Coastal Pollution Mitigation with Lime and Zero Valent Iron

The Taiwan Strait region has many miles of coastline, and the Taiwan Straits Tunnel (TST) project faces many potential pollution problems as construction proceeds through sensitive areas. Conventional approaches for pollution mitigation require further examination. The recent development of nanoscale particle technology has shown distinct advantages for contaminant attenuation and ground improvement. This paper is focused on trace metals and is part of the overall effort to develop the nanoscale particle technology. Trace metals in ground and surface waters represent a continued threat to human and ecological health. One of the difficulties in removing toxic concentrations of trace metals from solution is the variable oxidation state and amphoteric nature of multiple constituents. In particular, while cationic metals (e.g., Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺) may be rendered less mobile under high pH conditions, anionic metals (e.g., AsO₄ ^3?, CrO₄ ^2?, SeO₄ ^2?)may become more mobile. The objective of this research was to evaluate the sorption of both cationic and anionic trace elements, including arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr) and selenium (Se) under batch conditions. Mixtures of a local residual soil were tested alone and in combination with lime and zero valent iron. It was hypothesized that lime would raise the pH and precipitate positively charged metals while zero valent iron would create reducing conditions favorable to the immobilization of negatively charged metals. Results indicate that the use of lime and/or zero valent iron can increase the sorption capacity of soil. Compared to the baseline soil, sorption capacity increased with addition of lime for arsenic and cadmium while it decreased for chromium and selenium. In the case of zero valent iron addition, sorption capacity increased for cadmium, chromium and selenium, while showing no change for arsenic. When both lime and zero valent iron were used, the sorption capacity increased for all metals tested. These results suggest that the combined use of lime and zero valent iron may serve as an alternative treatment technology for removing trace metals from contaminated water systems.     

Barnacles as biomonitors of trace metal availabilities in Hong Kong coastal waters: changes in space and time

The use of selected organisms as biomonitors of trace metal bioavailabilities allows comparisons to be made over space and time. The concentrations of 11 trace metals (arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silver, zinc) were measured in the bodies of two barnacle species, Balanus amphitrite and Tetraclita squamosa, from up to 18 littoral sites from Hong Kong coastal waters in April 1998. These data provide evidence on the geographical variation in metal bioavailabilities at this time, and are compared selectively against historical data sets for 1986 and 1989. Geographical variation in bioavailabilities is clear for several metals, with hotspots for arsenic, copper, nickel and silver at Chai Wan Kok, and for lead in Junk Bay. Victoria Harbour sites head the rankings for silver and arsenic, and Tolo Harbour sites exhibit relatively elevated cobalt, manganese and zinc. Many bioavailabilities of trace metals to barnacles are lower in Hong Kong coastal waters in 1998 than in 1986. The two barnacle species are widespread and the extensive data set presented is a benchmark which can be compared to the results of similar biomonitoring programmes elsewhere in the Indo-Pacific and beyond.     

Trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in feathers of Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys attending the Patagonian Shelf

We investigated the concentrations of cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, nickel, lead and zinc among feather tissues in sexes of Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophrys killed in longliners off Argentina in 2005. We found no different metal concentration with sex for cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc in feathers of adult birds, though there were significant body-size differences between sexes. However, the concentrations of trace metals differed significantly among the type of feather within individual bird. The mean concentrations of copper, iron, and zinc in breast feathers of T.?melanophrys were lower than those reported for the species from Georgias del Sur/South Georgia, the southern Indian Ocean and for other seabirds' worldwide. While cadmium fall within the known range of concentrations for bird feathers lead were not. Our results may be indicating that level of pollution in Patagonia may not be as negligible as previously thought at least for some trace metals.     

渤海莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素分布及环境质量

利用X-射线荧光光谱仪、等离子质谱仪或原子荧光光度计测定了莱州湾表层沉积物中金属元素的含量,探讨了它们的分布特征、来源及污染程度,结果表明,沉积物中铜、锌、铅、镉、砷、镍、铬、钴、钒、钪、铁、锰的含量由近岸向湾内递减,莱州湾北部海域的含量大于南部的。银含量高的沉积物主要分布在莱州湾中部偏西南的环流中心区。沉积物中砷和镍含量超过ERL值,潜在生态风险较高。富集系数和主成分分析显示,沉积物中铁、铜、锌、镉、砷、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒和钪为无富集,砷为轻度富集,铅和银为中度富集。铁、铜、锌、镉、铬、镍、钴、锰、钒、砷和钪主要来源于自然源,铅既有岩石和土壤风化产物硅酸盐矿物等自然源的贡献,又受到了人为活动的影响,银主要受人为活动的影响。聚类分析表明,可把莱州湾沉积物分为4类,其中黄河口西北缘沉积物中砷和镍污染生态风险最高,其次是莱州湾中部和北部。     

