Do Forest Landscape Pattern Planning and Optimization Play a Role in Enhancing Soil Conservation Services in Mountain Areas of Western China?

The relationship between landscape patterns and soil conservation, as well as the need for nature-based soil erosion control and landscape pattern optimization, have increasingly gained attention in the scientific and political community in the past decade. With the implementation of a series of afforestation/reforestation projects in the western China, the optimization and management of forest landscape patterns will become more important for soil conservation. In this study, the Bailongjiang Watershed(BLJW), in the western China, was used as a case study to explore the relationship between the forest landscape pattern and soil conservation services using mathematical and spatial statistics methods. A spatially-explicit model called the sediment delivery ratio(SDR) model of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs(InVEST) was used to assess the soil conservation service in each sub-basin of BLJW in 1990, 2002, and 2014, and landscape indices were used to describe changes in forest landscape patterns in each sub-basin. Nine forest landscape indices, including the percentage of landscape(PLAND), largest patch index(LPI), edge density(ED), landscape shape index(LSI), mean patch shape(SHAPE_MN), patch cohesion index(COHESION), landscape division index(DIVISION), splitting index(SPLIT) and aggregation index(AI), were significantly correlated to the soil conservation service. PLAND, AI, LSI and SPLIT of forestland were determined to be the more important landscape indicators. The results also indicated that soil conservation was substantially scale-dependent. The results demonstrated that landscape type diversity greatly affected watershed soil conservation and can be used for forest landscape restoration and management. Furthermore, spatial statistics analysis indicated that the Spatial Lag Model(SLM) was superior to the Ordinary Least Squares(OLS) for soil conservation regressions in 1990 and 2014, while OLS was more appropriate for the regression in 2002. These findings will be useful for enhancing soil conservation and for optimizing mountainous forest landscape patterns for afforestation/reforestation and regional development. Future planning and implementation of ecological restoration should focus more on strategic spatial planning and integrated landscape management with full consideration of future climate, water availability/consumption, hydrological regime, topography, and watershed features, especially on afforestation and revegetation projects in western mountainous China, where the socio-ecological system is fragile and poor.     

景观指数的空间尺度效应分析——以厦门岛土地利用格局为例

选取8个常用的景观指数,以厦门岛土地利用格局为例,分析景观指数随粒度变化的基本规律。探讨尺度效应对景观格局的影响,为基于景观指数进行不同尺度下土地利用类型、土地利用格局变化预测、对比分析和评价等研究提供参考。结果表明:在研究区内景观类型特征和景观格局特征随粒度的增大出现了显著的变化;除面积比例对粒度变化弱敏感外,其余所选景观指数对粒度变化相对敏感,体现出一定的尺度依赖性,因而利用这些景观指数进行不同尺度下的景观格局分析时需考虑尺度效应。     

福州市城市不透水面景观指数与城市热环境关系分析

城市化致使城市环境问题的产生,城市热环境问题就是其中之一。本文从不透水面方面研究对城市热环境的影响。根据福州市1989年和2001年LandsatTM/ETM+遥感影像数据,利用线性光谱分解法提取两时相不透水面信息,并离散化分级为中低、中、中高、高密度区4个区域,分别计算这4个区域的地表温度(LST)、归一化植被指数(NDVI),并进行相关性分析;根据阈值法和范围法分别计算不透水面的PD、AI、LPI等景观指数,结果表明:两时段内不透水面的面积有所增加,在高密度区增加明显;不透水面与地表温度的呈正相关,相关系数分别为0.66和0.71;不透水面景观指数对FISA敏感,景观指数整体的变化趋势与地表温度的变化趋势相一致,FISA值越大,温度越高,且各斑块的形状越来越复杂,空间的连续性越强;聚集度越高,人类活动也越强。     

Predicting Surface Urban Heat Island in Meihekou City,China: A Combination Method of Monte Carlo and Random Forest

Given the rapid urbanization worldwide, Urban Heat Island(UHI) effect has been a severe issue limiting urban sustainability in both large and small cities. In order to study the spatial pattern of Surface urban heat island(SUHI) in China's Meihekou City, a combination method of Monte Carlo and Random Forest Regression(MC-RFR) is developed to construct the relationship between landscape pattern indices and Land Surface Temperature(LST). In this method, Monte Carlo acceptance-rejection sampling was added to the bootstrap layer of RFR to ensure the sensitivity of RFR to outliners of SUHI effect. The SHUI in 2030 was predicted by using this MC-RFR and the modeled future landscape pattern by Cellular Automata and Markov combination model(CA-Markov). Results reveal that forestland can greatly alleviate the impact of SUHI effect, while reasonable construction of urban land can also slow down the rising trend of SUHI. MC-RFR performs better for characterizing the relationship between landscape pattern and LST than single RFR or Linear Regression model. By 2030, the overall SUHI effect of Meihekou will be greatly enhanced, and the center of urban development will gradually shift to the central and western regions of the city. We suggest that urban designer and managers should concentrate vegetation and disperse built-up land to weaken the SUHI in the construction of new urban areas for its sustainability.     

