Experimental study on large diameter drilling in hard rock annular coring

Based on analyzing method of large diameter hard rock drilling at home and abroad, the authors proposed a set of drilling of large diameter hard rock annular coring in low energy consumption, low cost and high efficiency. The prototype of drilling tools was designed and was made. The experimental result of the prototype indicates that this plan and technology are feasible and reach the anticipated object of design. A set of drilling tools has been offered for the constructs of large diameter hard rock coring.     

广西岩石可钻性分级研究初探

岩石可钻性的合理分级,是正确选择钻进方法、技术参数、钻头类型和制定合理的生产与物化定额、专核钻探生产技术与经济指标的科学依据。利用与岩石可钻性密切相关的物理力学性质—压入、摆球硬度、研磨性、塑性系统与声学特性为自变量,以微钻钻速为因变量,在计算机上进行一元和多元回归分析,建立其数学模型,以此将不同岩石划分为12级。这种方法具有较强的模拟性、代表性和较大的适用范围。     

Analysis of effects of operating parameters on rate of penetration in drilling process with air down-the-hole hammer

Air down-the-hole(DTH)hammer drilling has long been recognized to have the potential of drilling faster than conventional rotary drill,especially in some hard rocks such as granite,sandstone,limestone,dolomite,etc.with the same weight on bit(WOB)and rotations per minute(RPM).So,it has been widely used in many drilling fields including mineral resource exploration drilling,oil and gas drilling and geothermal drilling.In order to reduce drilling cost by selecting optimal drilling parameters,rate of penetration(ROP)should be estimated accurately and the effects of different factors on ROP should be analyzed.In this research,ANN model with several multi-layer perception back propagation(BP)networks for predicting ROP of air DTH hammer drilling was developed using controllable parameters such as impact energy,impact frequency,WOB,RPM and bit operating time for the formations with a certain drillability index of rock.Several BP neural networks with the different neurons in hidden layers were developed and compared for selecting optimal architecture of ANN.The effects of the drilling parameters such as impact energy,impacting frequency,WOB,RPM and bit operating time on the ROP of air DTH hammer drilling were investigated by trained ANN.From the analyses,the optimum range of drilling parameters for providing high ROP were determined and analyzed for a formation with a certain drillability index of rock.The methodology proposed in this study can be used in many mathematical problems for optimization of drilling process with air DTH hammer.     

考虑土-结构相互作用下基岩深度对核反应堆厂房基础地震响应的影响

地震会对核电站安全造成影响。随着核电站的数量越来越多, 有必要关注在地震下核电站的安全。核反应堆厂房是核电站重要的组成部分, 研究其地震响应对核电站有着重要意义。基于直接法, 考虑了3种不同场地(中硬土、软岩、硬岩)在地震下的塑性变形和土的滞回阻尼, 使用FLAC3D对土-核反应堆厂房模型系统进行了三维建模。为了捕捉上部结构与下部岩石/土壤之间的分离与滑动, 在核反应堆厂房基础与岩石/土壤表面设置接触面单元。上层结构以集总质量模型模拟, 同时考虑土-结构相互作用下基岩深度对核反应堆厂房基础地震响应的影响, 最终得到核反应堆厂房结构杆件的加速度反应谱、剪力、基础的摇动和基础不均匀沉降以及侧向位移。结果表明: 在中硬土场地中, 位移、剪切力随基岩深度的增大而减小; 在硬岩场地中, 位移和剪切力响应的规律呈相反趋势; 在软岩场地中, 上部结构响应的规律较为复杂。对于基础摇动和基础不均匀沉降, 在中硬土场地中, 其呈现的规律随基岩深度增大而减小; 在软岩和硬岩场地中, 并无明显规律。基础不均匀沉降可直接反映结构的破坏情况。中硬土场地下基础不均匀沉降超过容许值, 所以基础不均匀沉降对核反应堆厂房的影响不容忽视, 这对核电站的安全设计十分重要。      

