基于变形P-L模型的矩阵方程迭代精细横波预测

横波速度预测问题的关键有两个,一是如何建立合理的岩石物理模型,二是针对建立的横波预测目标函数,如何准确高效地求解.针对第一个问题,对Pride模型和Lee模型(P-L模型)进行变形,提出拟固结指数的概念,将干岩石模量和岩石基质模量相联系,变形后的P-L模型在没有降低P-L模型准确度的情况下简化了问题的复杂度,建立起了饱和流体岩石弹性模量与干岩石模量、岩石基质模量、混合流体模量之间的关系,进而计算理论上的纵波速度,并通过比较实测纵波速度与计算的理论纵波速度大小,最终建立了横波预测的目标函数.针对第二个问题,借鉴了地震反演的思路,将该目标函数的最优化问题转化为线性矩阵方程组迭代求解问题,通过几步迭代就可以求解出合适的拟固结指数,进而得到预测横波速度.实际验证和应用表明,该横波预测方法具有很好的稳定性和准确性,并且岩石物理模型的构建和目标函数的求解思路可用于其他储集类型地层的横波预测.     

海洋含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征分析

随着水合物含量的增加,往往会引起纵、横波速度的增加,同时也会引起衰减的变化.针对含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征分析,有助于水合物含量的估计.本文以有效介质理论模型(EMT)为基础,研究了海洋未固结含水合物沉积层的纵、横波速度的非线性变化趋势.同时采用BISQ模型替代有效介质模型中的Gassmann方程,具体分析了全频带范围内海洋含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征.采用该模型,速度与衰减均随着水合物含量的增加而增加,且岩石孔隙度与泥质含量对衰减系数的影响较小.针对大洋钻探计划(ODP)164航次的实际数据,运用该模型方程计算采用声波测井数据(20kHz)与VSP数据(100Hz),分别获取了水合物稳定带的饱和度数据,平均在5%~7%之间,由于速度频散的影响,VSP估算结果要弱低于声波测井估算数据,均与实测保压取芯的甲烷含量数据、他人研究成果以及神经网络趋势预测结果均有着较好的一致性.对南海神狐海域三口钻位开展了水合物含量预测,与保压取芯结果有着较好的吻合关系.同时基于层剥离法提取该区域某地震测线BSR层的等效Q值,采用本文方法估算了该区域的等效天然气水合物含量15%~30%.数值模拟与实际应用结果表明:含水合物沉积层的速度频散与衰减特征均随着水合物含量的变化而变化,联合利用这一些变化特征,有助于天然气水合物含量的估计.     

Effects of uncertainty in rock-physics models on reservoir parameter estimation using seismic amplitude variation with angle and controlled-source electromagnetics data

This paper investigates the effects of uncertainty in rock-physics models on reservoir parameter estimation using seismic amplitude variation with angle and controlled-source electromagnetics data. The reservoir parameters are related to electrical resistivity by the Poupon model and to elastic moduli and density by the Xu-White model. To handle uncertainty in the rock-physics models, we consider their outputs to be random functions with modes or means given by the predictions of those rock-physics models and we consider the parameters of the rock-physics models to be random variables defined by specified probability distributions. Using a Bayesian framework and Markov Chain Monte Carlo sampling methods, we are able to obtain estimates of reservoir parameters and information on the uncertainty in the estimation. The developed method is applied to a synthetic case study based on a layered reservoir model and the results show that uncertainty in both rock-physics models and in their parameters may have significant effects on reservoir parameter estimation. When the biases in rock-physics models and in their associated parameters are unknown, conventional joint inversion approaches, which consider rock-physics models as deterministic functions and the model parameters as fixed values, may produce misleading results. The developed stochastic method in this study provides an integrated approach for quantifying how uncertainty and biases in rock-physics models and in their associated parameters affect the estimates of reservoir parameters and therefore is a more robust method for reservoir parameter estimation.     

