东南缘拉张沉降构造影响。     

青藏高原米林地区晚更新世晚期植被演替与环境变迁

位于青藏高原南部的米林地区在晚更新世晚期沉积了一套湖相沉积体系,为了探讨当时米林地区的古植被、古环境信
息,在米林机场实测了一条晚更新世晚期剖面。根据样品14C测年结果初步认定该剖面湖积物的底部年龄约40kaBP,顶部年龄
约12kaBP。根据孢粉分析研究把该剖面自下而上划分为4个孢粉组合带以及对应的4个植被发展演替阶段:①第一阶段(对应
孢粉组合带Ⅰ;36~28kaBP)为森林草甸植被类型;②第二阶段(对应孢粉组合带Ⅱ;28~23kaBP)为高山草原植被类型;③第三
阶段(对应孢粉组合带Ⅲ;23~18kaBP)为蒿草草原植被类型;④第四阶段(对应孢粉组合带Ⅳ;16~13kaBP)为荒漠草原植被类
型。在此基础上,初步推论青藏高原南部晚更新世晚期气候环境演化为:从40kaBP至全新世高原南部气候类型总体寒冷偏干旱
出现小型波动,与全球的冰期和间冰期吻合较好。      

黔北务正道地区铝土矿稀土元素地球化学特征

选取新模向斜的一个钻孔剖面,对铝土矿的矿物组成及稀土元素地球化学特征进行了研究。铝土矿矿石矿物以一水硬
铝石为主,另有少量一水软铝石。其次为高岭石、绿泥石等黏土矿物,以及少量重矿物。此外,在含矿岩系近底部还发现有富集Ce
元素的矿物氟菱钙铈矿[Ce2Ca(CO3)3F2]。从剖面顶部至底部,铝土矿中稀土元素含量呈逐渐增加的趋势,且稀土元素参数
LaN/YbN、LaN/SmN 和GdN/YbN 的数值均随深度逐渐增大。说明从剖面顶部至底部,稀土元素的淋滤迁出逐渐减弱,且稀土元
素间存在一定的分异。稀土元素间的分异可能由不同的含稀土元素矿物抗风化淋滤差异所致。铝土矿稀土元素配分模式表现为
LREE明显富集、MREE中等-弱富集、HREE相对平坦的特征,且具有明显的正Ce异常。δCe异常值随深度增加逐渐减小,接
近含矿岩系底部,δCe异常值再次增大。含矿岩系上部的Ce异常是由氧化条件下Ce3+ 向Ce4+ 转变并形成方铈矿(CeO2)所致。
随着深度的增加,含矿岩系的氧化性逐渐减弱,从而δCe异常值逐渐减小。接近含矿岩系底部,由于氟菱钙铈矿[Ce2Ca (CO3)3F2]的形成,导致δCe异常值再次增大。氟菱钙铈矿的沉淀可通过氟化物络合物(CeF2+ 或CeCO3F0)与Ca2+ 和HCO- 3
发生反应来完成。      

塔西南寒武系-奥陶系斜坡带特征与油气成藏条件分析

综合利用露头、岩心及地震资料,剖析了塔西南寒武系-奥陶系碳酸盐岩台缘斜坡带的发育特征及其迁移变化规律,在
此基础上,揭示了该区寒武系-奥陶系烃源岩、储层与盖层的匹配关系,并分析了有利的成藏组合。结果表明:塔西南寒武系-奥
陶系发育优质烃源岩且油源充足,台缘沉积相带以及台地内部发育多种类型的碳酸盐岩优质储层,加之优越的盖层封闭条件和良
好的油气运移通道,在研究区内形成了上部、中部和下部3套成藏组合。塔西南寒武系-奥陶系台缘斜坡带的礁滩体沉积、下斜
坡带的滑塌体沉积、台地内的深埋白云岩以及不整合面附近的缝洞型碳酸盐岩均为储集性能良好的潜在储层,其中,中部成藏组
合由于储层最发育,且可以兼顾来自下伏的中下寒武统与上覆的上奥陶统烃源岩所生成的油气,是塔西南最具勘探开发前景的成
藏组合。      

微生物碳酸盐岩及其油气勘探意义

微生物岩是沉积学研究的一个热点与难点,同时,微生物碳酸盐岩潜在的生烃潜力以及作为一种新的储层类型,也越来
越受到国内外油气勘探者的关注。在大量资料调研的基础上,重点论述了微生物碳酸盐岩相关研究成果及其最新研究进展,包括
微生物碳酸盐岩的类型划分、叠层石与凝块石的成因、地史分布、沉积环境等,并简要阐述了微生物碳酸盐岩潜在的生烃潜力以及
相关重大的油气发现。微生物碳酸盐岩分布广泛,以中新元古代、寒武纪和早奥陶世最为发育,因此,微生物碳酸盐岩主要发育于
较老的地层中,往往埋藏较深。鉴于其潜在的烃源岩与储层以及丰富的油气资源,深层油气勘探潜力巨大。微生物碳酸盐岩类型
划分、成因机制、地史分布及其沉积环境的相关研究将对于开展微生物碳酸盐岩烃源岩及其储层的研究并寻找新的微生物碳酸盐
岩油气田具有重要的指导意义。      