湖南株洲湾塘地区地热勘查定井探讨

基岩山区地热形成必须具备"储、盖、通、源、滞"五大基本要素,以湖南株洲湾塘地区地热成因为例,说明怎样利用地热勘查手段来分析论证株洲湾塘地区地热形成的五大要素,建立热储概念模型,确定地热井位置。为提高地热钻探成井率,在基岩山区钻探施工时,建议使用气举反循环清水钻进工艺。     

Wellsite Evaluation Method of Undercompacted Formation

Staring from the view point of practical application, based on large amount of pressure well- logging data home and abroad, the author demonstrated how to distinguish overpressure Formation using wellsite data througl selected methods such as drilling parameters, rock cutting analysis, drilling fluid parameters, and electric welline logs.     

Wellsite Evaluation Method of Undercompacted Formation

IntroductionAny of the drilling operation is risky. The riskwould be higher especially when entering the unknown over - pressure Formation. So, we have todetect and evaluate the FOrmation pressure by allmeans (Table 1) in order to have the safe drillingop…     

基于线激光扫描的岩石激光钻孔的三维重建和可视化

激光钻进岩石形成的钻孔的孔形较为复杂,具有较小的孔直径和较高的孔壁粗糙度,使得利用传统方法进行钻孔尺寸的测量较为困难。为了精确钻孔测量和方便孔形研究,提出了一种基于线激光扫描及逆向建模的钻孔建模方法。首先,搭建了线激光扫描平台,建立了空间坐标系,以获取钻孔的三维坐标,构建了钻孔的初始点云数据。其次,在MATLAB中对获取的点云数据进行无效点移除及多视角点云配准,其中,无效点移除利用顺序查找法实现,多视角点云配准则基于迭代最近点（ICP）算法,包括初始配准和精确配准两个阶段。最后,基于Delaunay三角网格划分及曲面重建算法,实现了钻孔模型的重建和可视化。此外,还采用滴液法和切割法进行实际钻孔容积值测量及钻孔轮廓线获取,并与由点云重建的钻孔模型上获取的测算结果进行对比分析,以验证所述方法建立的钻孔模型的精度。结果表明:重建的钻孔模型与实际钻孔之间的误差小于4%,重建的模型能够满足激光岩石钻进钻孔的测量要求,证实了所述方法的可行性。与传统测量方法相比,所述方法属于非接触、非破坏性方法,可重复性测量。      

内插管式气举反循环钻进工艺在基岩地热井中的应用

随着地热资源被广泛利用,地热井各种钻井技术新方法不断应用,如何提高地热井施工效率、降低地热井施工成本是地热井项目钻探施工的关键。气举反循环钻进工艺被广泛应用于地热井钻探施工中,然而在基岩浅井和中深井地热项目施工中,使用常规气举反循环钻进工艺存在钻具重量大、结构复杂、双壁密封不严等问题,对钻机提升能力要求较高,中小型钻机难以满足,加大了施工成本。本研究在不改变常规中小型正循环施工钻探设备、钻具的条件下,提出了一种内插管式气举反循环钻进技术,并在沂南智胜汤泉1号基岩地热勘查井施工中进行了应用。试验表明:内插管式气举反循环技术施工工艺,可在无需更换原有钻探设备和钻具的基础上,通过加工部分钻具及部件,便可实现正反循环工艺之间的更换。更换后的气举反循环钻进工艺结构简单、钻具重量轻、双壁密封可靠、施工成本低,提高了设备利用率和钻进效率。在基岩浅井和中深井中,应推广应用内插管式气举反循环钻进工艺。     