井震联合分析预测神狐海域天然气水合物可能的垂向分布

已有的地质与地球物理信息表明南中国海北部陆坡神狐海域存在天然气水合物,2007年钻井和取样结果证实其以细颗粒均匀存在于水合物稳定带内,但区域分布范围极不规则.由于测井记录长度和取样深度的范围有限,天然气水合物垂向分布特征难以确定.为了深入了解此区域天然气水合物深度上的分布规律,对SH7井的多种测井数据进行综合分析并与地震反射特征建立联系,得到三个主要的沉积物性变化层位并以此为基础进行叠后数据的伪井约束反演,结果表明在已证实的含水合物层之下还存在高速层.而AVO叠前正演模拟分析结果与实际地震数据对比表明,研究区的天然气水合物稳定带可能由含水合物沉积物与饱水沉积物的薄互层组成,这就意味着在取样获得天然气水合物样品的深度之下,很可能存在另一个含水合物层.     

天然气水合物和游离气饱和度估算的影响因素

讨论了不同水合物胶结类型的流体饱和多孔隙固体中地震波的衰减情况,分析了估算天然气水合物和游离气饱和度影响因素.结果表明, 地层孔隙度、纵波速度模型和弹性模量的计算方法是影响反演水合物和游离气饱和度的关键因素.含水合物地层的吸收与水合物胶结类型密切相关,当水合物远离固体颗粒,像流体一样充填在孔隙时,品质因子出现负异常,而当水合物胶结固体颗粒影响骨架的弹性性质,其品质因子出现正异常.根据布莱克海台地区164航次995井的测井资料,分别应用低频和高频速度模型估算了水合物和游离气饱和度.由低频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)10%～20%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)05%～1%;而由高频速度模型得到的水合物饱和度(占孔隙空间的)5%～10%,游离气饱和度(占孔隙空间的)1%～2%.     

海洋天然气水合物的地球物理研究(Ⅰ)：岩石物性

本文综述了含水合物沉积物的岩石物性模型，讨论水合物饱和度与岩石物性的关系，关于纵波速度与水合物饱和度的关系，有一些简单模型，如孔隙度降低模型，时间平均方程、时间平均－Wood加权方程，也有复杂模型，如根据弹性模量计算的模型、根据等效介质中地震波传播理论的模型，本文还介绍了含水合物沉积物的电阻率、电导率模型与含注重气沉积物的岩石物性。     

Physics and Seismic Modeling for Monitoring CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> Storage

We present a new petro-elastical and numerical-simulation methodology to compute synthetic seismograms for reservoirs subject to CO₂ sequestration. The petro-elastical equations model the seismic properties of reservoir rocks saturated with CO₂, methane, oil and brine. The gas properties are obtained from the van der Waals equation and we take into account the absorption of gas by oil and brine, as a function of the in situ pore pressure and temperature. The dry-rock bulk and shear moduli can be obtained either by calibration from real data or by using rock-physics models based on the Hertz-Mindlin and Hashin-Shtrikman theories. Mesoscopic attenuation due to fluids effects is quantified by using White's model of patchy saturation, and the wet-rock velocities are calculated with Gassmann equations by using an effective fluid modulus to describe the velocities predicted by White's model. The simulations are performed with a poro-viscoelastic modeling code based on Biot's theory, where viscoelasticity is described by generalizing the solid/fluid coupling modulus to a relaxation function. Using the pseudo-spectral method, which allows general material variability, a complete and accurate characterization of the reservoir can be obtained. A simulation, that considers the Utsira sand of the North Sea, illustrates the methodology.     

天然气水合物似海底反射层(BSR)AVA特征:双相介质模型

The bottom simulating reflector （BSR） in gas hydrate-bearing sediments is a physical interface which is composed of solid, gas, and liquid and is influenced by temperature and pressure. Deep sea floor sediment is a porous, unconsolidated, fluid saturated media. Therefore, the reflection and transmission coefficients computed by the Zoeppritz equation based on elastic media do not match reality. In this paper, a two-phase media model is applied to study the reflection and transmission at the bottom simulating reflector in order to find an accurate wave propagation energy distribution and the relationship between reflection and transmission and fluid saturation on the BSR. The numerical experiments show that the type I compressional （fast） and shear waves are not sensitive to frequency variation and the velocities change slowly over the whole frequency range. However, type II compressional （slow） waves are more sensitive to frequency variation and the velocities change over a large range. We find that reflection and transmission coefficients change with the amount of hydrate and free gas. Frequency, pore fluid saturation, and incident angle have different impacts on the reflection and transmission coefficients. We can use these characteristics to estimate gas hydrate saturation or detect lithological variations in the gas hydrate-bearing sediments.     

