An Improved Formulation for the Ultimate Static Strength of Tubular Joints subjected to Combined Loads

"The effect of interaction of loads on the ultimate static strength of tubular joints of offshore fixed platforms, is a practical problem. But there is still absence of rigorous theory to explain available experimental data and empirical criteria for the static strength of tubular joints. The idea of yield at hot spot of tubular joints is introduced in this paper. The interaction equations of plastic capacity for the tubular joints under combined loads (two and three different kinds) are derived. Thereafter the Yura's test data and empirical criteria of ultimate static strength for the tubular joints can be explained. The idea of classification of category of loads in accordance with experimental data and the present theory is suggested. Finally, the improved ultimate capacity equations for tubular joints are recommended. The physical significance of the coefficient of plastic reservation Qp is discussed.     

近海固定平台碰撞的准静态分析

本文采用增量有限元方法结合极限分析的概念，研究近海固定平台碰撞的静力强度。文中综合考虑了平台结构在碰撞加载过程中的大变形和塑性变形特性，建立了以广义应力表达的圆管截面的屈服条件，采用塑性节点法（ＰＮＭ）推导得到了单元的弹塑性矩阵。文中也考虑了梁柱单元的屈曲情况。本文所采用的载荷增量法结合牛顿—拉夫逊迭代，可跟踪加载过程中平台结构上塑性铰的出现，并最终获得平台结构的极限承载能力。     

Static Analysis of Collision Strength of Offshore Platform

In this paper a numerical analysis method combining FEM incemental technique with limit analysis concept is proposed for the study of the static strength of offshore platform in collision. Large deformation and plasticity are accounted for and the limit yield surface expressed by generalized stress for a tubular section is derived. The modified stiffness matrix of space beam element is formulated by Plastic Node Method. The buckling behavior of beam columns can also be taken into account. It can trace the generation of plastic hinges during loading and finally the ultimate strength of offshore platform against collision is obtained.     

Elasto-Plastic Analysis of Tubular Joints of Offshore Platforms by Finite Element Method

The plastic node method is reformulated by the variational principle and is applied to elasto-plastic finite element analysis of tubular joints, eventually including the effect of internal and external gussets, stiffener rings, etc., if necessary. Four different joints are studied here in detail for the elasto-plastic behavior, the strain at the hot spot, the strain concentration factor around the intersection line, and the propagation of the plastic region with loading up to collapse in order to determine the ultimate strength, safety factor, and development of the plastic field. The present results are in good agreement with the experimental results.     

套管加强T型管节点在平面外弯矩作用下极限强度分析

对用套管加强的T型管节点在平面外弯矩作用下的极限强度作了参数化分析。同时将相应的套管以及管节点的几何参数对极限强度的影响进行评估,并且和未加强的T型管节点作了比较。在计算结果中可以得出在管节点的弦管和撑管的连接处用合适的套管加强,可以将管节点在平面外弯矩作用下的极限强度提高到3倍多。     

安全叠接管节点在低周循环载荷下的破坏模式研究

采用实验和数值模拟方法研究了一种新型海洋平台管节点在地震载荷下的响应和破坏情况。采用拟静态循环加载模拟地震载荷 ,对真实尺寸的试件进行实验 ,研究局部屈曲和裂纹等对管接点抗震性能的影响。能量分析表明 ,发生在斜支管中的局部屈曲消耗了大部分输入能量。与现在使用的N型管节点相比 ,该新型管节点有较好的抗震性能。采用有限元数值模拟方法分析比较了不同尺寸配置下 ,该型管节点的响应曲线     

Prediction of Static Strength of Tubular T and X Joints Subjected to Axial Compression

-The formulation of ring analogy method for the prediction of static strength (ductile collapse) of tubular T, X joints under axial compression based on the limit analysis of the ring with some assumptions is presented in this papaer. The regression formula for the effective length of the chord based on test results is established by means of the least square method. The results computed by the present semi-analytic formula are compared with previous results and test data. They are quite close to each other. The accuracy of the present formula depends on the reasonable selection of the effective length of the chord, which requires numerous test data.     

Nonlinear joint flexibility element for the modeling of jacket-type offshore platforms

A new nonlinear two-dimensional tubular joint element is developed in this study on the basis of flexibility equations and the interaction between the axial force and the in-plane bending moment in the joint. Empirical equations are used to define the joint yielding in the axial direction and the in-plane rotation. An elastic-perfectly plastic yield function is adopted to include the combined effects of axial loads and bending moments on the yielding of the joint. The element formulation is straightforward, and it can readily be implemented in nonlinear finite element programs. Verification studies are carried out for the element to prove its suitability for the modeling of tubular joints of offshore jacket structures. It is concluded that the nonlinear joint model that has been developed produces accurate results, verified against experimental data as well as against sophisticated multi-axial finite element joint models.     

