山东郭屯矿井井筒涌水量预测及分析评价

郭屯矿井井筒穿越多层地层,基岩段中含水层发育,地下水含量丰富。为了给矿井设计和施工提供可靠的水文地质参数,本文利用郭屯矿井井筒检查孔抽水试验数据,根据地下水动力学原理,准确地预算出各井筒涌水量,并结合精查地质报告所提供的资料,对井筒涌水量做出分析和评价。     

郭屯矿井井筒基岩富水性分析

根据山东郭屯矿建井前施工的井筒检查钻孔钻探取心、简易水文观测、地球物理测井（包括流量测井）及结合郭屯矿井精查地质报告资料,对井筒的含、隔水层进行了划分;通过抽水试验、流量测井方法求解了风氧化带含水层、风氧化带下含水层及其各含水层分层的水文地质参数,分别预算了主井、副井、风井井筒的涌水量,并分析了郭屯矿各井筒基岩涌水量大于邻近煤矿井筒基岩涌水量的主要影响因素。     

地下水加坡理论在井筒涌水量预算中的应用

地下水加坡理论可有效的消除抽水试验引起的无效降深,结合云驾岭煤矿井筒检查孔抽水试验资料,对该井简检查孔涌水量进行了预算,预算副井筒啮。砂岩含水层涌水量为523．03m^3／h,实际涌水量为455m^3／h．误差率14．95％,可见运用加坡理论计算的矿井涌水量与井筒实际涌水量基本相符。     

井筒涌水量预测方面存在的问题与对策探讨

井筒涌水量预测对矿井设备的选型、建设速度和投资成本等都有着到重要的影响。在分析近年来国内大量新建矿井井筒掘进实际涌水量与井筒检查孔预测涌水量误差较大的基础上,针对传统的预测方法("大井法"和比拟法)存在的预测方法缺乏创新、预测基础数据收集不够全面、预测精度欠佳的问题,提出了完善传统预测方法,加强深部含水层岩石均匀性研究,重视施工设计、提高施工质量,建立勘查单位、矿井设计部门和生产建设部门间的沟通协调机制,正确对待预测结果,树立防范意识的对策。     

贵州箐口煤矿井筒检查：孔涌水量预算方法的探讨

贵州箐口煤矿拟建立一对立井，采取井筒式开采地下煤炭资源。为了给矿井排水系统的设计、施工和煤炭开采提供可靠的依据，采用地下水动力学中的“大井法”和“并组干扰法”预算井筒的涌水量。     

东保卫矿西风井地面预注浆施工技术

东保卫煤矿现有生产能力和通风网路满足不了生产接续问题,依据矿井生产持续发展的需要,需补做一个西翼采区风井。井筒穿过的基岩地层部分岩石破碎,工程地质稳定性较差;井筒涌水量偏大,为了给井筒安全快速掘砌提供保障,决定开拓前对基岩段进行地面预注浆,以加固井筒围岩和封堵基岩地下水。     

含水层厚度的确定

我们所建成的几对矿井及其它一些矿井的井筒实际涌水量和利用勘探阶段提供的参数预计的水量,往往差别很大。例如:芦沟矿竖井筒,按原参数预计只有40米3/时,建井期揭露的水量达到200米3/时,比预计大了4倍。河北和山东等地的一些矿井,也出现水量偏大或偏小的现象。      

黄陵二号煤矿充水因素分析

通过对黄陵二号煤矿充水因素的分析,结合矿井实际涌水量,认为矿井在开采延安组2号煤层时,延安组中部含水层为矿井的直接充水含水层,直罗组下段含水层为矿井主要的间接充水含水层;上部的洛河组砂岩水是矿井井筒充水的主要水源,也是矿井充水的间接充水含水层;矿井的主要充水通道为开采沉陷裂隙,充水方式为顶板进水。最后指出,该矿井开采2号煤层的最大隐患是直罗组下段砂岩顶板突水和井筒洛河组砂岩涌水。     

大海则矿井井筒水文地质条件分析

矿井井筒检查孔为煤矿工业厂址的选择,最合理的建井方法提供合理的依据。论述大海则矿井以松散岩类孔隙水,碎屑岩空隙裂隙水为主,充水通道主要为煤层开采后形成的冒裂带、构造裂隙及某些不确定因素,各含水层之间水力联系密切,裂隙发育,预测各井筒涌水量。根据各地质因素综合分析,认为采用冻结法建井最为合理。     

