不同演化阶段的NAPLs污染区高密度电阻率法探测效果分析

应用高密度电阻率法(ERT)能够快速、实时探测非水相液体(NAPLs)污染区,但污染发生后不同时间段的NAPLs污染区在土壤中呈现不同的演化特征。为了解ERT调查剖面中NAPLs污染区自泄漏至形成污染羽全过程的异常区变化特征,本文归纳总结污染过程NAPLs饱和度和电阻率变化特点,构建不同演化阶段NAPLs污染区地质及电阻率模型,计算得到不同装置形式的电阻率理论探测剖面;通过对比分析,判断污染区不同演化阶段在ERT剖面中相应的异常特征。结果显示,污染物侵入量较少时,存在于非饱和带中的LNAPLs污染区在电阻率剖面中形成低电阻率异常区,随着污染物的积累,污染区转变为高电阻率异常区,且污染范围逐渐向下扩展。DNAPLs污染区在非饱和带中的电阻率变化特征与LNAPLs污染区具有一定相似性。在饱和带中,污染区表现为高电阻率异常,随着污染物向隔水底板迁移及饱和度的降低,污染区的高电阻率异常特征减弱。ERT剖面中难以识别饱和度低于0.10的污染区。施龙贝格装置水平方向分辨率较高,而偶极装置垂向分辨率较高,这为实地探测中不同范围的高、低电阻率异常区的解译以及不同污染区探测时采集装置的选择提供了参考。     

冷泉气体渗漏过程海洋多电极电阻率法探测效果模拟分析

为分析评价一种新型海洋多电极电阻率法对海底沉积物中冷泉气体渗漏过程的探测能力,根据前人理论研究,结合具体实例构建沉积物中快速及慢速冷泉气体汇聚、渗漏、喷发阶段地电模型,模拟采用海洋多电极电阻率法进行探测,利用数值计算方法得到理论剖面图像,并和室内实验实测剖面图像进行对比分析。研究结果表明,在快速冷泉探测剖面图像中,含气层和渗漏通道会因冷泉气体扩散状态不同表现为不同的电阻率异常特征,但易于识别。在慢速冷泉探测剖面图像中,浅层沉积物中气体富集区呈明显的高阻异常区,随着气体渗漏异常区逐步消失。两种喷发过程形成的微地貌特征也可在探测图像中得到反映。海洋多电极电阻率法是一种可以图化描述沉积物中含气层、渗漏通道及气液界面空间分布位置的有效方法。     

城市地区充水薄层煤炭采空区瞬变电磁法探测效能分析

本文通过瞬变电磁法对薄层充水采空区进行实地探测,并使用天然源面波法进行二次探测,通过天然源面波法的探测结果和钻探的结果验证了瞬变电磁法对薄层充水采空区探测的可行性。通过数值模拟,构建不同采空区含水率、不同深度和不同厚度的薄层充水采空区的电阻率模型,研究了瞬变电磁法对薄层充水采空区的探测效果。研究结果表明,瞬变电磁法可以对薄层充水采空区进行有效的探测;随着薄层充水采空区含水率的降低,瞬变电磁法探测出的异常区范围和电阻率异常幅值变小,当采空区未充水时,瞬变电磁法无法对采空区进行有效的探测;随着薄层充水采空区深度的增加,瞬变电磁法探测出的异常范围和电阻率异常幅值变小,在本文模拟的工况条件下,100 m为探测的极限深度;随着薄层充水采空区厚度的降低,探测出的异常区范围和电阻率异常幅值变小。     

南海西南次海盆洋中脊分段特征

通过对南海西南次海盆的古洋中脊地貌、重力、磁力异常的分析,确定是一个带有中央裂谷性质的古扩张中心,其转换断层两侧分别在地貌、重力、磁力上表现出不同的特征。根据这些特征,沿古洋中脊识别出4条转换断层,对所有转换断层的性质进行了分析,特别对第4条转换断层的性质做了详细探讨,认为该转换断层是西南次海盆中大陆裂谷与洋壳相互演化的一个转换带,这可能意味着该转换带两侧地壳结构属性会有所不同。     