Biotransference and biomagnification of selenium copper,cadmium, zinc,arsenic and lead in a temperate seagrass ecosystem from Lake Macquarie Estuary,NSW, Australia

In this study the biotransference of selenium copper, cadmium, zinc, arsenic and lead was measured in a contaminated seagrass ecosystem in Lake Macquarie, NSW, Australia, to determine if biomagnification of these trace metals is occurring and if they reach concentrations that pose a threat to the resident organisms or human consumers. Selenium was found to biomagnify, exceeding maximum permitted concentrations for human consumption within carnivorous fish tissue, the highest trophic level examined. Selenium concentrations measured within carnivorous fish were also above those shown to elicit sub-lethal effects in freshwater fish. As comparisons are made to selenium concentrations known to effect freshwater fish, inferences must be made with caution. There was no evidence of copper, cadmium, zinc or lead biomagnification within the food web examined. Copper, cadmium, zinc and lead concentrations were below concentrations shown to elicit adverse responses in biota. Copper concentrations within crustaceans M. bennettae and P. palagicus were found to exceed maximum permitted concentrations for human consumption. It is likely that copper concentrations within these species were accumulated due to the essential nature of this trace metal for many species of molluscs and crustaceans. Arsenic showed some evidence of biomagnification. Total arsenic concentrations are similar to those found in other uncontaminated marine ecosystems, thus arsenic concentrations are unlikely to cause adverse effects to aquatic organisms. Inorganic arsenic concentrations are below maximum permitted concentrations for human consumption.     

不同形态磷源对球形棕囊藻生长及囊体形成的影响

球形棕囊藻(Phaeocystis globosa)是中国近海常见的有害藻华原因种,游离单细胞和球形囊体是其异型生活史的两种形态。本研究通过添加KH₂PO₄(PO₄^3-)、卵磷脂(LEC)、三磷酸腺苷二钠(ATP)、葡萄糖-6-磷酸钠盐(G-6-P)、和核糖核酸(RNA)5种不同磷源进行室内培养,以阐明不同磷源对球形棕囊藻生长及囊体形成的影响。结果表明,5种磷源培养条件下皆可形成囊体,以G-6-P为磷源的球形棕囊藻生长最优,囊体密度最大可达(5.7±0.5)×10⁵colonies·L^-1,在培养中后期诱导产生较高的碱性磷酸酶活性(181.1±41.6)nmol·h^-1·L^-1有利于其高生物量及囊体形态的维持。以PO₄^3-为磷源时,囊体密度最大可达(6.1±0.7)×10⁵colonies·L^-1,但对囊体形态的维持较G-6-P组差。以LEC或RNA为磷源时,囊体密度及叶绿素a含量较低,囊体单位表面积的细胞密度更高,结构更紧致。LEC组的囊体直径最大,可达(488.2±220.6)μm。以ATP为磷源时,囊体细胞分布稀疏,囊体衰退较快。4种有机磷源对球形棕囊藻囊体的构建存在不同程度的影响,在自然水体棕囊藻藻华形成及维持中,除无机磷源外部分形态的有机磷源可能会发挥重要作用。     

Trace element concentrations in nesting flatback turtles (Natator depressus) from Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia

The blood and eggs of the flatback turtle (Natator depressus) sampled when nesting at Curtis Island, Queensland, Australia. In the blood, zinc was present at the highest concentration of 151.15 ± 1.45 μg/L followed by copper (7.74 ± 0.09 μg/L). Lead was found only in some individuals. The measured trace elements in the blood were maternally transferred into the eggs. Other metals and metalloids detected in eggs were chromium, manganese, arsenic and selenium. Eggs showed a more complex trace element profile than blood, suggesting that they provided more representative tissues for determining maternal levels of trace element accumulation in N. depressus. Intra-clutch variation was over 15% for most of the studied trace elements suggesting one egg is not in sufficient to determine trace element accumulation within a clutch. Copper was the only element which was positively correlated with breeding age. Furthermore, no detectable levels of tin compound derivates were measured in N. depressus.     

Tissue distribution of metals in striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba) from the Apulian coasts, southern Italy.