矿井涌水量时间序列的长程相关性分析及分维数估算

根据矿井涌水量实测数据,探讨了矿井涌水量时间序列的两个重要特性,即:长程相关性和统计自相似特性。利用小波分析和分形理论在多尺度分析和自相似本质上的一致性,把小波分析和分形理论引入到矿井涌水量时间序列的分析中,得到矿井涌水量时间序列小波变换系数,在此基础上,提出了矿井涌水量时间序列分形维数的小波计算方法,并对巷道涌水量和回采工作面涌水量时间序列的分维值进行了计算,验证了小波分形维数估计法在提取矿井涌水量中所具有的分形特征信息是稳定的和可靠的。     

Limiting equilibrium method for slope/drilled shaft system

The use of drilled shafts to stabilize an unstable slope has been a widely accepted practice. There are two basic design and analysis issues involved: one is to determine the global factor of safety of the drilled shafts stabilized slope and the other one is to determine the design earth thrust on the drilled shafts for structural design of the shafts. In this paper, a limiting equilibrium method of slices based solution for calculating global factor of safety (FS) of a slope with the presence of a row of drilled shafts is developed. The arching mechanisms due to the presence of the drilled shafts on slope were taken into account by a load transfer factor. The method for calculating the net force applied to the drilled shaft from the soil mass was also developed. The interrelationships among the drilled shaft location on the slope, the load transfer factor, and the global FS of the slope/shaft system were derived utilizing the developed numerical closed‐form solution. An illustrative example is presented to elucidate the use of the solution in optimizing the location of the drilled shafts on slope to achieve the desired global factor of safety of the slope/shaft system. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Incorporating set-up into LRFD method for drilled shafts

The increase of pile resistance with time is referred to as ‘set-up’. This behaviour of driven piles has been widely discussed in many studies by researchers. Meanwhile, there has been little, if any, information regarding this aspect for drilled shafts. Performing a bearing capacity test for a shaft over time, however, requires higher costs and more complicated rigs compared to a driven pile. A database including results from five Osterberg cell-tested drilled shafts conducted at two different stages is considered, from which the set-up effect is statistically analysed. The reliability-based analysis technique using Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) is used to develop separate resistance factors to account for different degrees of uncertainties associated with the predicted reference resistance and the predicted set-up resistance in the framework of the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) method. By incorporating set-up into design, shaft length or number of shafts can be reduced and economical design of drilled shafts can be achieved.     

内蒙古乌拉特后旗三贵口矿区水文示踪试验

三贵口锌多金属硫铁矿区在山前阶地施工的坑道都遇到普遍涌水且涌水量大(约3万m3/d)的问题,给矿井建设带来严重困扰。在附近的山前平原第四系浅层孔隙水中分别投入盐和染色剂,在矿井涌水排出口进行电阻率检测和颜色变化对比检查。通过示踪试验、地质调查和工程施工,发现矿井所在的那云山南东侧山坡地下断层(裂)发育,且为导水断层,是矿井涌水的主要通道。试验表明:矿井涌水和山前平原第四系孔隙水间存在着密切的水力联系,后者沿着F1-2、F1-3、F1-4和F1-5 4个破碎带进入矿井;最大渗流速度高且较稳定,为0.352～0.388 m/s,平均渗流速度为0.193～0.079 m/s。     

井筒安全评价与防治工程信息管理系统

针对厚冲积层地区出现的90余个立井壁突发破裂以及具有类似地层条件的数百井筒,需对井筒安全状况进行评价,并对防治工程进行信息管理。以兖矿集团井筒破裂防治为例,编制了评价管理系统和相应软件。系统包括矿井基本情况、实测结果与分析、经验与理论预测、有限元分析等功能,已有效指导了井筒破坏的防治工作。      

Load–settlement behavior of rock-socketed drilled shafts using Osterberg-Cell tests

Osterberg-Cell (O-Cell) tests are widely used to predict the load–settlement behavior of large-diameter drilled shafts socketed in rock. The loading direction of O-Cell tests for shaft resistance is opposite to that of conventional downward load tests, meaning that the equivalent top load–settlement curve determined by the summation of the mobilized shaft resistance and end bearing at the same deflection neglects the pile-toe settlement caused by the load transmitted along the pile shaft. The emphasis is on quantifying the effect of coupled shaft resistance, which is closely related to the ratios of pile diameter to soil modulus (D/E_s) and total shaft resistance to total applied load (R_s/Q) in rock-socketed drilled shafts, using the coupled load-transfer method. The proposed analytical method, which takes into account the effect of coupled shaft resistance, was developed using a modified Mindlin’s point load solution. Through comparisons with field case studies, it was found that the proposed method reasonably estimated the load-transfer behavior of piles and coupling effects due to the transfer of shaft shear loading. These results represent a significant improvement in the prediction of load–settlement behaviors of drilled shafts subjected to bi-directional loading from the O-Cell test.     

