Geoecological approach to infrastructural development of hiking trails in federal-level SPNA (as exemplified by the Baikalskii nature reserve)

The comprehensive utilization of the technique for substantiating the promotion of hiking tourism, with emphasis on infrastructural development to ease access to recreational sites for different categories of visitors. The goal of using specialized hiking trails is to furnish a means of acquiring a familiarity with the unique landscapes of the Khamar-Daban mountain range. The technique contains four consecutive stages, and their implementation is illustrated in terms of the model territory. An analysis is made of the socioeconomic and geoecological characteristics of the Baikalskii Biosphere Reserve, which, together with landscape assessment, serves as a basis for the generation of the zoning map for possibilities and restrictions as regards the promotion and development of hiking tourism. A zoning is provided, which takes into consideration the possibilities of hiking tourism, based on assessing a territory’s transport accessibility, estimating the cost of preparing a trail of each class, and on the geoecological characteristics of landscape. The map that identifies seven zones of different-intensity transformation of the territory for an integral development of hiking tourism is used in making recommendations for the preparation of hiking trails in the Baikalskii Nature Reserve. The landscapes are combined into zones according to the degree of suitability for the construction of trails of different classes. The algorithm for preparation of trails consisting of 10 consecutive stages (three stages of planning, and seven stages of preparation) is applied for a number of linear features. The most suitable classes of preparation are indicated for these trails, in accordance with the characteristics of landscapes and engineering restrictions within their boundaries.     

湿地鸟类栖息地营建及观鸟旅游方式初探——以盐城丹顶鹤湿地生态旅游区为例

湿地生态旅游区以其生态多样性、景观多样性和物种多样性,成为许多珍稀濒危鸟类的主要栖息地和繁殖地。随着旅游开发的深入,鸟类栖息地保护及观鸟旅游已成为湿地旅游开发的两个重要方面。为确保湿地生态旅游区的可持续发展,选取盐城丹顶鹤湿地生态旅游区为研究对象,根据鸟类的栖息要求,营建相应的栖息生境,并对观鸟旅游方式做了初浅的探讨,以期对以鸟类栖息地保护为主的湿地规划提供借鉴。     

Advance in the Research of Wetland Tourism in China

The wetland tourism in China has been one of the most popular tourisms as its fast growth in China in recent years. The significance of the wetland tourism research for the local sustainable development was noticed and have sum-marized this review in 3 aspects: resources, including assessment, resources and products development; planning, in-cluding the orientation of wetland tourism, the landscape planning and application of science and technology; and man-agement, including tourism capacity, environmental evaluation, the ecological compensation and the public participa-tion. The wetland tourism research in China is insufficient in the following fields: the depth of extensive studies, the ap-plication of mathematics, the objective planning and the evaluation of ecological influence. What should be more noticed in the future research is that it is considered as landscape ecology, landscape planning and the relevant wetland-struc-ture controlling, the environment and landscape pattern change caused by tourism, tourism risk evaluation, the econom-ics and sociology research in wetland tourism.     

区域旅游开发中的景观生态研究——以云南省安宁市为例*

新兴的景观生态学正在进一步拓展其应用领域。区域旅游开发过程中,运用景观空间异质性理论,结合旅游活动的开展,对开发区域的旅游景观进行生态分类和区划,是将景观生态理论应用区域旅游开发的一个新尝试。文中以云南安宁市为例,在景观类型的基础分析和景观生态区划的基础上,进行区域旅游生态区划分。主要是以生态学原理为基础进行景观类型和景观生态区的划分,同时考虑人类旅游活动对环境生态所带来的影响,并确定区域旅游的重点开发带(面)。     

中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突和协调路径分析

协调旅游资源保护与利用冲突是当前自然保护地体系建设亟待解决的关键问题之一。论文利用质性研究方法,在系统总结中国自然保护地旅游资源利用的阶段特征与模式基础上,分析了现阶段旅游资源利用的冲突及其矛盾本质,并从多维视角探讨冲突的形成机制,从生态保护、社区发展、理论逻辑等方面分析现阶段自然保护地旅游资源利用的可行性与合理性;最后从建立利益主体权责明确的一体化资源利用机制、加强对旅游资源利用活动资源环境效应的评估、因地制宜探索自然生态资源保护和利用的动态模式、建立更加精准化的自然保护地分区利用方案、以生态理念为指导创新生态旅游产品类型等方面,提出自然保护地旅游资源利用的合理路径。研究结论有助于各界从系统性视角深入理解现阶段自然保护地旅游资源利用的冲突,同时对合理推动自然生态资源的可持续利用具有借鉴意义。     