典型地貌景观指数的多尺度效应分析 ——以山西省运城市为例

 景观指数作为定量描述景观特征的指数,具有明显的尺度效应。进行景观指数的尺度效应研究,对进一步理解格局与尺度之间的关系具有重要意义。本文以TM影像为基础,选择山西省运城市平原、丘陵、山地及综合地貌4种不同地貌类型,对7个常用景观指数进行了多尺度效应分析。结果表明:不同地形上斑块密度(PD)、景观形状指数(LSI)、结合度(COHESION)3个指数有明显的粒度效应,随粒度的增加呈现逐渐减少的变化趋势;最大斑块指数(LPI)、周长面积比分维数(PAFRAC)、景观聚集度(CONTAG)和Shannon多样性指数(SHDI)4个指数随粒度的增加几乎不发生变化。不同地貌的景观指数随幅度的变化规律比较复杂,景观形状指数(LSI)随幅度的增加呈现逐渐增加的趋势,其余6个指数在较小幅度范围内变化比较复杂,但随着幅度的增大有逐渐趋于平稳的趋势。针对研究区不同地貌类型,其景观指数在不同粒度和幅度下有较大区别,可以根据景观指数值的大小来区分地貌的复杂程度。     

Seasonal Variation in Air Temperature and Relative Humidity on Building Areas and in Green Spaces in Beijing,China

The cooling and humidifying effects of urban parks are an essential component of city ecosystems in terms of regulating microclimates or mitigating urban heat islands(UHIs).Air temperature and relative humidity are two main factors of thermal environmental comfort and have a critical impact on the urban environmental quality of human settlements.We measured the 2-m height air temperature and relative humidity at the Beijing Olympic Park and a nearby building roof for more than 1 year to elucidate seasonal variations in air temperature and relative humidity,as well as to investigate the outdoor thermal comfort.The results showed that the lawn of the park could,on average,reduce the air temperature by(0.80±0.19)℃,and increase the relative humidity by(5.24±2.91)% relative to the values measured at the building roof during daytime.During the nighttime,the lawn of the park reduced the air temperature by(2.64±0.64)℃ and increased the relative humidity by(10.77±5.20)%.The park was cooler and more humid than surrounding building area,especially in night period(more pronounced cooling with 1.84℃).Additionally,the lawn of the park could improve outdoor thermal comfort through its cooling and humidifying effects.The level of thermal comfort in the park was higher than that around the building roof for a total of 11 days annually in which it was above one or more thermal comfort levels(average reduced human comfort index of 0.92)except during the winter.     

基于改进引力模型的公园绿地空间可达性及供需平衡分析方法

探究高密度城市公园绿地资源空间配置的有效性和供需平衡问题对城市规划和居民生活具有重要意义。已有研究较少从多尺度、多交通出行模式以及结合地图大数据算法的角度对公园绿地可达性进行探究。本文以广州市越秀区为例,利用百度地图多交通出行数据,提出一种结合多类型公园绿地多级可达时间阈值的改进型引力模型,对越秀区公园绿地的空间可达性及其供需平衡特征进行研究。结果表明：① 越秀区各尺度和各类型公园绿地可达性差异显著,城区尺度可达性大体上呈现由北向南逐层递减趋势,街道尺度可达性则表现出明显的“极化”现象,大型公园绿地可达性远高于社区公园和街头游园且在城市整体可达性中占主体地位;② 从空间集聚情况来看,城区尺度公园绿地可达性值呈现明显的空间集聚分布特征,由北向南表现为高值聚类、不显著、低值聚类,街道尺度相比城区尺度高值聚类减少,低值聚类和无统计意义的区域增多;③ 基于供需平衡视角的空间可达性结果显示,公园绿地供给与居民需求在城区尺度和街道尺度分别呈现出整体平衡和局部失衡的现象,局部失衡主要集中在公园绿地资源相对匮乏的街道。     