碳酸盐岩缓坡向镶边台地的转化:以黔东麻江地区下寒武统清虚洞组为例

黔东麻江地区位于上扬子台地东南缘,下寒武统(相当于2008年国际地层年表中的寒武纪第二统)清虚洞组发育浅海
碳酸盐岩沉积。露头观察、微相分析和地球化学数据综合得出,麻江地区清虚洞组可划分为浅海陆棚、潮下带、浅滩、潮间带4种
沉积环境。由下向上,构成了5个向上变浅的旋回(C1-C5)。C1-C3旋回为浅海陆棚-潮下带-潮间带序列,以细晶白云岩为主,
局部见鲕粒或灰泥的交代残余;C4-C5旋回为台缘浅滩-潮间带序列,浅滩特征明显。麻江地区沉积环境的纵向演化和邻区沉积
环境的对比表明,湘西黔东地区清虚洞组经历了碳酸盐岩缓坡向镶边台地的过渡转化。      

沾车地区泥岩裂缝成因分析

沾车地区沙三下亚段与沙一段泥岩裂缝发育,但是裂缝分布规律复杂多变制约了勘探进展。对裂缝成因及主控因素进
行深入分析后,将泥岩裂缝按成因划分为成岩裂缝(溶蚀裂缝、矿物收缩裂缝、油气演化裂缝)、构造裂缝(扩张裂缝、拉张裂缝、剪
切裂缝)和变质收缩裂缝共3大类7种类型。泥岩裂缝的形成和发育主要受沉积环境、成岩作用和构造活动的影响。半干旱半湿
润气候、半咸水湖泊中的深湖-半深湖环境最有利于泥岩裂缝的形成和发育;早成岩阶段A期成烃作用和黏土矿物转化作用有利
于成岩裂缝的形成;在大断层和岩浆侵入带附近构造裂缝发育。物源不太发育的缓坡带和洼陷带沙三下亚段是泥岩裂缝的集中
发育的区带和层系。      

GEOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF Fe,Mn,Co,As,Cr,Sb,Zn,Sc AND V IN SURFACE SEDIMENTS FROM JIAOZHOU BAY

The contents of nearly forty-elements in surface sediments in Jiaozhou Bay were determined using a Neutron Activation Analysis Technique(Grancini,et al.,1976;Li Peiquan et al.,1985,1986;Li Xiuxia etal.,1986).This paper's detailed discussion on only nine elements(Fe,Mn,Co,Cr,Sc,As,Sb,Zn andV)includes their distributions,concentrations,correlationships,material sources,background,etc.Based on Zavaristski's classification method,Fe,Mn,Co Cr and V belong to the second group;As and Sb to theeighth groups:Sc and Zn to the third and sixth groups.It was found that their notably good correla-tionship is mainly due to the similarity of their ionic structures and that their variation is controlled by theFe content(except Mn).The source of sediments is mainly terristrial material,and the composition ofsediment is similar to that of shale and shale+clay.The contents for a large number of ele-ments are within the scope of the background level,but there still is pollution of Zn and Cr,at least in a few stations.     

氟、氯、溴、碘等卤族元素与人体健康的关系

卤族元素是人体的必需元素,正常情况下成人摄入量不超过F4 mg/d、C11.7～5.1g/d、I 100～200μg/d;少年不超过F 3 mg/d,儿童I1μg/kg-d,婴儿Cl0.3～1.2 g/d.过量摄入或缺乏卤族元素,都可能导致疾病的发生.而F含量0.5～1.0mg/L、C1＜50mg/L、Br＞100μg/L、I 10～100μg/L的饮用地下水,有利于人体健康.     

Controlling mechanisms for the trace metals, (Cu,Zn, Cd,Fe, Co and Ni) in anoxic sea water in Saanich Inlet,British Columbia,Canada

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawater. Data on the concentration of these trace metals and H₂S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruises. Equilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and/or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S₄) ₂ ³⁻ and Cu(Sn₄S₅)³⁻, Zn(HS) ₂ ⁰ and ZnHS ₂ ⁻ , Cd(HS) ₂ ⁰ and Ni(HS) ₂ ⁰ , respectively. The solid species controlling Fe²⁺ and Co²⁺ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H₂S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H₂S−O₂-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new species of trace metals are still in the processes of reduction and precipitation. Contribution No. 1428 from Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica     

Effects of small peptides,probiotics, prebiotics,and synbiotics on growth performance,digestive enzymes,and oxidative stress in orange-spotted grouper,Epinephelus coioides,juveniles reared in artificial seawater