甘蒙地区北山盆地群含煤系地层时代归属

甘蒙地区北山盆地群发育大量煤系地层,但由于构造演化期次复杂,地震、钻井及相关的古生物资料缺乏,导致煤系地层的时代归属一直存在争议,资源潜力尚未明确。为了明确北山盆地群含煤系地层的时代归属,进一步确定资源潜力,为研究区的能源资源勘探提供基础资料,在系统总结前人研究成果的基础上,以古生物年代学为抓手,以北山盆地群黑鹰山盆地、公婆泉盆地及中口子盆地煤系地层中丰富的孢粉、古生物资料为主要依据,结合煤系地层的岩石组合特征、煤岩工业特性、地震资料等证据对北山盆地群煤系地层时代归属进行了整体研究,重新厘定了北山盆地群煤系地层的时代归属。认为北山盆地群中各个盆地均发育了一套含煤层系,但这套含煤层系的时代归属并不相同,有的属侏罗纪、有的属白垩纪。仅北山盆地群最南部的中口子盆地南部区域以及盆地群最北部的黑鹰山盆地东部的含煤岩系为侏罗系,其他次级盆地的含煤岩系均属于白垩系。盆地群南部中口子盆地含煤岩系的归属问题呈现出和构造相一致的"南北差异",南缘出露煤系地层时代为中侏罗世,北部煤系地层时代为白垩纪。含煤层系归属问题的厘定为进一步确定盆地区的资源潜力提供了依据,可为北山盆地群含煤层系的原型盆地恢复及构造演化等研究提供参考。      

沉积物中硬质粘土层的研究进展

大量的钻孔资料表明,平原地区及其海域沉积物中普遍有硬质粘土层的存在。硬质粘土层在工程地质、地理学研究等方面具有重要的价值,它不仅是高层建筑的持力层,而且是研究全球环境变化事件、古气候演变的良好载体。该文阐述了硬质粘土层的一般特征、成因以及在粒度、地球化学元素、年代学、沉积环境等方面的研究进展,并展望了硬质粘土层在年代、物质来源和沉积环境等方面的研究方向,认为黄河三角洲硬质粘土层研究较少,需要开展大范围的、系统深入的、多学科的宏观和微观综合分析,挖掘硬质粘土层蕴含的古环境意义和应用价值。     

二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层作用效果

采用二氧化碳爆破致裂为激发干热岩储层提供了一种新的技术思路和途径。为了探究二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层的作用效果, 开展了二氧化碳爆破致裂干热岩储层作用范围的数值模拟研究。考虑实际开采过程中钻井液对井壁附近干热岩储层的降温影响, 采用以温差为变量的拟合函数设置损伤区储层材料参数, 用洗井后井壁附近储层温度分布函数设置损伤区储层温度场, 并借助炸药爆破的相关理论、公式设置爆破荷载, 结合COMSOL软件模拟了二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层的过程。结果表明, 二氧化碳爆破致裂干热岩过程中存在多次应力集中作用, 且在炮孔附近压应力集中造成压碎区, 压碎区外拉应力作用形成裂隙区; 储层的初始温度以及定压片厚度都会影响二氧化碳爆破致裂激发干热岩储层的作用效果, 其中初始温度对爆破压碎区范围影响较大, 对裂隙区范围影响较小, 定压片厚度改变对压碎区范围影响较小, 主要影响爆破裂隙区的分布。本研究成果可为干热岩地热能后续的开采利用提供理论支持和参考。      

基于单齿侵入理论的牙轮钻头钻速方程

考虑井底水平地应力、钻井流体压力及地层孔隙压力,基于单齿侵入理论推导单齿侵入井底岩石的侵深公式,建立纯滚动锥形齿、楔形齿和滚动、剪切复合运动锥形齿等牙轮钻头的钻速方程.通过实验分析刃尖角、井底液柱压力对单齿侵入深度的影响,以及转速、轴向载荷对微钻头、牙轮钻头机械钻速的影响.结果表明:随着牙齿刃尖角的增大,锥形齿和楔形齿的侵深呈指数递减趋势;随着井底液柱压力的增大,牙齿侵入深度呈指数递减趋势,其中锥形齿降低速率大.在软到中硬地层中,牙齿侵入深度大,冲击侵入、回转剪切复合破岩方式的破岩效率高;在硬度地层中,牙齿侵入深度小,纯滚动冲击侵入破岩效率高.为分析实钻时牙轮钻头的机械钻速提供计算方法.     