磴口县景观格局演变特征及生态网络构建

城市生态基础设施是城市可持续发展的基础,西部干旱区生态脆弱性大,县域尺度的生态基础设施网络是保证干旱区城市稳定与发展的重要保障。在快速城市化的背景下,选择西部典型生态脆弱区磴口县为研究区,运用景观格局指数、景观转移网络及核密度分析等方法,分析景观格局演变,在此基础上确定生态源地并分级,基于Cost Path模型提取生态廊道与生态节点,构建城市化背景下基于景观格局演变的磴口县生态基础设施网络。结果表明：2014年磴口县域景观破碎化程度高,景观生态流流动性差,城市与建设用地、荒漠灌木林地、耕地、沙漠之间的转移情况决定了磴口县整体景观变化的特征,2001-2014年共存在28种景观转移关系;基于Cost Path模型构建的县域尺度生态基础设施优化网络共包含391块生态源地、47 466条生态廊道和799个生态节点。针对干旱区构建的县域尺度的城区防护型生态网络,能够为磴口县城市化发展提供重要保障,对干旱区城市生态规划具有重要的参考价值。     

中国西部干旱区生态景观制图的若干问题

制图方法是认识和揭示客观现象与过程的重要途径。生态景观制图作为专题制图学的一个重要方向,通过建立分类体系,制定分类方法,编制专题图件,可以反映自然要素和人为作用的特点,揭示生态景观要素的耦合关系。生态景观制图中专题要素的表现方式,制图过程的数据采集,制图单元的划分,制图的模式选择,以及遥感、GIS与数字制图手段的应用,是十旱Ⅸ景观生态制图的关键问题。生态景观制图巾的地图信息理论、地图模式论、地图分析理论、地图要素综合理论、制冈工艺学等的发展,对于开拓资源环境制图学的新领域具有理论价值,并对生态规划与生态建设具有重要促进作用。     

Engineering Geological Map of the Sakha （Yakutia） Republic

The Engineering Geological Map of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic covers about 3 million kilometers which is one-fifth of the territory of Russia.The map displays ground and geocryological conditions and active faults.Seismic intensity,schemes of zoning by factors of engineering geological conditions,and the general scheme of engineering geological zoning of the Sakha（Yakutia） Republic or the SR（Y）,are shown on the inset maps.The map is required to provide information for planning,construction and exploitation of engineering structures in the SR（Y）.A distinguishing feature of the map is the indication of almost blanket distribution of the frozen ground class.Types of the frozen ground class are separated by lithology,while ground varieties are separated by temperature.Fresh and ultra-fresh suprapermafrost water is predominant within the territory.The compiled map indicates parts of the Arctic-Asian and Baikalo-Stanovoi planetary seismic belts that make engineering geological conditions more complicated.     

海岛(县)主体功能区划分的研究——以浙江省玉环县、洞头县为例

海岛是海中陆地,一个海岛包括岛陆、岛基、岛滩和海岛周围的海域。地域主体功能区划主要强调国土空间开发的分工和布局,要求做到国土的全覆盖。海岛县是海陆国土空间复合系统,同陆域县区一样,根据资源环境承载能力、现有开发密度和发展潜力,统筹考虑未来人口分布、经济布局、国土利用和城镇化格局,将国土空间划分为优化开发、重点开发、限制开发和禁止开发四类主体功能区。在已有陆域主体功能区划和海洋功能区划等理论的基础上,考虑陆域要素与海域要素,应用层次分析、多指标综合加权评价法和主成分-聚类分析等主要量化方法,把地理空间思想融入分析框架中,做到定性与定量相结合,从而划分出玉环和洞头二个海岛县海陆国土空间复盖的主体功能区划。陆域主体功能区与海洋主体功能区要相互衔接,主体功能定位相互协调。     

气候变化对中国观鸟旅游的影响——基于鸟类物候变化的分析

全球观鸟活动的规模达到了每年几千万人次,观鸟旅游已经成为世界野生动物观赏业的重要组成部分。气候变化改变了鸟类物候期及其空间格局,这不仅会影响观鸟者的旅游活动,还会进一步对观鸟旅游利益相关者的生计产生影响。监测并尽早地识别出这些影响,提醒利益相关者采取有效的适应策略意义重大。本文引入物候期这一气候变化的"指示器"来反映开展观鸟旅游的重要资源基础——鸟类活动时间以及栖息地格局的变化。通过对1980-2010年中国26个地区的98个物候序列的鸟类研究进行荟萃分析发现:中国鸟类离开、抵达、停留时间以及鸟类栖息地的格局都已经发生了改变。春季、夏季鸟类会提前离开或抵达,但在秋季它们的活动会延迟。鸟类停留的时间主要呈现延长的趋势。温度升高会使鸟类停留时间变长,对观鸟旅游的开展有利。中国低纬度地区和西部地区鸟类停留时间更长。鸟类栖息地的格局呈现出向北和向西迁移的特征。游客和景区工作人员均已感知到鸟类活动时间以及栖息地格局的变化对观鸟旅游产生的影响。     