苍峄铁矿带苍山县沟西西官庄矿区沟西矿段（凤凰山铁矿）主井井筒检查孔水文地质特征分析

苍峄铁矿带苍山县沟西西官庄矿区沟西矿段,又称凤凰山铁矿,为隐伏的鞍山式低品位铁矿,矿区水文地质条件属于中等型。对施工的主井、副井、进风井、东风井和西风井井筒检查孔进行了水文地质编录和分层抽水试验,以主井井筒检查孔为例,划分了4层含水段,求得了各含水层的水文地质参数,对荒径涌水量进行了预测;基本查明了井筒检查孔的含水性等水文地质特征,确定了注浆段,为矿山立井防治水方案提供了设计依据。     

Beckenried viaduct: Foundation problems in a creeping slope

Summary The 3150 m long Beckenried viaduct traverses an unstable creeping, slope, the surface of the sound rock lying at depths from 10 to 60 m. Altogether 44 of the total 58 piers of the bridge founded on the sound rock had to be protected by shafts against the creeping soil and loosened rock layers. Based on geological explorations and previous monitoring of the slope displacements the clearance between the rectangular concrete piers and the elliptical shafts was specified to be 1.5 m in the dip direction of the slope and up to ±1.0 m in lateral direction. In order to avoid failure of the shafts due to the unusually large slope movements likely to occur during the service life of the viaduct, an entirely new design concept was applied. It involves flexible shafts consisting of four main parts, namely a rigid shaft collar, articulated ring elements, a rigid trapezoidal cylinder and basal displacement rings resting on the pier footing. Fundamentally, this design permits both: sliding of the shaft as a whole along particular slip surfaces in the loosened rock at depth but also differential displacements due to the creep of the soil strata above it. The sliding at the base contributes to 50% and more to the total surface movements. The shafts also serve as a permanent drainage system for the highly water sensitive slope material. The paper describes the criteria upon which the novel design of the individual shafts were made and also particular constructional details. After a construction period of only four years the bridge opened to traffic in December 1980. Observations made on the completed structure indicate a behaviour of the slope and the shafts which is well in accordance with the predictions.     

钢井壁失稳原因浅析及预防

钻井法施工的一些开采年限较短、井深和井径较小的竖井中,有时采用钢井壁作为永久支护,但是相对于钢筋混凝土井壁,钢井壁在使用过程中极易发生屈曲变形,甚至导致井简破坏,使用中应引起高度的重视。结合工程实例,对钢井壁失稳时的临界应力、影响因素进行了分析,并提出了相应的预防措施。     

Extrapolation of O-cell drilled shaft tests for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) calibration

Load tests of drilled shafts are often performed using Osterberg cell (O-cell) testing, a popular load test method for drilled shafts, which measures both side and tip resistance. However, it is common that only one of the resistance components can be fully mobilized. Therefore, extrapolation of the partially mobilized resistance is often required to determine the total resistance or the equivalent top-down curve. The extrapolation tends to introduce errors to the constructed total resistance values, which subsequently affect the calibrated resistance factors required for the LRFD design of drilled shafts. In this study, eight O-cell tests of drilled shafts with total measured resistances close to the failure criteria defined by FHWA, 5% of the shaft diameter (B), were collected among 64 drilled shaft load tests from Louisiana and Mississippi. For each of the eight cases, extrapolation was performed on both tip and side movement curves for the construction of the equivalent top-down load-settlement (ELT) curves. Data points from the measured side or tip movement curve were removed systematically to create a total of 80 cases with partially mobilized movement curves, and extrapolation exercises were performed on each fabricated case to obtain its equivalent top-down curve. The error of bias for each fabricated case was determined for statistical analyses. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed on the bias errors to model the bias errors caused by extrapolation. Calibrated resistance factors were determined and compared between the original database and fabricated database needing extrapolation. A correction method is proposed, based on a linear regression relationship, to estimate and minimize the extrapolation error of bias for less mobilized databases.

     

跨越法采煤控制矿坑涌水量及防治岩溶地面塌陷的研究——以湖南辰溪孝坪煤矿桠杉坡井为例

湖南辰溪孝坪煤矿桠杉坡井为岩充水煤矿井,采用跨越法采煤,辅以封闭突水点、废弃巷道、采空区和将矿坑水排泄补给浅部溶洞水,控制了矿坑涌水量,保持了地下水基本平衡,防止了矿坑疏干排水诱发岩溶地面塌陷。其成功经验可供借鉴。