诸城西北部碎屑岩类孔隙水裂隙水水文地质特征

中生代白垩纪砖红色、紫红色砂岩、砂页岩致密、较坚硬,一直被水文地质工作者视为弱富水岩层。该文以诸城西北部中生界白垩纪红砂岩碎屑岩类孔隙、裂隙水为研究对象,在现场调查、取样化验、水文地质钻探、抽水试验的基础上,对区内碎屑岩类孔隙、裂隙水水环境进行了初步研究。结果显示,区内碎屑岩类孔隙、裂隙水总体富水性较差,孟疃-贾悦断裂北侧受构造及阻水地层影响,形成一个带状富水区;景芝-贾悦断裂和吴家楼断裂组交会地带,受多条断裂多次强烈活动,形成断裂破碎带,形成构造富水区。地下水质量较原来趋于变差,NO_3~-呈面状污染。     

Numerical analysis of wellbore instability in gas hydrate formation during deep-water drilling

Gas hydrate formation may be encountered during deep-water drilling because of the large amount and wide distribution of gas hydrates under the shallow seabed of the South China Sea. Hydrates are extremely sensitive to temperature and pressure changes, and drilling through gas hydrate formation may cause dissociation of hydrates, accompanied by changes in wellbore temperatures, pore pressures, and stress states, thereby leading to wellbore plastic yield and wellbore instability. Considering the coupling effect of seepage of drilling fluid into gas hydrate formation, heat conduction between drilling fluid and formation, hydrate dissociation, and transformation of the formation framework, this study established a multi-field coupling mathematical model of the wellbore in the hydrate formation. Furthermore, the influences of drilling fluid temperatures, densities, and soaking time on the instability of hydrate formation were calculated and analyzed. Results show that the greater the temperature difference between the drilling fluid and hydrate formation is, the faster the hydrate dissociates, the wider the plastic dissociation range is, and the greater the failure width becomes. When the temperature difference is greater than 7℃, the maximum rate of plastic deformation around the wellbore is more than 10%, which is along the direction of the minimum horizontal in-situ stress and associated with instability and damage on the surrounding rock. The hydrate dissociation is insensitive to the variation of drilling fluid density, thereby implying that the change of the density of drilling fluids has a minimal effect on the hydrate dissociation. Drilling fluids that are absorbed into the hydrate formation result in fast dissociation at the initial stage. As time elapses, the hydrate dissociation slows down, but the risk of wellbore instability is aggravated due to the prolonged submersion in drilling fluids. For the sake of the stability of the wellbore in deep-water drilling through hydrate formation, the drilling fluid with low temperatures should be given priority. The drilling process should be kept under balanced pressures, and the drilling time should be shortened.     

大口径硬岩钻凿技术现状与研究方向

大口径硬岩钻凿是一个技术难题,尽管国内外科学家和工程技术人员研究思路及方法较多,并取得了一定效果,但是,仍然存在着各种问题和不足。笔者对目前国内外研究现状作了简要综述,并结合国情对其研究方向和思路提出了自己的观点。     

Leak-off mechanism and pressure prediction for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling

Deepwater sediments are prone to loss circulation in drilling due to a low overburden gradient. How to predict the magnitude of leak-off pressure more accurately is an important issue in the protection of drilling safety and the reduction of drilling cost in deep water. Starting from the mechanical properties of a shallow formation and based on the basic theory of rock-soil mechanics, the stress distribution around a borehole was analyzed. It was found that the rock or soil on a borehole is in the plastic yield state before the effective tensile stress is generated, and the effective tangential and vertical stresses increase as the drilling fluid density increases; thus, tensile failure will not occur on the borehole wall. Based on the results of stress calculation, two mechanisms and leak-off pressure prediction models for shallow sediments in deepwater drilling were put forward, and the calculated values of these models were compared with the measured value of shallow leak-off pressure in actual drilling. The results show that the MHPS (minimum horizontal principle stress) model and the FIF (fracturing in formation) model can predict the lower and upper limits of leak-off pressure. The PLC (permeable lost circulation) model can comprehensively analyze the factors influencing permeable leakage and provide a theoretical basis for leak-off prevention and plugging in deepwater drilling.     