南京江心洲旅游景观健康评价

在对景观健康理论和旅游景观特征分析基础上,初步建立了以压力-状态-响应模型为主线的旅游景观健康评价体系。参照国家环境质量标准、生态城市以及旅游景区评定标准等确定了相对健康的目标值。设计采用熵权-灰色关联模糊评价法,依据评价对象与目标值序列的相似程度,将评价结果划分为5个等级。整合遥感和统计调查数据,对南京江心洲2001~2007年旅游景观健康进行了跟踪评价。研究结果表明:在2001~2002年旅游集中开发建设时期,研究区旅游景观综合健康指数下降;随着响应的健康指数持续上升,2002年后下降速度减缓,2005年后开始逐渐上升,但一直处于亚健康水平(≤0.7),压力健康指数持续下降限制了旅游景观健康综合水平的提高;旅游景观状态的健康指数在短暂下降后呈上升态势;设施用地的无序扩张、化肥施用量居高不下、林地减少和破碎化等问题需要引起重视。     

Hydrological factors in landscape planning of the Lake Baikal Watershed Basin

We outline the essentials of landscape planning of a territory from the water factor at the stage of assessments and summarizations of a natural character. We explore the possibilities of assessing the water potential and the goals of ecologically oriented land use planning. We formulate a number of recommendations and suggest a target-oriented zoning of the lake’s watershed basin with respect to the water factor with a focus on maintenance of the quantity and quality of waters entering Lake Baikal.     

山东南部景观生态特征研究

以地貌和基质为基本线索,以植被为标志,建立了山东南部的景观生态分类系统。该系统为二级分类系统,包括７个景观型、１７个景观亚型。以景观亚型或景观亚型的组合为基本制图单位,以１：１００万土壤图为基础底图,参考多种比例尺的卫星照片、植被图、土地利用图、地貌图等,编制了山东南部１：１００万景观生态类型图;在景观生态类型图上量算了各景观亚型的面积,并且分析了山东南部主要景观型的生态问题,据此提出了相应的生态对策。     

Geoinformational Mapping of Landscapes in the Northwestern Part of Western Siberia Using the Hansen Mosaic Dataset

Presented are the technique and results of studying the landscape structure of the north-west of Western Siberia on the basis of the Hansen mosaic dataset consisting of elements covering the entire territory of the Earth. To study this area used a synthesis of classical methods of thematic system mapping as described in the doctrine of geosystems of V. B. Sochava, and automated interpretation of remote sensing data and mapping using GIS technologies. The method of geoinformational mapping of the landscape structure with the use of MultiSpec and Quantum GIS software programs for the purpose of drawing up real-time raster landscape maps is shown. In drawing up the map and the legend, the principle of geomic system-hierarchical representation of the territory as a complex multi-level “bottom-up” structure from topological-level geosystems (groups and classes of landscape facies) to regional-level geosystems (geoms, groups and classes of geoms) was used. Compilation of operational raster landscape maps of the north-west of Western Siberia involved multilevel automated interpretation of the Hansen mosaic dataset and mapping of areas (clusters) on images with different brightness characteristics, with the landscape structure of key areas and stationary physical and geographical profiles. A characteristic of this approach also implies using a dynamic classification of geosystems based on the study of their variable states. Such an approach permits a monitoring of changes in landscape structure and its areas and the intensity of anthropogenic impacts on forest and marsh landscapes, and determination of permissible pressure on geosystems in areas with high technogenic pressure of the oil and gas complex represented by the north-west of Siberia. An automated processing of data based on a supervised classification of territorial objects allows for the elimination of inaccuracies arising in visual image interpretation. Raster landscape maps can be used both for a further generation of vector maps and as a real-time information base for purposes of environmental management and protection.     

基于景观基因图谱的古城镇“画卷式”旅游规划模式 ——以靖港古镇为例

根据景观基因及其图谱理论,探讨景观基因及其图谱和画卷式旅游规划概念,建立了基于三者之间内在关系的古城镇“画卷式”旅游规划技术;遵循“一目标、二意义、三功能、四特性、五要素”的理论结构,探讨以基因信息的遗传路线和文化故事表达为图谱形态的“画卷式”旅游规划模式。在此基础上,以靖港古镇为例,结合实地走访与历史文化特色分析等方法,探寻了该古镇景观主体基因图谱,构建并运用了“画卷式”旅游规划模式。结果表明：靖港古镇宜居宜业的生态文明是主体基因图谱表达的画卷模式;军事科教的活动体验是内在唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式,地方性很强的民俗活动是外在唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式;宗教文化活动是局部唯一基因图谱表达的画卷模式。     