渤海海域印支期构造变形分带性及其特征的数值模拟研究

印支运动为现今渤海海域构造格局的形成奠定了基础,导致渤海海域内部发育3个主要逆冲带。渤海基底内部的先存断层与滑脱层在此过程中可能起到了极为重要的作用,但其如何影响渤海海域印支期的构造变形与分带特征的机制尚不清楚。为了解决上述问题,本文基于地震剖面数据,结合二维热力学数值模拟代码LaMEM对渤海海域印支期的构造变形展开了详细研究。模拟结果揭示,在先存断层存在的条件下,当基底内部无滑脱层或未呈阶梯式在渤海海域分布时,渤海海域内部不会形成相应的逆冲中心;而当基底内部的滑脱层呈阶梯状分布在渤海海域西南部、渤中坳陷以及辽东坳陷3个区域时,应力通过滑脱层在基底内部进行传导,使海域形成了3个逆冲中心,并导致渤海内部大规模的逆冲断层与褶皱变形的发育,与地震剖面具有较好的一致性。数值模拟实验结果证实,基底内部的先存断层与滑脱层是控制渤海海域构造分带性及构造变形特征的重要因素。同时,多逆冲中心演化模式也为解释现今龙门山和四川盆地的形成与演化过程提供了重要的借鉴。     

辽中1号走滑断层内部结构识别及其控藏作用——以锦州A构造为例

锦州A构造的发现是辽东湾海域走滑断裂带内调节断层欠发育区的首个勘探突破,为弄清该构造成藏的主控因素,利用钻井、测井、地震等资料,对锦州A构造段辽中1号走滑断层及其内部结构开展研究,并明确其对油气成藏的控制作用。研究结果表明：地震振幅、纵波速度在走滑断层附近发生明显变化,这种变化的范围可以代表走滑断层内部结构发育的规模,从浅到深辽中1号走滑断层内部结构的发育规模变大。利用多井横向对比常规测井的密度、中子孔隙度和声波时差资料以及偶极声波远探测技术,可以识别走滑断层内部结构,随着距离走滑断层的接近,密度资料会出现先减小再增大的趋势,中子孔隙度和声波时差资料则会出现先增大再减小的趋势,代表从围岩到断层破碎带再到断层核的发育趋势。锦州A构造段辽中1号走滑断层发育由断层破碎带和断层核组成的二元结构,断层破碎带孔渗性好,是油气垂向运移的有利通道;断层核孔渗性差,有利于油气的侧向封堵。     

宁镇地区的限制性断层

宁镇山脉的褶皱带被一系列横断层分割为褶断段。横断层相邻的断块,无论是褶皱的形态、纵断层的数目、规模和断距等特征沿纵向跨越横断层均存在不连续性的跃变,表明这些横断层是早于褶皱或与之伴生的纵断层而存在,并对各断块内发育的地质构造起到限制作用。因横断层作为较早的边界,后期的挤压在被分割的各块段内可以是有差异的,导致宁镇褶皱带在总体上的一致性,分段上的有特殊性。     

断裂带储层的模拟特征:北海北部Gullfaks油田实例

为了改善对北海Ｇｕｌｌｆａｋｓ油田复合断裂构造储层的管理,研究人员对其部分地区进行了断层封堵分析。利用地图资料建立了断层网三维模式。将此模式与石油物理测井资料相结合,推算每一断层面断层封堵的潜在变化（页岩断层泥比值或断层带页岩百分比）。将探井和产油井压力数据用于模拟断层面。密封断层投产前的压力差（将不同油气柱分开）提供了有关断层毛细管封闭的信息。并且显示出在特定的时间随着生产的进行,横断层压力也会下降。动力压下降有助于认识液体流出之后断层带的渗透性。计算的断层参数（移距和断层泥比值）可以转化为断…     