黔北地区窄陡型向斜页岩气水平井地质导向技术对策

黔北地区五峰组-龙马溪组页岩地层残留于窄陡型向斜中, 具有地层速度变化大, 地震资料靶点预测精度低; 地层倾角变化频, 地层走向及轨迹难以把控; 地层稳定性差, 井眼扩大严重等难点。增大了地质导向难度, 水平井钻遇率低。针对这些问题, 梳理分析了实钻中地质导向遇到的难点, 通过井震结合, 完善三维地震速度模型, 精确提取各地层、各方位地层视倾角; 实钻中通过多元厚度建模, 不断矫正细化对靶点深度的预测, 优化随钻三维轨迹; 进入箱体后, 强化地球物理响应特征, 对随钻曲线进行正演提取及反演对比, 利用多元元素谱及成像技术精细刻画箱体成像特征。在7口井的钻探应用中靶点误差与设计降低至25 m, 优质页岩钻遇率提高到99.2%, 箱体钻遇率从87.6%提高至96.5%, 其中3口实现了中靶率、优质页岩钻遇率和箱体钻遇率3个100%的地质导向成果。类似于黔北地区这种窄陡型残余留向斜地质导向难点通过该套技术对策可以及时避开小褶皱等细微构造变化, 有效保障水平井箱体钻遇率, 为水平井地质导向提供了扎实的技术支撑。      

山东省东平—汶上铁矿带西侧低缓磁异常区铁矿初步验证及意义——以李官屯隐伏低缓磁异常铁矿为例

研究区位于鲁西地区重要的东平—汶上铁矿带西侧,为低缓磁异常区。通过高磁测量、井中三分量磁测、钻探验证等手段,在梁山李官屯附近低缓磁异常区发现铁矿一处,矿床类型为条带状铁建造(BIF)型铁矿。该区下伏地层主要为新太古代泰山岩群山草峪组,岩性为黑云变粒岩,局部夹磁铁石英岩、磁铁角闪石英岩,矿石的主要组成矿物为磁铁矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿。研究区山草峪组大面积分布,根据成矿时代、赋矿层位、含铁建造及岩石组合,结合成矿规律研究分析,梁山地区的大面积条带状分布的低缓磁异常区是寻找隐伏铁矿体的有利部位。     

Investigation of fractured rock aquifer in South China using electrical resistivity tomography and self-potential methods

Assessment of fractured rock aquifers in many parts of the world is complicated given their strong heterogeneity. Delineation of the subsurface geological formation in the weathered terrain is essential for groundwater exploration. To achieve this goal, 2D electrical resistivity tomography(ERT) and self-potential(SP) in combination with joint profile method(JPM) and boreholes have been carried out to delineate the subsurface geological units, detect the fracture/fault zones in hard rock, monitor the groundwater flow, and estimate the groundwater reserves contained within the weathered terrain at a complex heterogeneous site of Huangbu, South Guangdong of China. The integration of resistivity images with the borehole lithology along three profiles delineates three subsurface distinct layers namely topsoil cover, weathered and unweathered layers. The incorporation of ERT and SP with JPM reveal five fractures/faults, i.e., F_1, F_2, F_3, F_4 and F_5. 2D ERT models interpret the less resistive anomalies as the fractures/faults zones, and high resistive anomalies as the fresh bedrock. The inversion program based on the smoothness-constraint is used on the resistivity field data to get more realistic three layered model. SP measurements are obtained along the same electrical profiles which provide the negative anomalies clearly indicating the groundwater preferential flow pathways along the fracture/fault zones. Hydraulic parameters namely hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity were determined to estimate the groundwater resources contained within the fractures/faults. The integrated results suggest that the fractures/faults zones are most appropriate places of drilling for groundwater exploration in the investigated area. Geophysical methods coupled with the upfront borehole data provides better understanding about the conceptual model of the subsurface geological formations. The current investigation demonstrates the importance of the integrated geophysical methods as a complementary approach for groundwater assessment in the hard rock weathered areas.