Tissue distributions of metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese) were determined in six specimens of striped dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba, Meyen) stranded on the Apulian coasts (Southern Italy) between February and June 1987. Methyl mercury and selenium were also determined in the liver samples. The liver accumulated the highest concentrations of metals, except for cadmium and chromium. Metal levels were higher than those found in dolphins living in the Atlantic, but lower than those recorded in the same species from the French Mediterranean coasts. Necroscopic surveys found that all specimens were affected by haemorrhagic gastritis, but the cause was not clear. While it was not possible to related the death of dolphins to a specific cause, or to contaminants, the accumulation of metals is likely to contribute to the health of the organism and represents a risk factor for dolphins.     

洋山海洋倾倒区倾倒前后沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物与重金属的比较分析

为了更清楚认识洋山海洋倾倒区海域沉积物的污染状况,测定了该海域倾倒前后表层沉积物中酸可挥发性硫化物(AVS)、酸可提取重金属(SEM)的含量,并对AVS、ΣSEM及ΣSEM-AVS差值的平面分布进行了分析。结果表明,该倾倒区及周边海域倾倒前、中、后表层沉积物中AVS含量分别为0.55~2.62,0.83~1.65和0.51~1.23 μmol·g^-1,倾倒后AVS含量呈下降态势,倾倒区AVS含量高于周边海域;ΣSEM倾倒前、中、后平均含量分别为2.80,2.79和2.60 μmol·g^-1,倾倒后ΣSEM含量略呈下降态势,往倾倒区方向富集;从单个重金属对ΣSEM的贡献率来看,Zn＞Cr＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd,SEM_Zn基本在35％以上,SEM_Cr基本在20％以上,而SEM_Cd均在1％以下,ΣSEM分布形态主要受Zn和Cr的控制;ΣSEM-AVS差值均大于0,且在倾倒区其ΣSEM-AVS值低于周边海域,说明倾倒区海域沉积物中重金属对生物可能有一定毒性。     

热液喷口探测化学传感器的研制及应用*

海底热液喷口周围的水体具有显著的浊度和化学组分异常, 是寻找热液喷口的重要标志。文章提出了一种海底热液喷口的探测技术方法, 设计了低功耗化学传感器。该化学传感器可搭载在相关平台, 实时探测水体的Eh、H₂S、pH及CO₃^2-等电位值, 结合浊度异常, 可以推断热液喷口的位置。在西南印度洋中脊海试结果表明, 该化学传感器可有效探测由热液活动产生的水体异常, 是一种探测海底热液喷口的有效技术。     

无机砷As(Ⅲ、Ⅴ)对牟氏角毛藻生长、叶绿素荧光特性及基因组DNA甲基化水平的影响

以AsO₂^-和HAsO₄^2-分别暴露处理牟氏角毛藻(Chaetoceros mulleri)研究As(Ⅲ、Ⅴ)毒性作用,As(Ⅲ)浓度梯度为0、10、50、100、300和500μmol/L,As(Ⅴ)浓度梯度为0、30、60、120、300和600μmol/L,分别在第1、3、7d取样,研究不同浓度的As(Ⅲ、Ⅴ)对藻细胞的生长、叶绿素荧光特性以及基因组DNA甲基化水平的影响。结果显示,在3d时100μmol/L As(Ⅲ)组牟氏角毛藻生长率降为0,两个高浓度组1-7d的生长率均小于0,且均明显低于对照(P<0.05);而一定浓度As(Ⅴ)暴露初期会提高藻细胞生长率。低浓度As(Ⅲ)暴露组牟氏角毛藻的荧光参数Fv/Fm和Yield与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05),两个高浓度组荧光参数的值则均显著低于对照;而As(Ⅴ)对牟氏角毛藻的PSII系统影响不显著。一定浓度范围内的As(Ⅲ、Ⅴ)可以引起牟氏角毛藻DNA甲基化水平明显升高,而长期暴露高浓度As(Ⅲ)后藻类DNA甲基化水平与对照差异不大。综上可知,As(Ⅲ)对牟氏角毛藻的生长、叶绿素荧光特性的毒害作用大于As(Ⅴ),而对DNA甲基化的影响与As(Ⅴ)相似。     

