El Nio事件发生和消亡中热带太平洋纬向风应力的动力作用 Ⅱ.模式结果分析

为了分析 ＥＩ Ｎｉｏ事件发生和消亡中热带太平洋纬向风应力的动力作用，建立一个类似于Ｚｅｂｉａｋ的简单热带海洋数值模式，在观测到的风应力异常的强迫下，模拟赤道太平洋地区 １９７１年１月至 １９９８年８月海表温度异常的变化。结果表明，模式对观测的Ｎｉｏ３区海表温度异常（ＳＳＴＡ）有很好的模拟能力。模拟和观测Ｎｉ区ＳＳＴＡ之间的相关系数可达 ０．９０。模式对 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件期间赤道太平洋海表温度异常随时间变化也有较好的模拟能力。为了分析Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ期间ＳＳＴＡ的空间分布及其随时间变化的动力学机制，还对１９８６～１９８９年 ＥＮＳＯ循环期间赤道太平洋地区观测的 ＳＳＴＡ的传播特征及其形成机制进行了分析。模式较好地模拟出了观测到的赤道太平洋地区ＳＳＴＡ的传播特征，即从１９８６年底至１９８７年 ４月， ＳＳＴＡ具有向东传播的特征，从 １９８７年 ６月至 １９８８年 ２月具有向西传播的特征。动力学分析的结果表明，赤道中西太平洋地区的缔向风应力异常对 Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件的发生和消亡具有重要作用。赤道中西太平洋地区的西风异常可强迫出东传的Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波，这个东传的 Ｋｅｌｖｉｎ波对正 ＳＳＴＡ的东传起主要作用，当这个东传的 Ｋｅｌｖ     

El Ni?o事件发生和消亡中热带太平洋纬向风应力的动力作用 I. 资料诊断和理论分析

通过资料分析,研究了发生在热带西太平洋海表面西风或东风应力异常与El Ni?o事件的关系。分析结果表明,对应着El Ni?o事件从发生到消亡的过程,热带西太平洋纬向风应力存在着从西风应力异常到东风应力异常的变化,并且在这个过程中,西风应力异常向东传,东风应力异常紧接其后也向东传。本文还根据观测资料的分析结果建立了理想风应力,并利用简单热带海洋模式,对热带西太平洋纬向风应力异常及其东传在ENSO循环中的作用进行了动力学分析,指出了它们在El Ni?o事件发生和消亡中起着重要的作用。西风应力异常通过激发出海洋中东传的暖Kelvin波及其在大洋东边界反射产生的暖Rossby波、以及西风应力异常本身东传到赤道东太平洋,引起正的海洋混合层扰动厚度异常,导致了El Ni?o事件的发生;而异常东风应力则通过激发出东传的冷Kelvin波及其在大洋东边界反射产生的冷Rossby波、以及东风应力异常本身东传到赤道东太平洋,引起负的海洋混合层扰动厚度异常,导致了El Ni?o事件的消亡。对于热带西太平洋上风应力异常的形式是东部为异常西风应力而其西部为异常东风应力,并且它们同时向东传时,则大洋东部混合层厚度对异常风应力的响应随异常东风和西风应力的强度不同而不同,它们强度的相对大小对El Ni?o的持续时间具有重要的作用。     

ENSO事件中次表层海温距平在10°N附近向西传播的机理

在最大温度距平的极值曲面上,对观测资料的分析表明,在这个曲面上的次表层海温距平,一般从西太平洋暖池附近沿赤道向东传播,然后在东太平洋95°W附近向两极传播,并在10°N附近(北半球比南半球清楚)向西传播,再在140°E暖池海域传向赤道,形成一个信号传播的回路。文章试图研究东太平洋次表层海温距平信号在10°N附近向西传播的可能机制。低空850 hPa风场的资料分析表明,当ENSO处在暖(冷)位相时,东太平洋沿岸附近将出现经向风,首先在经向风的吹引下,将产生沿岸的Kelvin波,进而在经向风的辐散(辐合)作用下,通过沿岸的上升(下沉)流在各个纬度激发出向西的Rossby波,但理论表明在与观测接近的周期性经向风作用下由Kelvin波产生的沿岸上升(下沉)流在10°N附近最大,因此在那个纬度附近Rossby波的振幅最大,更易将距平意义下的冷(暖)水传向西太平洋。     