南海琼东南盆地渗漏系统甲烷水合物生长速度

南海琼东南盆地发现的高压泥底辟构造、海底“气烟囱”和天然气冷泉表明该地区可能存在着渗漏系统天然气水合物藏.假定在该区直径为1500 m的甲烷渗漏区内,甲烷渗漏通量为1000 kmol/a,甲烷水合物沉积层的温度范围为3~20 ℃,根据水合物条形移动界面理论建立传热模型,选取0 mbsf、100 mbsf、200 mbsf和425 mbsf分别计算在渗漏和扩散情况下的温度和生长速度变化曲线.结果表明甲烷水合物在沉积层骨架里的固结速度约为0.2 nm/s,经过约35000年后渗漏系统将演变成扩散系统.同时,甲烷水合物在渗漏系统里比在扩散系统里的生长速度快约20～40倍.     

自适应基质矿物体积模量提取和流体替换验证(英文)

岩石物理学研究中Gassmann方程被广泛应用于预测岩石中的地震波速度,由于输入的基质矿物体积模量参数不准确,极大的影响预测结果的可靠性,特别是复杂基质矿物组合的碳酸盐岩储层。因此本文结合Russell流体因子和Gassmann-Boit-Geertsma方程计算式,通过引入干岩石骨架泊松比,提出了一种基质矿物体积模量提取方法,能够自适应反演岩石基质矿物等效体积模量,提高流体影响预测的可靠性,通过实际资料流体替换验证,该方法的预测结果是可靠的,并且计算效率高、适应性强。     

含天然气水合物沉积物的岩石物性模型与似海底反射层的AVA特征

研究含天然气水合物沉积物的岩石物性模型与似海底反射层的振幅随入射角变化(AVA)特征. 基于时间平均-Wood加权方程、三相介质波传播理论模型和弹性模量模型,计算并阐述含天然气水合物岩石弹性参数与水合物饱和度、含游离气岩石弹性参数与游离气饱和度的关系;给出不同模型AVA特征. 结果表明,不同天然气水合物饱和度、不同游离气饱和度的各种组合呈现形态相似但反射系数值不同的AVA特征.     

Rock-physics forward modelling to predict seismic behaviour: A case study for exploration target in Mahanadi basin,East Coast of India

One of the major aspects of rock-physics forward modelling is to predict seismic behaviour at an undrilled location using drilled well data. It is important to model the rock and fluid properties away from drilled wells to characterize the reservoir and investigate the root causes of different seismic responses. Using the forward modelling technique, it is possible to explain the amplitude responses of present seismic data in terms of probable rock and reservoir properties. In this context, rock-physics modelling adds significant values in the prospect maturation process by reducing the risk of reservoir presence in exploration and appraisal phases. The synthetic amplitude variation with offset gathers from the forward model is compared with real seismic gathers to ensure the fidelity of the existing geological model. ‘Prospect A’ in the study area has been identified from seismic interpretation, which was deposited as slope fan sediments in Mahanadi basin, East Coast of India. The mapped prospect has shown class-I amplitude variation with offset response in seismic without any direct hydrocarbon indicator support. The existing geological model suggests the presence of an excellent gas reservoir with proven charge access from the fetch area, moderate porosity and type of lithology within this fan prospect. But, whether the seismic response from this geological model will exhibit a class-I amplitude variation with offset behaviour or ‘dim spot’ will be visible; the objective of the present study is to investigate these queries. A rock-physics depth trend analysis has been done to envisage the possibilities of class-I reservoir in ‘Prospect A’. Forward modelling, using a combination of mechanical and chemical compaction, shows the synthetic gas gathers at ‘Prospect A’, which are class I in nature. The study has also depicted 2D forward modelling using lithology and fluid properties of discovery well within similar stratigraphy to predict whether ‘dim spot’ will be seen in seismic. The estimated change in synthetic amplitude response has been observed as ∼5% at contact, which suggests that the changes will not be visible in seismic. The study connects the existing geological model with a top-down seismic interpretation using rock-physics forward modelling technique to mature a deep-water exploratory prospect.     