四川盆地雷四3亚段油气勘探方向

近年来,中石油和中石化在四川盆地雷口坡组雷四³亚段的勘探陆续取得重要进展,展示了良好的勘探前景。笔者结合新钻探井和最新研究成果,从地层、沉积相、烃源岩、储层和成藏等多方面采用烃源对比、埋藏史及烃源岩热演化史、包裹体测温等方法对四川盆地雷四³亚段的含油气地质条件进行了进一步分析,总结了其油气成藏特征,提出了有利勘探区带,以期有助于拓展四川盆地雷口坡组的勘探领域。研究结果表明:雷四³亚段天然气以雷口坡组和须家河组烃源岩混合来源气为主;储集空间以粒间溶孔、晶间溶孔为主,属低孔低渗储层;雷四³亚段气藏为2期成藏,烃源岩于中、晚侏罗世进入生烃高峰;雷四³亚段具有构造和构造-岩性地层2种气藏类型,龙门山山前断褶带为构造气藏的有利勘探区,新津-邛崃斜坡带与梓潼-盐亭斜坡带是构造-岩性地层气藏的有利勘探区。     

Trace metals in bivalve molluscs from Thailand

Capture fisheries and aquaculture provide a large quantity of bivalve molluscs for human consumption in Thailand each year. The existing information on trace elements in these bivalves is fragmentary and contradictory. This paper reports data for eight metals (cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, mercury and zinc) in the four major species marketed. These are the clam Pahia undulata, the cockle Anadara granosa, the green mussel Perna viridis and the rock oyster Crassostrea commercialis. The bivalves analysed were taken at markets or in the field to cover as many of the major sources as possible. The results indicate no major threat to public health from trace elements in these species from Thailand and lend confidence to the expansion of aquaculture operations. In particular, the levels of lead found in the samples analysed are considerably lower than those previously reported by other authors.     

电活化硫酸盐处理四环素类废水的研究

本文构建以掺硼金刚石(Boron-doped diamond,BDD)为阳极、不锈钢为阴极、硫酸盐为电解质的电化学体系,考察了电流密度、pH值、硫酸盐浓度以及初始四环素浓度等四个因素对电化学氧化降解废水中四环素的影响,运用响应曲面法对运行参数进行优化;通过电子自旋共振检测技术分析电化学反应中产生的自由基,探究了间歇通电模式下电化学体系持续氧化机理。结果表明,四个因素对TOC去除率的影响大小次序为:电流密度>初始四环素浓度>初始pH值>硫酸盐浓度,其中初始pH值和硫酸盐浓度与电流密度和初始四环素浓度的交互作用对TOC去除率的影响较为显著;最佳运行参数为pH值为5,电流密度为100 mA·cm^-2,硫酸盐浓度为0.25 mol·L^-1,初始四环素浓度为1000 mg·L^-1;间歇通电模式下,BDD电极表面产生的SO₄^·-等高活性物质间相互转化提供了体系的可持续氧化能力。该研究结果为电化学氧化技术的实际应用提供了节省能耗的有效途径。     

渤海中部表层沉积物中重金属赋存相态及来源

近年来由于环渤海经济圈的快速发展,渤海接受了来自周边河流、沿岸排污及海上油气开采所产生的大量的重金属等污染物质,使得渤海的生态环境系统面临前所未有的压力。本文采用电感耦合等离子质谱仪（ICP-MS）对采自渤海中部的25个表层沉积物样品中的Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Pb、Cr、Cd等重金属元素的含量和赋存相态进行了分析,探讨了重金属分布规律、污染状况及来源。研究结果表明,Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr在渤海湾的近岸区域和渤海中部泥质区有较高的含量,而Pb和Cd则在整个研究区的含量都较高;表层沉积物中Cu、Co、Ni、Zn、Cr主要以残渣态形式存在,而Pb和Cd则具有较高的非残渣态含量;生态风险评价结果表明该区表层沉积物未受到Co、Ni、Cr的污染,Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd则为未污染-中等程度污染。重金属元素Co、Ni、Cr以自然来源为主,在沉积物中的分布主要受沉积物物质组成的影响,而Cu、Zn、Pb,尤其是Cd,则受到了人类活动的显著影响。黄河沉积物是研究区表层沉积物中重金属的主要来源,影响范围涵盖了本区大部分区域,但在研究区的北端受到滦河来源物质的影响,渤海湾和研究区中部则受到海河物质和大气沉降来源重金属的一定影响。     

Assessment of metals in sediments from Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, using normalisation models and sediment quality guidelines