海底宏渗漏气体走航式海洋电阻率法探测效果模拟与观测系统设计

为实现海底宏渗漏气体连续调查，提出了一种走航式海洋电阻率探测技术。根据前人原位观测资料和含气水体电阻率特征构建地电模型；采用数值模拟和室内试验方法获得不同参数电阻率映像剖面，分析确定探测剖面异常特征，评价探测效果。在此基础上进一步进行了探测系统设计和实验测试。研究结果表明，走航式海洋电法探测电缆可由2个供电电流极和8个电位测量极组成，电位极距需小于0.05 m；测量可采用偶极装置通过并行采集方式实现。气体分布区表现为高阻异常，异常模式由走航速度、排列长度和气体分布区横向宽度共同决定，可分为7种情形；探测电阻率极大值和气体喷出流速存在正相关指数关系。该技术可实现气体分布范围和喷出速率快速探测。     

海底承压含水层排泄电阻率法探测效果模拟与分析

海底承压含水层排泄是海底地下水排泄的一种主要形式。由于这一过程发生在海水层下部，探测难度较大。为探讨海洋多电极电阻率法对该过程的探测能力，根据典型海底承压含水层地质模型构建不同排泄阶段地电模型，模拟海面和海床面两种探测情形分别进行多电极电阻率法理论探测结果计算和物理模拟，并对所得电阻率剖面进行对比分析。研究结果表明，水面多电极电阻率探测剖面能够清晰刻画出排泄入海的淡水体在海水中迁移、混合过程，但剖面异常特征和分辨率受探测装置形式、电极极距、海水深度影响；海床面探测则对沉积层中咸淡水交换过程反映能力更强，沉积层中的锲形海水侵入体可得到良好反映。     

浮式生产储油船振动噪声混合数值预报

建立了可覆盖全频域的浮式生产储油船(FPSO,floating production storage and offloading)工作环境下振动噪声混合数值预报技术流程。将声学计算基本理论方法(有限元/边界元方法与统计能量法)应用于宽频带多噪声源的海洋工程船舶设计中,为设计能保证人员正常进行生产、生活噪声环境下的FPSO提供指导,满足国内船舶设计部门对该技术的迫切需要。文中采用声学边界元求解了FPSO上层建筑低中频域振动噪声,采用统计能量分析方法求解了高频域振动噪声,通过两种方法接力运用和不同模型间的顺利转换,实现了FPSO声学问题全频域分析。并讨论了各类方法的适用范围。     

高温环境中主管轴力对焊接圆钢管T节点承载性能的影响

利用有限元软件ABAQUS建立T型圆钢管节点热传导分析模型,通过与已有试验数据进行对比,验证了所建有限元模型的可靠性。利用提出的有限元模型分析了不同主管轴力作用下的T型圆钢管节点在火灾环境中的失效过程,研究了主管轴力对T型圆钢管节点临界温度的影响规律。分别讨论了采用屈服强度折减和弹性模量折减的方法预测T型圆钢管节点在高温下的极限承载力,并将预测结果和有限元分析结果进行了对比,给出了这两种方法用于工程设计时的建议。     

南海热流特征及其构造意义

根据南海 592个热流数据 ,为克服热流站位分布不均及局部异常热流的影响 ,结合各单元的地质史及其地壳厚度等资料对研究区热流特征进行了详细分析。结果表明 ,具拉张背景的区域如北部陆缘、湄公盆地以及北巴拉望盆地具有中等偏高热流 ;海沟区热流相对较低 ,东部海沟区除台西南盆地外均为低热流区 ,而南部边缘东段古海沟区处于热恢复中 ;南部边缘西区因边界断裂的扭张及深部热源的异常补给而具高热流 ;属于剪切断裂带的西部陆缘也具高热流特征 ;中沙—西沙地区热流中等偏高 ,并由NW往SE方向增加 ,而南沙地区热流较低 ,约为 60mW·m- 2 ;海盆的热流基本满足随洋壳年龄增加而降低的规律 ,东部次海盆实测热流与理论预测基本一致 ,而西南次海盆实测热流普遍低于预测值 ;在南海北部下陆坡区识别出一条高热流带 ,该带与前人给出的海盆北缘断裂带位置基本一致。研究区不同区域地热特征直接或间接地受控于其所处的构造环境。据此 ,给出了研究区的热流趋势图。     

