打入桩承载力确定方法对安全系数的影响

在传统的容许应力设计方法中桩基承载力安全系数取决于桩基承载力的确定方法,然而,基于经验选择的承载力安全系数缺少理论依据,为此,基于贝叶斯理论和线性回归方法提出了评价桩基承载力确定方法对承载力安全系数影响的方法,给出了现行规范对于不同承载力确定方法采用不同安全系数的理论依据,阐明了桩基动力测试降低安全系数的理论依据,并以7种桩基设计方法为例,分析了承载力确定方法对安全系数的影响。结果表明,采用所提出的方法计算的安全系数基本上与现行的经验值相一致,表明精确的承载力确定方法可以有效地降低承载力安全系数,设计方法、承载力确定方法和水平都对安全系数有影响,但当承载力试验桩的数目足够多时,安全系数对于设计方法的精确性不敏感。     

Reliability based assessment of axial pile bearing capacity: static analysis,SPT and CPT-based methods

ABSTRACT

Since piles are one of the major geotechnical foundation systems, estimation of their axial bearing capacity is of great importance. Employing different design methods, resulting in a wide range of bearing capacity estimations, complicates the selection of an appropriate design scheme and confirms the existence of model error along with the inherent soil variability in bearing capacity prediction. This paper tends to evaluate different predictive methods in Reliability-Based Design (RBD) framework. In this regard, different static analyses, SPT and CPT-based methods are considered to evaluate which approaches collectively and which method individually, have more reliable predictions for compiled data bank. In order to assess reliability indices and resistance factors, two approaches have been considered, i.e. First Order Second Moment method (FOSM) and First Order Reliability Method (FORM). To investigate the reliability indices for different methods in both RBD approaches, various safety factors and loading ratios have been considered. Also, the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) resistance factors are calibrated for different target reliability indices and loading ratios. Results show that CPT-based methods are more reliable among other methods. Furthermore, the estimated efficiency ratio, i.e. the ratio of resistance factor to resistance bias factor, confirms this agreement.     

采用不同失效准则的桩基可靠度分析

桩基的极限承载力通常是根据失效准则来确定的。由于各国采用的失效准则不同,得到的极限承载力也不同,从而获得的可靠指标也不同。因此,有必要分析和比较不同失效准则对桩基可靠性的影响,以及根据桩基技术规范采用的S-lgt失效准则确定可靠指标的状况。为此,以S-lgt失效准则为基准,引进了失效准则的偏差系数的概念,根据一组实测钻孔桩数据对另外6种失效准则的偏差系数进行了评估,进而进行了可靠度分析。结果表明,不同失效准则具有不同的偏差系数,桩基可靠度明显地受失效准则的影响。根据S-lgt失效准则确定的可靠度在7种失效准则中是偏大的,不同失效准则确定的相同名义可靠指标的桩基的实际可靠性是不一样的。     

摩擦桩的荷载传递及承载力的一些问题

本文首先讨论桩承载力的主要影响因素,分析桩的荷载传递机制,描述各类荷载传递函数的型式,介绍桩侧摩阻力和端阻力的测定方法及实测结果。接着,分析成桩方法对承载力的影响。最后,对钻孔灌注桩的下沉,失稳和承载力变化进行讨论。     

斜坡地基刚性桩水平承载力上限分析

为探讨斜坡地基刚性桩水平极限承载力的计算方法，介绍柔性桩的等效刚性桩有效嵌入深度并引入极限水平地基反力分布形式。根据荷载指向坡外及坡内两种情况，提出适用于斜坡地基桩前土体的两种极限破坏模式。然后，基于极限分析上限定理，推导出两种荷载方向下的刚性桩极限承载力，并引入多组现场试验，验证了理论方法的合理性。探讨了边坡坡角、内摩擦角、黏聚力及荷载方向对极限承载力的影响，得出了一些规律性结论，并基于以上分析结果，提出斜坡地基刚性桩水平极限承载力随坡角变化的拟合公式。这些分析为斜坡地基上基桩设计提供了一定的参考，具有理论及工程应用价值。     

Applicability of CPT-based methods in predicting toe bearing capacities of driven piles in sand