新疆旅游发展驱动因子

利用新疆2001-2012年的统计资料及相关社会经济数据,从社会经济条件、基础设施、公共服务水平、政策因素、生态环境、旅游资源赋存度、旅游服务能力等7个面构建新疆旅游发展驱动因子指标体系。运用Delphi法、相关分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,定量地诊断出新疆旅游发展的驱动因子。结果表明:社会经济条件、旅游资源赋存度、基础设施、公共服务水平、旅游服务能力是影响新疆旅游发展的5类主要动因,社会危机事件是制约新疆旅游发展最为关键的因子,这一研究为新疆旅游业的转型升级和可持续发展提供一定借鉴意义。     

耦合SOFM与SVM的生态功能分区方法——以鄂尔多斯市为例

辨析区域主要生态环境问题及其空间异质性,划定生态功能区,对保障区域生态安全和国土开发优化具有重要指导意义。以往自下而上的分区研究多基于行政区或流域开展,难以体现行政区或流域内部的生态功能分异。以鄂尔多斯市为例,基于生态系统服务与生态敏感性构建区域生态功能分区指标体系,耦合自组织特征映射（SOFM）网络与支持向量机（SVM）划定鄂尔多斯市生态功能分区。结果表明,区域内各生态功能分区指标呈现明显的空间分异特征,通过SOFM网络基于栅格进行指标聚类,构建分类效果指数筛选最佳聚类方案,将区域分为7种不同的生态功能类型。最终,利用SVM识别最优分区界线,将鄂尔多斯市分为11个生态功能区。本文构建分类效果指数实现多分类方案优选,使用机器学习算法解决自下而上的自然分区容易弱化要素空间位置属性的问题,完成了从分类到分区的定量转换,有助于提升分区的空间精度与客观性,为生态功能分区与分区边界划定提供了新的方法途径。     

乌蒙山区岩溶景观特征及其旅游扶贫潜力分析和模式

在对乌蒙山区社会经济、扶贫现状、自然环境及区域地质背景和岩溶地质特征进行分析和研究的基础上,首先系统探讨了其岩溶景观的类型、发育和分布特征,然后从资源潜力、开发适宜性、区位特性、开发条件、市场潜力等方面探讨和分析其岩溶景观旅游扶贫潜力的大小及其与岩溶特征间的关系,认为：1）乌蒙山区拥有118处不同级别优势（78处省级、32处国家级、8处世界级）的岩溶景观单体或景观区,是全球高原岩溶景观的典型集中发育区和杰出范例,形成并表现出明显的类型、区域优势和特色;2）总体上,随着岩溶景观分布密度的依次降低,以及可溶性特征的减弱和景观区级别的降低,贵州、云南、四川三大岩溶片区以及各县域岩溶区、各类岩溶景观单体或景观区资源的优势性、聚集性、规模性及知名性依次降低,旅游扶贫潜力依次下降;3）观光体验和休闲度假,是乌蒙山区各岩溶区最适宜,且最具优势和开发潜力的旅游产品;4）乌蒙山区的区位特性、开发条件和市场潜力等则明显逊色于其他相似的岩溶地区。最后,在上述分析的基础上提出了观光休闲旅游、生态旅游、科学旅游、文化旅游、探险科考等5种乌蒙山区岩溶旅游扶贫模式,并从政府、基础设施、区域旅游发展、区域协作、发展理念等方面探讨了岩溶旅游扶贫的保障机制。     

厦门下潭尾红树林修复区景观类型与鸟类群落动态

2018年10月—2019年9月调查厦门下潭尾红树林修复区鸟类群落变化,利用遥感图像解译红树林修复区景观格局,为修复区后续景观格局优化与鸟类保护提供技术支持。结果显示:修复区鸟类共有26科62种,鹭类(8种2047只)与鸻鹬类(16种786只)种类及数量较多。春季鸟类种数及数量最多,其中3月鸟类种数最多25种,5月数量最多828只。下潭尾修复区景观格局在低潮位与高潮位存在周期性变化,不同景观鸟类种类及数量有较大差异;鸻鹬类在低潮位时的种类较多但数量较少,高潮位时仅分布于高潮裸露湿地和建设用地。建议修复区增加鸻鹬类高潮停息的滩涂湿地及游禽类生活需要的生态塘区,进一步提高水鸟多样性。     

The Geography of Fish: The Use of Remote Sensing and Spatial Analysis Tools in Fisheries Research

Rather than seeing the oceans as an expansive void, researchers using acoustic technologies can detect the heterogeneity of biological resources and view the marine environment as a three-dimensional landscape. Underwater remote sensing, using acoustics, provides high resolution maps of the spatial distribution of organisms in aquatic ecosystems. Analyzing the spatial pattern of species distribution within the water column and the impact of that organization on ecological processes bridges the fields of fisheries and spatial analysis. Tools and concepts familiar to geographers, such as remote sensing, GIS, and landscape ecology, contribute to the investigation of large lake and marine ecosystems.