Experimental and Numerical Study on Vibration of the Full-Revolving Propulsion Ship Stern

In order to solve the severe vibration problems of an ocean engineering ship with a full-revolving propulsion system,the navigation tests,including forced vibration response test and modal test,are carried out in its stern.It is concluded from the comparison of the time-domain waveform and spectrum from different measurement points that three main factors lead to a high-level stern vibration.Firstly,the specific dynamic stiffness of a water tank is relatively small compared with its neighbor hold,which makes it act like a vibration isolator preventing vibrational energy transmitting to the main hold.Secondly,there exists high-density local modes in the working frequency range of the main engine and thus the local resonance occurs.Thirdly,the abnormal engagement of gears caused by the large deflection of the shaft bearing due to its low mounting rigidity leads to violent extra impulse excitations at high speeds.Then the modification against the dynamic defects is given by simply improving the specific stiffness of the water tanks.And the effect is validated by the FEM calculation.Some important experience is obtained with the problems being solved,which is useful in the design of ships with the same propulsion system.It is also believed that the dynamic consideration is as important as the static analysis for the ships,and that most of the vibration problems may be avoided with a proper acoustic design.     

异常事件对EMD方法的影响及其解决方法研究

作者指出异常事件在数据中形成局部的高频信号 ,运用经验模态分解 (EMD)方法分析这种存在异常事件干扰的数据 ,就会产生本征模函数 (IMF)的频率混叠现象 ,而造成物理过程的重叠 ,使得难以用时间过程曲线表现特定的物理过程。这一问题是 EMD方法中尚未妥善解决的问题。为解决这一问题 ,作者利用干扰信号极值及其两边的极大与极小值位置与原始数据有明显对应关系的特征 ,将相关 IMF中的异常信息直接滤除 ,再用 Spline插值方法弥补滤除时段的数据 ,得到重新拟合的该 IMF数据。采用这种方法可以提取出异常信号 ,提取的精度与异常信号的时段长度有关。而且 ,拟合结果消除了异常干扰 ,可以将该 IMF与其余 IMF一起叠加成没有异常干扰的数据。将滤除了异常干扰的数据再次进行 EMD分解 ,可以得到新的 IMF系列 ,而它与不加校正的分解结果有相当大的差别 ,可靠地反映了真实物理过程。结果表明 ,只有在有效滤除异常干扰的情况下才能获得可靠的 IMF系列 ,并准确地描述各种尺度的现象 ;消除了异常干扰的 IMF可以任意单独或组合使用 ,表现各种时间尺度的变化与过程 ;所讨论的方法只适合异常时段较小的情形。对于异常时段接近或大于正常变化周期的干扰还需要探讨其他方法     

Development of structural modeling techniques for evaluating HDPE plastic net pens used in marine aquaculture

Finite-element modeling (FEM) techniques are developed to determine the structural capabilities of net pen flotation structures made of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The modeling approach uses shell elements and localized failure criteria to predict critical loading conditions. Finite element modeling simulations were performed using values for the modulus of elasticity for weathered HDPE determined from a series of tensile tests. Poisson's ratio and yield stress used with the approach were obtained from standard manufacturers values. To investigate the method, a series of experiments were performed in the laboratory by testing circular sections of HDPE pipe to localized failure (“kinking”). The same test was replicated with the FEM using localized failure techniques. Laboratory and model results were within 16%. A FEM was then built to represent the complex geometry of a net pen flotation structure deployed at an operational fish farm located in Eastport, ME, USA. Simulations were performed using attachment line tension values measured at the site. The goal was to assess flotation pipe stress levels for typical operational conditions. Simulations were also performed to investigate the maximum capabilities of the net pen structure with different attachment line configurations. Quantifying the operational limits will become more important as these systems are considered for more exposed, energetic environments.     