This paper presents a study on applicability of predicting toe bearing capacities from cone penetration test (CPT) for PHC (pretensioned spun high-strength concrete) driven piles into deep sandy deposits in the Nakdong River deltaic area west of Busan City in South Korea. Using toe bearing capacities obtained from pile driving analyzer (PDA) tests as reference values, which were reliably calibrated by on-site O-cell tests, the applicability of the CPT-based methods was evaluated using a statistical rank index (RI). A total of 82 piezocone penetration test soundings and 190 PDA test piles were used for reliability analysis in this study. Three correction steps were applied to obtain reliable PDA and CPT data sets before ranking is carried out. The RI index is combined from four criteria: (1) the best-fit line, (2) the arithmetic mean and standard deviation, (3) the cumulative probabilities, and (4) the log-normal and histogram distributions. Based on these criteria the performance of some SPT-based methods in the literature is evaluated.     

对现行规范以液性指数IL确定极限端阻力标准值qpk的质疑

通过对某工程单桩极限承载力标准值不满足设计要求的原因进行深入分析,指出持力层土所含的高岭土浸水软化,当受到荷载作用时,在桩端周围形成塑性剪切滑移面,产生局部剪切破坏,大大降低了桩端持力层土的极限端阻力标准值qpk,从而指出现行《建筑桩基技术规范》(JGJ 94-94)[1]仅以液性指数IL,确定极限端阻力标准值qpk值存在不足,宜综合压缩模量Es和孔隙比e而定。     

Estimating Pile Set-up Using 24-h Restrike Resistance and Computed Static Capacity for PPC Piles Driven in Soft Lousiana Coastal Deposits

In this paper, the CPT-based predicted ultimate pile resistances (R_p) were compared with the measured pile resistances (R_m) at different elapsed time for the piles driven into saturated soft clays where piles displayed significant set-up effect. The measured pile resistances were based on 115 restrike records collected from 95 production piles, and 74 records of 9 tested piles. The predicted ultimate pile resistances were calculated from the LCPC, the Schmertmann, and the de Ruiter–Beringen methods, respectively. With the significant pile set-up effect taken into account, the relationship between measured resistances and predicted capacities at different times after pile installation were investigated. The ratios of the measured pile resistances to the predicted capacities scattered in a large spectrum. The ratios fluctuated and stayed within a range of 0.6–1.6 for different CPT methods since end of initial driving until more than 2 months after pile installation. Plots of the ratios versus the predicted pile capacities using different CPT methods have revealed that the ratio (R_m/R_p) presented a strong dependence on the predicted capacities. Great research efforts have been devoted to the analyses of the ratios of the 24-h measured resistance to the predicted capacity based on different CPT methods, in an attempt to find a feasible empirical correlation. It is found that a simple linear relationship exists between the quad root of the ratio and the predicted capacity. The developed empirical equations will give pile foundation engineers an insight into the ultimate resistances of driven piles demonstrating significant pile set-up effects. Pile set-up makes pile resistances grow with time, and it might be one of the reasons that cause the frequently reported large discrepancy between calculated static capacity and measured resistance at a certain time after pile installation.     

轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性影响试验及理论研究

斜群桩受水平荷载作用时,群桩中的基桩受到径向荷载、轴向荷载和弯矩的共同作用。为研究轴向荷载对斜桩水平承载特性的影响,完成了3根单桩以及1组1×2斜桩的大尺寸模型试验。试验结果表明：轴向拉力作用会降低斜桩的水平刚度和极限承载力;而轴向压力作用则会使其水平刚度和极限承载力提高。基于桩侧浅层土体楔形破坏假定,推导了考虑轴向荷载影响的斜桩水平极限土抗力计算公式,提出了桩侧土抗力的p-y曲线方法,并通过模型试验及现场试验验证其合理性。     

基于极限承载力试验的扩底抗拔桩承载特性数值模拟分析

基于天津于家堡南地下车库工程扩底桩抗拔极限承载力试验,结合数值模拟手段对扩底桩抗拔承载特性、破坏模式和受力机制开展了分析研究。计算分析表明,扩底桩（有效桩长19 m）相比等截面桩抗拔极限承载力提高约50%,材料增加仅8.5%,扩底桩扩大头周边土体提供的抗力显著提高了抗拔承载力;荷载较小时抗拔力主要由等截面段侧摩阻力提供,扩头段抗拔力占桩顶加载的比值随加载近似呈线性增加;扩底桩等截面段沿桩土界面先发生剪切破坏,扩头段周边土体后发生受压破坏,抗拔承载力达到极限;扩头段位于同一土层时,不同桩长扩头段提供的极限抗拔力相差不大,桩长越长,扩头段抗拔力贡献率越低;扩头段抗拔力主要由自重、扩头段法向力竖向分力和侧摩阻力组成,其中法向力竖向分量提供了扩头段的主要抗拔力,占扩头段总抗拔力约70%。     