基本气流的垂直切变对热带行星尺度大气波动的影响

通过一个赤道β平面上的绝热无摩擦的两层模式,讨论了线性垂直切变的纬向基本气流对热带行星尺度大气波动的影响。在长波近似下,当有纬向基本气流垂直切变时,可得到与东传Kelvin波和西传Rossby波对应的不稳定模态。对不稳定的Kelvin波模态,其相速受垂直切变的影响不大,而对不稳定的Rossby波模态,切变越大,西传速度越小。基本气流的垂直切变主要影响热带Rossby波。     

热带太平洋经向风应力异常与 El Nino 的发生--Ⅱ)动力学分析

第一部分(Zhang et al.,2001)的资料分析表明,El Nino事件发生之前在赤道中东太平洋存在着显著的异常经向风应力辐合.为了分析这种超前的辐合经向风应力距平在其后的ElNino事件发生中的动力作用,本文利用简单热带海洋动力学模式,从动力学上研究了热带海洋对关于赤道辐合的理想经向风应力强迫的响应,指出赤道东太平洋出现在El Nino事件之前的辐合经向风应力异常有利于El Nino事件的发生.辐合的经向风应力强迫作用于热带海洋,会激发出西传的Rossby波,使得赤道附近的海洋混合层变厚.由于耗散的影响,最大的增厚区位于强迫区域.当这个强迫作用于赤道东太平洋时,这将有利于E1 Nino事件发生;另一方面,Rossby波响应在赤道及其附近使得表层海水向西流动,中东太平洋表层水的不断向西输送有利于表层水在西太平洋堆积,为后来暖事件的发生累积能量.     

基本气流对赤道Rossby波和重力波的影响

应用考虑基本气流作用的赤道β平面线性模式，分析了基本气流对赤道Rossby波和重力波的影响。分析表明，基本西风气流中西传的赤道Rossby波和西传重力波仍有混合现象，基本西风气流将使Rossby波出现不稳定增长，而基本东风气流中的Rossby波和重力波是完全可分的。     

1997/1998年ElNio事件发生、发展可能机制的进一步研究

基于美国哥伦比亚大学Lamont-Doherty地球观象台LDEO(Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory)海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析风场资料,分析了1997/1998年ElNio期间西太平洋暖池海表温度和西风距平的时间演变特征,同时也分析了东太平洋暖池海表温度和北风距平的时间演变特征。结果表明,1997/1998年ElNio事件期间,西太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常西风和东太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常北风都与Ni o3指数变化密切相关。将东、西太平洋暖池及异常北风、西风一并结合起来考虑,进一步研究了1997/1998年ElNio事件发生、发展的可能机制:异常西风驱动西太平洋暖池东端暖水向东伸展直接有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;异常西风激发东传的暖Kelvin波对东太平洋的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;东传的异常西风可以通过埃克曼漂流效应将赤道两侧的海表暖水向赤道辐合从而加强了赤道附近的下沉流,也有利于赤道东太平洋赤道附近海表温度增加。几乎与此同时,北风距平通过产生北风吹流将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近直接导致Nio3区海表温度增...     

夏季赤道东太平洋海温异常对全球及东亚短期气候变化影响的数值试验

本文应用中国科学院大气物理研究所设计的两层大气环流模式（IAP-AGCM）研究了夏季赤道东太平洋地区负的海温异常对全球大气及赤道太平洋地区和东亚局地短期气候变化的影响，着重分析了海温异常（SSTA）所造成的降水、高度场、风场以及赤道太平洋地区海表感热和潜热输送等一些物理场的异常，并对赤道东太平洋海温异常影响全球及赤道太平洋和东亚局地短期气候变化的物理机制进行了探讨，得到了一些有意义的结果。     

1997/1998 El Ni(n)o事件的热力学诊断分析

本文基于以925 hPa NCEP/NCAR再分析风应力距平为初始强迫场的Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式对1997/1998 El Nio事件集合预报平均结果,对1997/1998 El Nio事件进行热力学诊断分析.结果表明:(1)在整个El Nio事件过程中,在赤道太平洋从西到东的各个Nio区中,平流作用主要起促进作用,而热力阻尼项则基本为衰减或抑止作用.(2)从Nio 4区到Nio 1 2区,纬向平流对SSTA上升的促进强度变化不大,而经向平流和垂直上升流对SSTA增加的促进作用在逐渐增强.同时,热力阻尼项对SSTA变化的抑制作用也呈依次增强.(3)平流项中,经向平流的贡献相对显著.     