Comparison of four numerical models for simulating seepage from salt marsh sediments

A boundary integral equation method (BIEM) model and three differently formulated finite element method (FEM) models were implemented to explore the spatial and temporal patterns in marsh pore water seepage that each generated. The BIEM model is based on the Laplace equation coupled to a dynamic free-surface condition that assumes that, as the water-table changes, the aquifer instantaneously loses or gains an amount of water equal to the change in head times the specific yield. The FEM models all implement a simplified Richards equation that allows gradual desaturation or resaturation and thus flow in both the saturated and unsaturated zones of the aquifer. Two of the FEM models are based on the governing equation for the USGS model SUTRA and thus take into account fluid and aquifer compressibility. One of these was modified to take into account the effect of tidal loading on the total stress, which is assumed to be constant in the derivation of the original version of SUTRA. The third FEM model assumes that neither the fluid or aquifer matrix is compressible so that changes in storage are due solely to changes in saturation. The unmodified SUTRA model generated instantaneous boundary fluxes that were up to two orders of magnitude greater, and spatially more uniform, than those of the other models. The FEM model without compressibility generated spatial and temporal patterns of the boundary fluxes very similar to those produced by the BIEM model. The SUTRA model with the tidal stress modification gave fluxes similar in magnitude to the BIEM and no compressibility models but with distinctly different distributions in space and time. These results indicate that accurate simulation of seepage from marsh soils is highly sensitive to aquifer compressibility and to proper formulation of the effect of tidal loading on the total stress in the aquifer. They also suggest that accurate simulation may require total stress correction not only for tidal loading but for changes in the water table as well. Finally, to aid the development of methods for the measurement of compressibility, we present a schematic, pore-scale model to illustrate the factors that may govern the compressibility of marsh soils.     

Study on interaction between soil and anchor chain with finite element method

With the development of offshore engineering, deeply embedded anchors are needed to be penetrated to appreciable depth and attached at the pad-eye. The interaction between anchor chain and soil is a very complex process and has not been thoroughly understood yet. In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) was used to study the interaction of soil-chain system. Results of the analysis show that when the attachment point is at a shallow depth, the load-development characteristics of the chain from FEM are in good agreement with that from the model tests and theoretical analysis. But with the depth increment, the results are different obviously in different methods. This phenomenon is resulted from a variety of reasons, and the plastic zone around the chain was studied to try finding the mechanism behind it. It could be seen that the plastic zone extended in different modes at different depths of attachment points. The interaction between the soil and anchor chain makes the load acting on the anchor decrease, but the soil disturbed surrounding the chain increases the anchor failure possibility. When the anchor bearing capacity is evaluated, these two factors should be considered properly at the same time.     

Evaluation of the uplift behavior of plate anchor in structured marine clay

The uplift behavior of a plate anchor in a structured clay (soft Ariake clay) is investigated through a series of laboratory tests and method of finite element analysis. The tests are adopted to identify the factors influencing the behavior of the anchor, including the thixotropic nature of Ariake clay, consolidation time, and embedment ratio of the anchor. A finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze and predict the uplift behavior of the anchor plate well in the elastic region and the yield load. The results from both the laboratory tests and the FEM analysis suggest that the embedment ratio for a deep anchor in Ariake clay is close to 4. Further increase in embedment ratio improves the capacity to a lesser extent. FEM overestimates the failure load of the uplift anchor in soft Ariake clay by about 20%. This may be ascribed to the hypothesis in the FEM analysis that there is continuous contact between the clay and the anchor until failure. Vesic’s theory for deep anchors, which may be used to predict the ultimate pullout resistance of the plate anchor in reconstituted Ariake clay, is verified to be applicable. In this paper, the plastic flow zone around the anchor is discussed using FEM which makes the behavior of anchor more understandable during the design stage.     

筒型基础贯入过程中的渗流分析

使用有限元计算软件ABAQUS对筒型基础负压贯入过程中的渗流场进行分析,讨论了筒型基础渗流场的特点,不同参数对筒型基础渗流的影响,结合实例分析多层土和单层土筒型基础周围渗流的差别。