不同堆载形式对群桩负摩阻力的影响

在既有桥墩桩基础周围土体堆载时,会引起土体的沉降和侧向变形,进而在桩身产生负摩阻力,对桩基变形及承载性能有很大影响。为研究围载和单侧边载作用下群桩中不同位置桩基的受力差异,以3×3群桩基础为研究对象,进行围载和单侧边载作用下的模型试验,分析了不同位置桩基轴力、侧摩阻力、中性点位置和基桩承载力安全系数等的变化规律及差异。研究结果表明：围载工况下,角桩的轴力、侧摩阻力最大,边桩次之,中心桩最小;中性点位置角桩最深,边桩略高,中心桩距桩顶最近。边载工况下,靠近边载侧和中间一排桩基轴力、侧摩阻力与围载时的变化规律类似,远离边载侧的一排桩基受边载影响较小,无负摩阻力;各桩基中性点位置变化规律类似于围载工况。与围载工况相比,边载时同一位置桩身轴力、负摩阻力均较小,中性点位置较高。与单侧边载工况相比,围载时各基桩承载力安全系数FS均较小且随荷载的增大衰减梯度较大。该研究成果为不同堆载形式下群桩基础的设计提供参考。     

Correlation of Pile Axial Capacity and CPT Data Using Gene Expression Programming

Numerous methods have been proposed to assess the axial capacity of pile foundations. Most of the methods have limitations and therefore cannot provide consistent and accurate evaluation of pile capacity. However, in many situations, the methods that correlate cone penetration test (CPT) data and pile capacity have shown to provide better results, because the CPT results provide more reliable soil properties. In an attempt to obtain more accurate correlation of CPT data with axial pile capacity, gene expression programming (GEP) technique is used in this study. The GEP is a relatively new artificial intelligent computational technique that has been recently used with success in the field of engineering. Three GEP models have been developed, one for bored piles and two other models for driven piles (a model for each of concrete and steel piles). The data used for developing the GEP models are collected from the literature and comprise a total of 50 bored pile load tests and 58 driven pile load tests (28 concrete pile load tests and 30 steel pile load tests) as well as CPT data. For each GEP model, the data are divided into a training set for model calibration and an independent validation set for model verification. The performances of the GEP models are evaluated by comparing their results with experimental data and the robustness of each model is investigated via sensitivity analyses. The performances of the GEP models are evaluated further by comparing their results with the results of number of currently used CPT-based methods. Statistical analyses are used for the comparison. The results indicate that the GEP models are robust and perform well.     

秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩承载性状试验研究

为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验。结果表明：秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20 500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为4～8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为3～8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%～70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%～65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数。     

抗拔桩极限平衡方程及其应用

将抗拔桩侧阻力分解为与桩侧正压力不相关的桩-土黏结强度 、与桩侧有效正压力成正比的摩擦力 两部分,采用摩擦定律计算摩擦力 。基于轴对称条件,假定土体为半无限弹性体,以Mindlin公式积分计算分析极限平衡状态下桩-土共同作用,依据平面应变条件下柱状孔扩张的弹性力学解建立桩-土界面位移协调方程,推导出抗拔桩极限平衡方程,给出了求解方法及计算参数确定方法。该方程能反映桩与土的材料特性、桩体尺寸、桩顶埋深、群桩效应、卸荷效应等多因素对抗拔桩极限承载力的影响。结合海上风电大直径超长抗拔钢管桩足尺试验进行验证。对比分析结果表明,该方法计算的抗拔极限承载力与实测值接近,计算精度远高于现行规范推荐方法,其结果可为工程应用及抗拔桩承载力机制研究提供参考。     