热带太平洋西风异常对ENSO事件发生的作用

本文从观测资料对80年代两次ENSO事件产生过程中，热带太平洋西风异常及其对赤道中、东太平洋表层海温增暖的作用进行了分析和比较。分析结果表明:在这两次ENSO事件的产生过程中，赤道西太平洋上空均有较大的西风异常，并且它由赤道西太平洋向赤道中、东太平洋传播，随着西风异常从西向东传播，赤道中、东太平洋的表层相继增温。分析还表明，1982／1983年ENSO事件发生过程中，热带太平洋西风异常的强度要比1986／1987年热带太平洋西风异常强得多，这使得1982／1983 ENSO事件的强度比1986／1987_ENSO事件强得多。为了说明热带西太平洋西风异常对赤道中、东太平洋ENSO事件发生的作用，本文还利用IAP太平洋环流模式对西风异常在ENSO事件产生过程中的作用进行了数值模拟。模拟的结果说明了热带太平洋的西风异常对赤道太平洋暖水的向东传播和赤道中、东太平洋的增温起了很重要作用，这与观测事实分析一致。     

Why were some La Niñas followed by another La Niña?

This paper investigates why some La Niña events are followed by another La Niña and some others are not. We propose two preconditions that result in continuation of a La Niña. The first one is that La Niña must be a strong event (a major La Niña). This ensures that the reflected Rossby wave signal at the eastern boundary of the Pacific has a strong westward propagating cold ocean temperature anomaly over the off-equatorial region. The off-equator cold anomaly may not be conducive to the equatorial recharge process, and as a result, may favor the persistence of cold ocean subsurface temperature anomaly and prevent the transition from La Niña to El Niño. The second precondition is whether there are eastward propagating downwelling Kelvin waves during the decay phase of a major La Niña. Eastward propagating downwelling Kelvin waves could lead to demise for a tendency for a follow-up La Niña. The equatorial Kelvin wave activities are associated with fluctuations of surface wind in the equatorial far-western Pacific. The analysis suggests that both the surface wind in the equatorial far-western Pacific and the recharge/discharge of the equatorial Pacific are indicators for occurrence or no occurrence of a follow-up La Niña event.     

On the Mechanism of the Locking of the El Nino Event Onset Phase to Boreal Spring

The mechanism of the locking of the E1 Nino event onset phase to boreal spring （from April to June） in an intermediate coupled ocean-atmosphere model is investigated. The results show that the seasonal variation of the zonal wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific associated with the seasonal variation of the ITCZ is the mechanism of the locking in the model. From January to March of the E1 Nino year, the western wind anomaly over the western equatorial Pacific can excite the downwelling Kelvin wave that propagates eastward to the eastern and middle Pacific by April to June. From April to December of the year before the E1 Nifio year, the eastern wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific forces the downwelling Rossby waves that modulate the ENSO cycle. The modulation and the reflection at the western boundary modulate the time of the transition from the cool to the warm phase to September of the year before the E1 Nifio year and cause the strongest downwelling Kelvin wave from the reflected Rossby waves at the western boundary to arrive in the middle and eastern equatorial Pacific by April to June of the E1 Nino year. The superposition of these two kinds of downwelling Kelvin waves causes the El Nino event to tend to occur from April to June.     