Changes of residential land density and spatial pattern from 1989 to 2004 in Jinan City,China

Urban sprawl is driven by a myriad of factors, the predominant one of which is the development of residential land. Selecting part of Jinan City for a case study, we use the landscape metric of percent of landscape (PLAND) to capture residential land growth and density changes in 1989, 1996 and 2004 to illuminate the dynamic process of residential land development. The results indicate that the moving window method and the landscape metrics method are efficient ways to describe residential land density. The residential land showed the greatest change among the built-up land with 1995.68 ha from 1989 to 2004, which is mainly transformed from agriculture land and green space. The urban center area of study area is primarily covered with medium density residential land, and surrounded by high density residential land. The development pattern of residential land exhibited both fill-in (new growth occurs through infilling the free spaces within the developed area) and sprawl processes, influenced by a series of factors, such as urban development policy, conservation of springs, recreational and aesthetic amenities. The findings of the study will help to guide urban planning with a focus on the management and protection of the environment and resources.     

中国大城市的城市组成对城市热岛强度的影响研究

城市的快速扩张诱发并加剧了城市热岛效应,对人类健康和生存发展提出严峻挑战,因此,探索城市组成对城市热岛的影响具有重要意义。本研究在传统城市热岛影响因子的基础上,重点分析城市组成与城市热岛的关系。以13个中国大城市为研究区,利用2015年夏季（6-8月）白天和夜间的MODIS LST数据计算城市热岛强度,并结合土地覆盖数据、人口、区位和气象数据,分析热岛强度和城市地表组成、地表空间格局、人口和区位4类因子的关系。研究结果表明：中国的13个大城市均存在不同程度的热岛效应,城市白天的热岛效应比夜间显著。影响城市白天热岛强度的主要因子为城市建筑用地和林地面积比例、城市建筑用地和林地平均斑块面积、城市建筑用地聚集度和人口密度。城市建筑用地和林地平均斑块面积、城市建筑用地聚集度和林地斑块密度是夜间热岛强度的主要影响因子。城市建筑用地面积和乡村林地面积的增加会导致城市热岛情况的加剧,而通过调节城市地表空间格局（减少平均建筑用地斑块面积和降低建筑用地斑块聚集度）可以更好地降低城市地表温度,减缓城市热岛效应。     

武汉市夏季城市热岛与不透水面增温强度时空分布

城市化的不断发展使自然地表不断被不透水面所取代,城市地表温度高于乡村,形成了显著的热岛效应。城市热岛给城市生态发展与人类健康带来了严重的负面影响,对其空间模式与背后形成机制的研究意义重大。本文以武汉市为例,基于2001、2007和2016年夏季Landsat系列影像使用辐射传导方程法反演了城市地表温度,并采用MOD11A1数据进行了验证;同时,计算了不同时期的城市温度等级和热岛比例指数,分析了城市热岛的时空变化。此外,为了探究热岛效应形成的主要原因,即不透水面与热环境的关系,全局角度使用多元线性回归分析对比了其增温效果与植被水体降温效果的强弱,空间局部角度采用地理加权回归结合地形数据得到了其增温强度的时空变化。结果表明：① 辐射传导方程法适用于实验中研究区的反演;武汉市城市热岛比例指数先增后减,但温度等级高的地区仍在不断扩张;② 多元线性回归可以准确地反映不同地表覆盖对地表温度的影响,R^2值为0.910,总体上武汉市不透水面的增温效果强于植被的降温效果,并弱于水体的降温效果; ③ 2001-2016年不透水面增温强度较高区域的分布呈现“单中心”到“多中心”的变化趋势,由单一集中于中心城区变为了分散集中于三环线附近的汉阳沌口工业区、青山工业区、阳逻开发区和东西湖区等地区。综上所述,武汉市夏季热环境问题仍然较为严重,城市外部地区的不透水面增温强度正在逐渐增大,规划治理应当给予这些地区更多的关注。     

Examining the Relationship Between Spatial Configurations of Urban Impervious Surfaces and Land Surface Temperature