能源桩传热与承载特性研究现状及展望

能源桩是一种在传递上部结构荷载的同时获取浅层地热能源的新技术,给桩基结构的设计及安全服役提出了新的挑战。从能源桩实际应用的角度,围绕能源桩传热性能和承载性能两个关键科学问题,从4个方面综述目前的研究现状：（1）能源桩的热传递研究;（2）能源桩的结构响应特征;（3）能源桩的承载变形特性;（4）能源桩的荷载传递机制。在此基础上,对当前能源桩传热模型的适用性、热交换作用下能源单桩及群桩的承载特性以及长期运行条件下的承载性能及结构安全性进行了讨论,最后对能源桩工程下一步研究进行了展望。分析成果对于保证结构安全,合理开发浅层地能具有重要意义。     

单桩承载力的一种直接动测法

应用高应变动测法确定基桩的承载力非常依赖测试人员的经验且存在多解性问题。为克服这种现象,介绍了一种新的直接动测法,并以一灌注桩的现场静载试验为对象,建立了详细的基桩有限元静力、动力分析模型。静力模拟比较分析表明,该有限元模型能准确地模拟文献的结果。在此基础上,通过有限元动力分析,得到锤击下桩的应力场、位移场、速度场和加速度场。根据有限元计算结果,分析了直接动测法的有效性。直接动测法确定的承载力和静载法一致。该直接动测法消除了现有高应变法存在的多解性问题,故可以得到单桩承载力的客观性结果。     

锚杆静压桩技术在既有建筑物增设地下空间中的应用

运用锚杆静压桩技术在既有建筑物中增设地下空间是可行的,一方面可利用既有建筑物的自重荷载作为压桩的反力,另一方面将压好的桩作为临时托换构件支撑的既有建筑物,建筑物下方的土体才可以开挖。对于黏性土,采用逐根压桩的方案,把所有桩压至设计标高后,待超孔隙水压力消散,才开挖承台下的土体。对于砂性土,可以边开挖土方边压桩,通过控制压桩和挖土速度,很好地控制建筑物的沉降。桩身四周的土体开挖后,其稳定性按照自由长度较大的高承台桩的模型进行分析。锚杆静压桩的压桩阻力是根据土层动力触探的指标确定的,锚杆静压桩的数量根据使用阶段、施工阶段的荷载以及桩身自由段的屈曲稳定性综合确定。按照新旧混凝土界面初始滑移承载力,进行承台的抗冲剪设计是有足够的安全储备的,此时冲剪承载力由几个斜向混凝土柱承担,而承台的下部受拉。锚杆静压桩之间的沉降差会在上部结构中产生附加内力,影响到结构安全。沉降差的计算采用分层总和法,计算时应考虑桩身的重力荷载、桩顶集中荷载等产生的附加应力以及土体开挖附加应力的减少。     

钻孔灌注桩压浆后承载性能的可靠度分析

钻孔灌注桩在压浆后的承载特性得到明显改善,离散程度明显降低,但目前对压浆后钻孔灌注桩的可靠度还缺乏系统研究。收集了122根未压浆的钻孔灌注桩和147根压浆后的钻孔灌注桩静载试验资料,结合可靠度分析方法中的确定性和不确定性分析方法,利用近似概率法的基于一次二阶矩法的验算点法（简称JC法）和Monte Carlo法对钻孔灌注桩压浆前和压浆后的可靠度指标进行了对比分析。结果表明：压浆后桩的可靠度指标有很大幅度提高,压浆可减少持力层对可靠度的影响,同时后压浆桩的可靠度有随桩径增大而提高的趋势,且不同荷载效应比值下可靠度随桩径变化的趋势趋于一致。     

Two‐dimensional lower bound analysis of offshore pile foundation systems

The objective of this paper is to present a simplified method to determine the pile foundation system capacity based on the lower bound theorem of plasticity. The motivations for determining the lower bound capacity are the following: (1) to evaluate the accuracy of solutions based on the upper bound method; (2) to provide a conservative and efficient solution to the system capacity; and (3) to provide information about load distribution among individual piles at the verge of failure for the pile system. The failure mechanisms for a single pile and for the pile system are assumed to be two‐dimensional. For a typical long offshore pile, the upper and lower bound analyses produce identical lateral capacities. A simplified failure surface for loads at the single pile head is proposed and verified through analysis of 16 case study piles. With this proposed failure surface for a single pile, the lower bound failure load of the pile foundation system is obtained using the elastic compensation method enhanced with the linear matching method. Comparing with the existing upper bound and finite element solutions, the proposed lower bound method is capable of accurately and efficiently predicting the ultimate capacity of a pile foundation system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DX桩抗拔承载机理及设计计算方法研究

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