地下固体介质弹性模量反演

地下固体介质弹性模量是固体地球定量表征的重要参数,是探测地球内部结构、地下流体分布、设计合理工程方案的关键之一.本文首先简要分析常用的流体饱和孔隙介质岩石物理模型,在此基础上通过数值计算,详细讨论了流体饱和多孔介质等效弹性模量对固体基质、孔隙度、孔隙结构和孔隙流体的敏感性,探讨了利用等效介质弹性模量反演固体基质弹性模量的可行性,建立了固体基质弹性模量的非线性方程系统,提出了该方程系统的数值迭代求解方法,并通过对三类岩石样本实验室测量数据的反演和结果分析,验证了方法的有效性.文中同时通过不同条件下对实验数据的反演,探讨了孔隙结构、孔隙流体和等效介质弹性模量对反演效果的影响,为方法的合理有效应用提供依据.     

Porous-grain-upper-boundary model and its application to Tarim Basin carbonates

Most of the carbonates in the Tarim Basin in northwest China are low-porosity and low-permeability rocks. Owing to the complexity of porosity in carbonates, conventional rockphysics models do not describe the relation between velocity and porosity for the Tarim Basin carbonates well. We propose the porous-grain-upper-boundary (PGU) model for estimating the relation between velocity and porosity for low-porosity carbonates. In this model, the carbonate sediments are treated as packed media of porous elastic grains, and the carbonate pores are divided into isolated and connected pores The PGU model is modified from the porous-grain-stiff-sand (PGST) model by replacing the critical porosity with the more practical isolated porosity. In the implementation, the effective elastic constants of the porous grains are calculated by using the differential effective medium (DEM) model. Then, the elastic constants of connected porous grains in dry rocks are calculated by using the modified upper Hashin-Shtrikman bound. The application to the Tarim carbonates shows that relative to other conventional effective medium models the PGU model matches the well log data well.     

海底天然气水合物OBS多分量地震正演模拟（英文）

根据Ecker的水合物沉积物的三种微观模式,计算含水合物沉积层和含游离气沉积物的弹性模量,分析对比了水合物的不同微观模式、不同水合物饱和度以及不同游离气饱和度对沉积物弹性模量的影响;从纵横波分离的弹性波动方程出发,采用交错网格空间有限差分方法模拟地震波在海底天然气水合物沉积地层的传播,得到纵、横波的海底地震（OBS）共接收点道集。数值算例表明,当水合物作为流体的一部分或胶结颗粒骨架时,仅纵波记录上存在BSR;当水合物胶结颗粒接触,纵、横波记录上均存在BSR。并且,OBS会接收到上行纵波和上行横波在海底界面形成的转换波,干扰横波记录上BSR的识别。     

The mesoscale eddies and Kuroshio transport in the western North Pacific east of Taiwan from 8-year (2003–2010) model reanalysis

The relationship between the Kuroshio volume transport east of Taiwan (~24°N) and the impinging mesoscale eddies is investigated using 8-year reanalysis of a primitive equation ocean model that assimilates satellite altimetry and SST data. The mean and fluctuations of the model Kuroshio transport agree well with the available observations. Analysis of model dynamic heights and velocity fields reveals three dominant eddy modes. The first mode describes a large eddy of ~500 km in diameter, centered at ~22° N. The second mode describes a pair of the north–south counter-rotating eddies of?~?400 km in diameter each, centered at 23° and 20° N, respectively. The third mode describes a pair of the east–west counter-rotating eddies of?~?300 km in diameter each, centered at 21° N. The associated velocity fields indicate eddies extending to 600–700 m in depth with vertical shears concentrated in the upper 400 m. All three modes and the model Kuroshio transport have similar dominant timescales of 70–150 days and generally are coherent. The decreased Kuroshio volume transports typically are associated with the impinging cyclonic eddies and the increased transports with the anticyclonic eddies. Selected drifter trajectories are presented to illustrate the three eddy modes and their correspondence with the varying Kuroshio transports.     