The urban heat island(UHI) effect has significant effects on the quality of life and public health. Numerous studies have addressed the relationship between UHI and the increase in urban impervious surface area(ISA), but few of them have considered the impact of the spatial configuration of ISA on UHI. Land surface temperature(LST) may be affected not only by urban land cover, but also by neighboring land cover. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of the abundance and spatial association of ISAs on LST. Taking Harbin City, China as an example, the impact of ISA spatial association on LST measurements was examined. The abundance of ISAs and the LST measurements were derived from Landsat Thematic Mapper(TM) imagery of 2000 and 2010, and the spatial association patterns of ISAs were calculated using the local Moran’s I index. The impacts of ISA abundance and spatial association on LST were examined using correlation analysis. The results suggested that LST has significant positive associations with both ISA abundance and the Moran’s I index of ISAs, indicating that both the abundance and spatial clustering of ISAs contribute to elevated values of LST. It was also found that LST is positively associated with clustering of high-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,>50%) and negatively associated with clustering of low-ISA-percentage areas(i.e.,<25%). The results suggest that, in addition to the abundance of ISAs,their spatial association has a significant effect on UHIs.     

Tourist Behaviors in Wetland Park： A Preliminary Study in Xixi National Wetland Park, Hangzhou, China

Public education as well as tourism and leisure are the two important functions of national wetland park, and tourist behaviors act as the guiding factor in the national wetland park construction and management. As the first national wetland park in China, Xixi National Wetland Park, located in Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, will give constructive instructions to the construction and management of other wetland parks and ecotourism resorts. This paper analyzed the tourist behaviors in Xixi National Wetland Park. By the observation, in-depth interview and questionnaire, the results show that tourists in wetland parks are different from those in the other common destinations, and they are also different from those strict eco-tourists. In fact, the tourists in wetland park have unique characteristics, such as the intense perception to the functions of wetland ecosystem and the environment impact behaviors. Those tourists are preferred to natural landscapes in their motivations and expectations. Wetland landscapes are the main image to those tourists in the Xixi National Wetland Park. Tourist expectation, experience and satisfaction are all critical factors for the success of the planning and management in national wetland parks. Based on the results, some measures for the sustainable development of wetland parks, including to optimize wetland theme landscape and tourism products, to improve tourist facilities and services, to enhance quality of visitor experiences, and to implement total quality management based on tourist characteristics, are given to national wetland park ecotourism.     

北京2008奥运赛场环境特征的GIS系统分析

本文针对不同环境特征参数的空间和时间变化特征,利用2006年不同空间分辨率和时间分辨率的多源遥感数据和产品,对31个奥运场馆、公路自行车赛场和奥林匹克公园的建筑指数、水体指数、白天/夜间陆表温度以及植被指数特征进行了GIS系统分析,其结果:(1)31个奥运场馆的建筑时间、地理位置以及露天情况对其环境特征有着重要的影响,建筑指数、水体指数、白天/夜间的陆表温度以及植被指数均表现出不同的变化特征,故奥运场馆的绿化和赛事安排应对这些因素进行综合考虑。(2)公路自行车赛场和奥林匹克公园均表现出建筑指数较高,水体指数为负值的特征,而且夏季和秋季白天/夜间陆表温度较高。建议在奥林匹克公园适当增加一些水体以提高其环境质量。     

地表温度扰动特性及其与建设用地扩张的关系

河口地区是人口密集、经济繁荣的区域之一,同时也是生态环境脆弱区,易受到人类活动带来的负面影响,其中热环境恶化问题尤其突出。本文基于多源遥感影像数据,结合遥感技术和统计学方法,研究城市化进程中闽江河口地区20年来的地表温度变化特性;利用Moran's I指数分析研究区表面温度的空间集聚特性及其产生的尺度效应,并定量分析表面温度与不同景观类型的相关性。结果表明：① 1993-2013年,闽江河口地区建设用地面积大幅增加,经历了由慢至快,而后稳中有升的过程;城市扩张是通过大量大规模的边缘式扩张实现的,东部、西部和南部是扩张的3个主要方向。② 地表温度空间格局变化明显,次高温区和高温区显著增加,次低温区和中温区减少,低温区变化不大;高温区扩散方向与建设用地扩张方向基本一致。③ 地表温度存在明显的扰动现象,表现为靠近主城区剧烈,城郊和郊区相对和缓的特性,同时地表温度空间格局具有显著的空间聚集性。④ 建设用地扩张是地表温度增强的重要原因,林/草地和水域能有效缓解区域高温;耕地并未表现出显著的降温效果,但随着耕地比重的增加,地表温度逐渐趋于稳定。研究结果可为改善城市热环境、促进区域可持续发展提供有益参考。     