TY型管节点局部柔度的参数分析及试验研究

由于海洋平台管节点的局部柔度对平台结构的静动力性能有重要影响，如何确定各类管节点的局部柔度成为一个重要的研究课题。本文用半解析方法计算了海洋平台中一类常见的管节点──ＴＹ型管节点的局部柔度，并用回归方法得出了计算ＴＹ型管节点局部柔度矩阵中各元素的参数公式。本文还介绍了对一组ＴＹ型管节点ＰＶＣ塑料模型进行的局部柔度试验。参数公式计算结果与模型试验结果的比较表明，本文得出的参数公式是基本可靠的，建议可在海洋平台总体结构分析中使用。     

KK型管节点应力集中系数几何敏感性分析

KK型管节点是自升式平台桁架式桩腿中的一种管节点，其应力集中系数是影响桩腿疲劳寿命的重要参数。应力集中系数与管节点的几何形式密切相关，为分析KK型管节点应力集中系数对几何参数的敏感性，利用ANSYS软件对某KK型管节点进行几何参数化建模，利用有限元数值模拟方法对各工况下的热点应力进行分析，并分别计算各相应工况下的名义应力，然后将热点应力与名义应力相比得到不同几何参数下的热点应力集中系数。对计算结果进行整理分析，得到了KK型管节点应力集中系数对无量纲几何参数的敏感性规律。结果表明，应力集中系数与撑杆受力状态、管节点结构形式有关，在满足结构布置、建造工艺和其他安全性指标的前提下，分析结果能够为KK型管节点的结构设计和疲劳分析提供技术支撑。     

Parametric Analysis and Experimental Study on Local Flexibility of TY-Type Tubular Joints

Loal flexibility of tubular joints has important effect on the static and dynamic behaviour of offshore platforms, therefore, the determination of it becomes an important research subject in the field of offshore engineering. In this paper, the local flexibility of TY-type tubular joints, which are widely used in offshore platforms, is calculated by using semi- analytical method. Based on the calculated results, parametric formulae for evaluating element in the local joint flexibility matrix of TY- type tubular joints are derived by regression. A test on PVC models of TY-type tubular joints to measure the local joint flexibility is also reported. A comparison of the results calculated from the parametric formulae presented in this paper with those measured from the model test shows that the parametric formulae are reliable. It is recommended that these formulae be used in the global structural analysis of offshore platforms.     

The Stress Concentration of Multiplanar Tubular Joints of Offshore Structure

- The formulation for the stress concentration matrix of multiplanar tubular joint with braces subjected to combined load is established in this paper. The formulations for SCF values of multiplanar tubular joints are compared with those by Wordsworth and Efthymiou. The stiffening effect and load-interaction effect are discussed. A spatial offshore jacket with braces subjected to combined load is computed as a numerical example. The maximum stress of each multiplanar tubular joint and its location are found through SCF matrix. Finally, the difference between the maximum stresses of multiplanar tubular joints and their corresponding uniplanar tubular joints are discussed.     

海洋平台的灌浆卡箍技术研究

在国内外文献研究的基础上，对钢质近海结构物的修理，加固方法做了较为深入的研究，利用丹麦学者N．S．Ottosen提出的多轴应力状态下混凝土强度理论Ottosen破坏准则，建立了钢与混凝土组合结构T型灌浆卡箍管节点的轴向受控，受压和面内弯矩作用下的非线性有限元计算模型，采用分级加载计算分析了相应的极限承载能力，并与试验结果进行比较分析，计算结果表明，经灌浆卡箍维修后的管节点应力分布，变形和极限承载能力都得到了明显的改善，所得结果较好地反映了实际结构的力学特性。     

Local Joint Flexibility Multibrace Tubular Joints

The local joint flexibility matrix of multibrace tubular joints (uniplanar and multiplanar joints) is defined. The formulation for computing the elements of local flexibility factor matrix of multibrace tubular joints by semi- analytic method is presented in this paper. The stiffening effect of unloaded braces and cross-flexibility between braces are discussed. Using the local flexibility of unibrace joints instead of that of multibrace joints in conventional structural analysis will lead the result to an unsafe side.     