时移地震非线性反演压力与饱和度变化研究

在现有研究基础上提出基于岩石物理模型和混合优化算法的时移地震反演压力、饱和度变化方法.介绍了混合优化算法原理和适用于疏松砂岩的岩石物理模型,建立了非线性反演油藏参数变化的流程.将本方法用于某油田实际数据标定的疏松砂岩岩石物理模型,分析三组地震属性组合与油藏参数的敏感性并进行油藏参数非线性反演,结果表明敏感性不同的三组地震属性组合均能得到正确结果,表明了方法的稳定性与有效性.油藏参数反演结果整体误差小,证明非线性反演方法不受油藏参数变化范围的影响,优于线性化反演方法.     

Inversion of river-bottom sediment parameters using mechanically sampled specimens and subbottom profiling data

The study of river dynamics requires knowledge of physical parameters, such as porosity, permeability, and wave propagation velocity, of river-bottom sediments. To do so, sediment properties are determined on mechanically sampled specimens and from subbottom profiling. However, mechanical sampling introduces disturbances that affect test results, with the exception of grain-size distribution. In this study, we perform inversion of acoustic data using the grain-size distribution of mechanically sampled specimens and the relation between porosity and permeability from the Kozeny–Carman equation as prior information. The wave reflection coefficient of the water–silt interface is extracted from the raw subbottom profile. Based on the effective density fluid model, we combine the Kozeny–Carman equation and the wave reflection coefficient. We use experimental data from two Yellow River reservoirs to obtain the wave velocity and density of multiple sections and their spatial variations, and find that the inversion and testing results are in good agreement.     

THE USE OF FORWARD- AND BACK-SCATTERED P-, S- AND CONVERTED WAVES IN CROSS-BOREHOLE IMAGING1

The principles of imaging, for example that of prestack migration, can be applied to cross-borehole seismic geometry just as they can to surface seismic configurations. However, when using actual cross-borehole data, a number of difficulties arise that are rarely or never encountered in imaging surface seismic data: discontinuities may reflect or diffract incident seismic waves in any direction. If a discontinuity lies between the lines of sources and receivers, forward-scattered, or interwell, events may be recorded. If a discontinuity lies outside the interwell region, back-scattered, or extra-well, events may be recorded. Many angles of incidence are possible, and all possible reflected modes (P–P, P–S, S–P and S–S) are present, frequently in nearly equal proportions. The planes of the reflectors dip from 0 to ±90°. In order to deal with these complexities we first separate propagation modes at the receiver borehole using both polarization and velocity. Next we compensate for phase distortion due to dispersion. Finally, and most importantly, we migrate or image the data in cross-borehole common-source gathers. To do this, a finite-difference solution to the 2D scalar wave equation, using reverse time, for an arbitrary distribution of velocities, is used to project the separated, reflected-diffracted wavefield back into the medium. There are four reflection modes (P–P, P–S, S–P and S–S), so we can apply four different imaging conditions. The zones outside the boreholes as well as inside the boreholes can be imaged with these conditions. These operations are repeated for each common-source gather: each common-source gather generates four partial images in each image space. This multiplicity of partial images can be stacked in various combinations to yield a final image of the subsurface. Our experiments using solid (not fluid) physical models indicate that when these procedures are correctly applied, high quality cross-borehole images can be obtained. These images appear with great clarity even though some of the weak diffractions causing diffraction images may be almost totally obscured by other high-amplitude events on the raw data.