Aquaculture production efficiency may increase by using feed additives. This study investigated the effects of different dietary additives [w/w: 2% small peptides, 0.01% probiotics( Bacillus licheniformis) and 0.2% prebiotics(inulin)] on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, and oxidative stress in juvenile Epinephelus coioides reared in artificial seawater of two salt concentrations(13.5 vs. 28.5). Weight gain rate was significantly higher in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides, B. licheniformis, inulin, or synbiotics than that in fish fed the basal diet; the greatest weight gain rate was found in fish fed the small peptide treatment [56.0% higher than basal diet]. Higher feed efficiency was detected in fish fed the diet supplemented with small peptides than that of fish in the other dietary treatments. Total protease activity in the stomach and intestines was highest in fish fed the small peptide-treated diet, whereas lipase activity was highest in those fed synbiotics(combination of Bacillus licheniformis and inulin) than that in fish fed the other treatments. Antioxidant enzyme(total superoxide dismutase and catalase) activities and hepatic malondialdehyde content were higher in fish receiving the dietary supplements and maintained in artificial seawater containing 13.5 salinity compared with those in the control(28.5). Hepatic catalase activity in grouper fed the diets with small peptides or synbiotics decreased significantly compared with that in control fish. Overall, the three types of additives improved growth rate of juvenile grouper and digestive enzymes activities to varying degrees but did not effectively improve antioxidant capacity under low-salinity stress conditions.     

气、水、岩、生、人相互作用及其环境效应

这里所指示的大气圈、水圈、岩石圈、生物圈以及人类的作用千变万化,从而对人类的生存造成巨大影响,构成了一个复杂的生态环境,讨论这些问题,对人类生存至关重要。     

GROWTH, REPRODUCTION & POPULATION STRUCTURE OF THE FRESHWATER CRAB SINOPOTAMON YANG TSEKIENSE BOTT, 1967, FROM ZHEJIANG, CHINA

Monthly investigatiom were made on the population of Chinese freshwater crab, Sinopotamon yangteskiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to Match, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occured from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June-October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June-August, and crabs with young were found from July-October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-bom crabs become mature after 1-2 yeats. The sex ratio was approximately 1:1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution of S. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs     

Growth,reproduction & population structure of the freshwater crabSinopotamon yangtsekiense bott, 1967, from Zhejiang,China

Monthly investigations were mae on the population of Chinese freshwater crab,Sinopotamon yangtsekiense Bott, 1967 from April, 1984 to March, 1985. The data on 4413 specimens show that the growth was affected mainly by temperature. During the April to November growth period, the crabs' major development occurred from June through October. One year was required for a fine white oocyte to develop into a mature egg. The reproduction period was June–October. Females bearing eggs were taken from June–August, and crabs with young were found from July–October. The females reproduced once a year but could for more than one year. The number of eggs carried by a female varied greatly according to the size of the crab, ranging from 30 to 100 eggs. New-born crabs become mature after 1–2 years. The sex ratio was approximately 1∶1 in the overall population. However, the larger crabs are predominantly male. The age distribution ofS. yangtsekinese was estimated from size frequency histograms. There were more adult crabs (over 70%) from June to October and more immature crabs (over 50%) from November to May.     

石漠化的成因机理与防治对策

从石漠化的研究现状出发,依据我国西南岩溶石山地区石漠化特征,着重分析其主要控制介质为岩性、构造、地貌、气候、岩溶、地下水、植被等自然介质因子与森林砍伐、高坡开垦等人为介质因子.石漠化是以岩溶山区脆弱的岩溶生态环境为基础,以内、外地质作用和人类恶性生态地质作用为驱动力,以资源退化和恶化为本质,基岩不断裸露,生态环境不断恶化,周而复始的恶性循环过程.提出对石漠化的研究重点是成因机理研究,对石漠化的防治应着重于对石漠化的驱动力及其主导因子的防治,阐述了治山必须先治水等防治对策与建议.     

CONTROLLING MECHANISMS FOR THE TRACE METALS,(Cu,Zn, Cd, Fe, Co AND Ni) IN ANOXIC SEA WATER IN SAANICH INLET, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

A study was conducted on Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni levels in Saanich Inlet anoxic seawaler. Data on the concentrations of these trace metals and H2S, and other oceanographic parameters were obtained in four cruisesEquilibrium models are presented together with in situ data. The" results strongly support the assumption that the solubilities of Cu, Zn, Cd, Fe, Co and Ni are controlled by bisulfide and /or polysulfide complexes. The species of Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni are shown to be Cu(S4)23- and Cu(S4S5)3-, Zn(HS)20 and ZnHS2-, Cd(HS)20 and Ni(HS)20 respectively. The solid species controlling Fe2 + and Co2+ are respectively the pyrohotites FeS and CoS. The data illustrates that thermodynamic equilibrium has been established in the H2S-controlled seawater of Saanich Inlet, and that equilibrium has not been established in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater of Saanich Inlet. The lack of equilibrium in the H2S-O2-coexisted seawater is a result of the flushing or mixing of oxygenated seawater with anoxic water. The new s