圆钢管截面极限强度受随机分布点蚀的影响研究

提出一种随机分布点蚀损伤的模拟方法,模拟点蚀在构件表面的随机生长过程,并建立了随机态点蚀损伤圆管截面的有限元分析模型;设计了三个受不同腐蚀深度点蚀损伤的圆管构件,并开展轴压试验,利用试验结果校验有限元模型的计算精度;在多种腐蚀情形下(点蚀强度和腐蚀深度变化),研究点蚀分布模式变化引起的极限强度退化及其变异性;比较随机分布点蚀模型与传统腐蚀模型(规则分布点蚀和均匀腐蚀)在计算强度和结构失效行为方面的差异。研究结果表明,点蚀的随机分布模式会引起显著的极限强度变异,且蚀坑深度越大,强度变异越大,蚀坑分布造成的强度极差与强度均值相比达到5%;随机分布点蚀相比于传统腐蚀模型,除了引起更为严重的强度削减,还会改变结构的破坏模式。提出的随机点蚀损伤的模拟方法,可替代昂贵的构件试验,应用于评估点蚀损伤圆管截面的极限强度,增强评估结果的可靠性。     

南海某导管架海洋平台倒塌分析

针对在役老龄导管架平台进行倒塌计算分析,确定极限承载力进而评估老龄导管架的安全裕度。采用非线性有限元方法,考虑平台的波流载荷及桩-土的非线性相互作用,利用SACS软件建立导管架整体三维有限元计算分析模型,并用逐步加载的方式,对南海某导管架平台进行了全过程非线性倒塌分析。计算分析表明,该导管架平台极限强度很高,具有较大的安全裕度;导管架倒塌过程呈逐步破坏形式,先是撑杆屈服,造成局部结构破坏,然后是钢桩发生屈服,降低结构承载力,最后节点逐步失效,造成结构倒塌。揭示了导管架平台结构失效倒塌的机理,给出了倒塌分析的可行方法和步骤。     

Fatigue Behaviour of Tubular Joints Made of China-Made Platform Steel

In China, a nationwide research program on fatigue behaviour of tubular joints made of China-made platform steel was carried out from 1983 to 1990, which was set by the Tubular Joint Research Committee for Offshore Structures (TJCOS) of China. This paper gives an outline of the basic properties of the China-made platform steel and fatigue test of tubular joints, including test specimens, test particulars and test results. A p-S-N curve based on the test results was established which reveals that the fatigue strength of tubular joints is fairly good. The thickness effect and effect of corrosion on fatigue strength in sea water are briefly discussed.     

Truss Spar平台桁架管节点疲劳分析

Truss Spar平台在风、浪、流的作用下,结构受力十分复杂,准确分析其疲劳强度相当困难。通过建立Truss Spar平台三维有限元模型,利用HydroD软件进行载荷预报、波浪搜索,得到产生最大应力幅响应的最不利浪向和相位角。运用Sestra软件进行整体有限元分析,得到的结果作为桁架管节点细化模型的边界条件,再用Nastran软件进行局部分析求得节点的热点应力,修正壁厚影响。最后根据DNV规范的S-N曲线计算了管节点的疲劳寿命。     

张力腿平台局部节点强度可靠度分析方法

局部节点可靠度分析对张力腿平台(TLP)整体安全性评估具有重要意义。提出了一个TLP平台局部节点可靠度的分析方法,首先对TLP平台整体进行分析,统计局部节点各种失效模式并得到典型失效模式及对应的典型荷载工况;然后应用改进的子模型技术对TLP平台局部节点进行极限承载能力分析,确定了局部节点在典型荷载工况下的极限承载力;对局部节点极限承载力及南海某区域的波浪荷载进行统计分析,得到其概率统计特性;在此基础上计算了TLP平台局部节点对应典型失效模式下的可靠度指标。通过算例分析表明,该TLP平台各节点可靠度指标值均大于3.1;立柱与浮箱连接节点在不同荷载工况下失效模式不同,而立柱与甲板连接节点易发生管交汇处剪切破坏。为TLP平台的安全性评估提供了一种有效的分析方法,具有一定的理论价值及实用价值。     

极端循环载荷下船体裂纹箱型梁的极限强度

旨在了解箱型梁在极端循环载荷下的极限强度特性。利用非线性有限元方法来研究裂纹箱型梁的极限弯矩,分析了5种裂纹模型,探讨了裂纹类型、裂纹位置和裂纹长度的影响。考虑了两种载荷形式应用生死单元法对双向循环弯曲下裂纹扩展进行了模拟;并将由循环载荷引起的累积塑性损伤和疲劳裂纹损伤均考虑在内。无论单向循环还是双向循环,单裂纹模型的极限弯矩均小于双裂纹模型的极限弯矩;单边裂纹是最危险的裂纹类型。进一步分析了极端循环载荷下裂纹箱型梁的极限强度折减机理,得出了极限强度折减归因于这两种损伤的耦合作用的结论,并通过其他箱型梁验证了其适用性。