Industrial activity since the 1890s and, more recently catchment development has resulted in significant metal contamination in Lake Macquarie, an estuary in New South Wales, Australia. This paper presents an analysis of metal concentrations in surface sediments from Lake Macquarie using normalisation models to estimate enrichment relative to natural background concentrations and by comparing concentrations with sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) and effects range median quotients to assess the potential for ecological harm. Of the 12 metals examined, cadmium, lead, mercury, selenium, silver and zinc were enriched in surface sediments throughout the lake. The greatest contamination was found in the north of the lake and, for selenium, also in areas adjacent to two power stations. Comparisons with SQGs and effects range median quotients found that sediments from a site in Cockle Bay had concentrations of metals with the highest likelihood of causing adverse effects on sediment associated biota, and that the likelihood adverse decreased with distance from Cockle Bay. Comparisons with historical sediment quality data indicated that there has been a marked reduction in surface metal concentrations throughout the lake over 15 years. Models could not be constructed for all metals due to low background concentrations. For most metals, simple linear regression models were adequate, but for selenium and arsenic a multiple regression model provided a better estimate of background concentrations. SQGs possibly overestimated effects for arsenic, which has naturally high concentrations in the lake and underestimated the potential for ecological effects in coarser sediments.     

粤东青澳湾表层沉积物重金属含量分布特征和污染评价

测定了粤东青澳湾表层沉积物的7种重金属和总有机质的含量,分析了其分布特征及彼此之间的相关性,并运用海洋沉积物质量标准、富集系数和生态危害指数等方法对重金属的污染进行了综合评价.结果表明,该海域各重金属元素含量的平均值分别为:Cu(34.51 mg/kg)、Pb(41.89mg/kg)、Cd(0.11 mg/kg)、Zn(80.21 mg/kg)、Hg(0.039 mg/kg)、As(15.61 mg/kg)、Cr(29.41mg/kg).所有元素(Cu除外)都未超过《海洋沉积物质量》一类标准,且所有元素都远低于美国国家海洋和大气局(NOAA)提出的中值区间效应值(ERM),这表明本海域生态风险很小.整个海域各重金属元素的富集系数大小顺序:Pb>Cu>As>Zn>Cr>Cd>Hg,表现出主要以Pb(1.68)和Cu(1.15)为主的富集.各重金属元素生态风险大小顺序:As>Pb>Hg>Cd>Cu>Zn>Cr,而且所有站点重金属的危害综合指数RI都远低于轻微级别(150),没有表现出潜在生态危害.     

灌河下游营养盐浓度的季节变化及其入海通量研究

2017年2月~2019年9月在灌河下游采集水样,分析了其中各种形态营养盐的浓度以及月动态变化情况,估算了灌河的营养盐入海通量。结果表明,NO3^-和NH4⁺是溶解无机氮(DIN)的主要存在形式,其平均值分别为(74.66±45.06)、(83.67±87.22)μmol/L。NO3^-浓度与欧洲以及国内一些河流相当,NH4⁺浓度显著高于世界上其它河流。PO4^3-的平均浓度为(3.38±2.14)μmol/L,显著高于世界河流的平均水平(0.32μmol/L),与欧洲和北美地区富营养化严重的河流相当。SiO3^2-的平均浓度为(80.27±27.65)μmol/L,同国内及世界上其它河流相比,该含量处于较低水平。不同形态氮、磷浓度存在显著的季节变化,从2017—2019年它们的浓度显著降低,这主要是由于环保督察后大量畜禽养殖场的关闭或迁移使得排放入河的各形态氮、磷大量减少所致;硅浓度的年际变化不大。灌河每年约有0.61×10⁴ t的DIN和0.28×10³ t的PO3^3-进入南黄海,SiO3^2-的年输送通量约为0.60×10⁴t。     

Experimental Study of Factors Controlling Sorption of Heavy Metals on Ariake Clay and Implication for Practice

A series of batch tests have been presented to investigate the effects of solid-solution contact time, solid:solution ratio, and pH of solution on sorption of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ on Ariake clay from Kyushu region of Japan. The results show that, among the three investigated factors, solid:solution ratio (SD/SN) seems to be the crucial controlling factor. The Freundlich sorption parameters determined from the batch tests were applied to a typical field landfill in which the Ariake clay was used as soil barrier. The impacts of the landfill were assessed by numerical analysis. Based on the analysis result, the significance of selecting proper solid:solution ratio for determining sorption parameters from batch test has been discussed.     

A study of heavy metals in limpets Patella sp. collected along a section of the southeastern turkish mediterranean coast

Limpets collected at three locations along the Turkish Mediterranean coast were analyzed for zinc, copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, nickel, iron, arsenic and strontium. Average metal concentrations in samples taken from busy harbor areas and near sewage outfalls differed little from those collected in primarily agricultural areas. Generally, an inverse relationship of metal concentration with size is seen. The average levels found in these samples are of the same order of magnitude as those in limpets from other regions of the world and thus should serve as a good indication of current background levels in this region.