On the Mechanism of the Locking of the El Nio Event Onset Phase to Boreal Spring

1. Introduction The observed facts show that the ENSO cycle has obvious phase-locking and oscillates irregularly (An and Wang, 2001; Kaplan et al., 1998). Based on Zibiak and Cane's (1987) model (hereafter, the Z-C model) and simple, coupled ocean-atmosph…     

热带太平洋经向风应力异常与El Nio的发生——(Ⅱ)动力学分析(英文)

第一部分（Ｚｈａｎｇ ｅｔ ａｌ，２００１）的资料分析表明，Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件发生之前在赤道中东太平洋存在着显著的异常经向风应力辐合、为了分析这种超前的辐合经向风应力距平在其后的ＥｌＮｉｏ事件发生中的动力作用，本文利用简单热带海洋动力学模式，从动力学上研究了热带海洋对关于赤道辐合的理想经向风应力强迫的响应，指出赤道东太平洋出现在Ｅｌ Ｎｉｏ事件之前的辐合经向风应力异常有利于Ｅｌ　Ｎｉｏ事件的发生。辐合的经向风应力强迫作用于热带海洋，会激发出西传的Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波，使得赤道附近的海洋混合层变厚。由于耗散的影响，最大的增厚区位于强迫区域。当这个强迫作用于赤道东太平洋时，这将有利于以 Ｎｌ　Ｎｉｏ事件发生；另一方面，Ｒｏｓｓｂｙ波响应在赤道及其附近使得表层海水向西流动，中东太平洋表层水的不断向西输送有利于表层水在西太平洋堆积，为后来暖事件的发生累积能量。     

Mechanism of Kelvin and Rossby waves during ENSO events

Summary ?The fields of sea-level height anomaly (SLHA) and surface zonal wind anomaly (SZWA) have been analyzed to investigate the typical evolution of spatial patterns during El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. Sea surface temperature (SST) changes during ENSO events are represented as an irregular interplay of two dominant modes, low-frequency mode and biennial mode. Cyclostationary principal component (PC) time series of the former variables are regressed onto the PC time series of the two dominant SSTA modes to find the spatial patterns of SLHA and SZWA consistent with the two SSTA modes. The two regressed patterns of SLHA explain a large portion of SLHA total variability. The reconstruction of SLHA using only the two components reasonably depicts major ENSO events. Although the low-frequency component of SST variability is much larger than the biennial component, the former does not induce strong Kelvin and Rossby waves. The biennial mode induces much stronger dynamical ocean response than the low-frequency mode. Further decomposition of the SLHA modes into Kelvin and Rossby components shows how these two types of equatorial waves evolve during typical ENSO events. The propagation and reflection of these waves are clearly portrayed in the regressed patterns leading to a better understanding of the wave mechanism in the tropical Pacific associated with ENSO. A close examination suggests that the delayed action oscillator hypothesis is generally consistent with the analysis results reported here. Rossby wave development in the central Pacific in the initiation stage of ENSO and the subsequent reflection of Kelvin waves at the western boundary seems to be an important mechanism for further development of ENSO. The development of Kelvin waves forced by the surface wind in the far-western Pacific cannot be ruled out as a possible mechanism for the growth of ENSO. While Kelvin waves in the far-western Pacific serve as an intiation mechanism of ENSO, they also cause the termination of existing ENSO condition in the central and eastern Pacific, thereby leading to a biennial oscillation over the tropical Pacific. The Kelvin waves from the western Pacific erode the thermocline structure in the central Pacific preventing further devlopment of ENSO and ultimately terminating it. It should be emphasized that this wave mechanism is clear and active only in the biennial mode. Received August 15, 2001; revised March 6, 2002     

On the influences of large-scale inhomogeneity of sea temperature upon the oceanic waves in the tropical regions—part II: Linear numerical experiments

By using a linear oceanic mixed layer model, the long period waves in the tropical ocean are investi-gated numerically. Due to the inhomogeneity of the large-scale average sea temperature field of the ocean in tropical regions, besides the westward propagating equatorial Rossby wave to be modified, there will be a kind of long period thermal wave which propagates eastward under certain oceanic background conditions. Under the influences of these two kinds of waves, the propagating and evolving processes of the sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) are dearly shown by numerical experiments. The results of numerical ex-periments are consistent with the ones obtained by the theoretical analysis in Part I. The possible relation-ship between these two kinds of waves and El Nino events is also discussed indirectly.