基于空间突变特征的城市边缘区提取方法

城市边缘区位于城市与乡村之间的过渡交接地带,既是城市扩张的前沿,也是城乡建设和用地置换中最具活力的地区。准确识别城市边缘区的空间范围一直是城市空间结构研究的核心问题,有助于从城乡对比的角度来衡量城市化程度。本文以城市边缘区的空间突变特征为切入点,基于格网尺度评价构建基于多源数据的城市边缘区特征识别指标,然后采用小波变换检测进行特征值突变点群的识别,并利用基于Delaunay的自动边长阈值的边界提取算法识别突变点群内外边界,从而实现了一种基于空间突变特征的城市边缘区提取方法。最后,以江阴市作为研究区进行了实证分析,并将本文方法提取结果与通过信息熵模型和土地利用程度综合指数模型提取城市边缘区的经典方法提取结果进行对比,经典方法所提取的城市边缘区结果更为混乱分散,而本文结果更为完整客观。将本文方法提取结果与使用土地利用数据与行政区划统计年鉴数据构建城市边缘区识别指标进行突变检测的不同指标方法提取结果进行对比,二者重叠度达88.03%,体现了本文方法的正确性,而从局部细节分析来看,本文结果更符合实际情况。为了更好地验证本文方法的有效性,利用景观格局指数对本文方法和不同指标方法提取的城市建成区、城市边缘区和乡村腹地的范围进行检验：从斑块类型层级指数分析, 2种方法划定的区域都具有典型的空间特征;而从景观层级指数分析,本文识别出的边缘区所计算的斑块密度、最大斑块指数、景观分离度、景观破碎化指数和香农多样性指数均高于对比方法,而蔓延度和香农均匀度均低于对比方法,说明本文识别的城市边缘区范围内景观破碎化程度和异质性更高,景观分布不均匀,社会经济条件更复杂,从而证明了本方法的有效性,尤其适合于非闭合环状的城市边缘区的提取。     

河谷型城市热岛空间分布格局演变及对策——以西宁市区为例

城市热岛效应直接反映着城市的气候特征,这对于研究由城市化发展与环境改变引起的城市气温的变化及保护城市的生态环境具有重要的现实意义。本文利用LandsatTM影像、气象台站资料,基于GIS的空间分析技术及单窗算法,对河谷型城市西宁市的地表温度进行反演,分析了地表温度与NDVI、NDBI的空间对应关系。结果表明:西宁市存在明显的城市热岛效应,热场分布及延伸与西宁市空间扩展布局相一致,热岛范围呈逐年增长的趋势;低、中温区的热岛面积大幅度减少,高温区的热岛范围显著增加;热岛效应冬季最强,夏季次之,秋季有明显减弱的趋势。在河谷型城市的空间格局上,地表温度与NDVI呈负相关关系、与NDBI呈正相关关系。最后,依据热岛时空演化、成因分析和策略研究的思路,从不同角度提出了缓解城市热岛效应的措施和对策,为未来西宁市热环境的改善提供科学参考和决策支持。     

北京市TM图像城市扩张与热环境演变分析

北京城市规模的扩大,对城市环境的影响越来越显著。本文利用3期TM数据对北京市城市扩展、植被变化及其环境影响进行了分析。首先对图像进行辐射归一化,然后分别提取城市用地扩展信息和植被变化信息。并利用普适性单通道算法反演了地表温度,分析了热环境的变化。结果表明,城市扩展区和热状况加重区具有很好的对应性,而植被增加区则对应着热状况减轻区和热状况基本未变化区。城市扩展和热状况加重具有相似的规律,都是从市中心向外围呈辐射状蔓延,与北京市的环状城市结构相符合。     

基于局地气候分区体系的福州城市热环境研究

局地气候分区体系（LCZ）能够有效建立城市气候与空间形态间的定量关系,揭示城市内部热环境分异特征,是当前备受关注的城市热环境研究方法。本文以我国新晋“火炉城市”福州的主城区为研究区,使用2019年9月22日过空的Landsat-8影像,对基于LCZ的热环境空间分布特征与LCZ类间/类内差异进行分析,并就福州城市热环境的改善提出规划建议。研究表明:① 福州主城区以密集的中、低层连片建筑为主,并呈集聚式分布;② LCZ各类间存在明显的地表温度差异,大型低层建筑（LCZ 8）的温度最高,达41.56 ℃,密集低层建筑（LCZ 3）和工业厂房（LCZ 10）次之,分别为40.90 ℃和40.39 ℃,而茂密树木（LCZ A）和水体（LCZ G）的温度最低,均值为29.94 ℃;③ 根据福州城市发展的时空特征,将主城区分为二环区与三环区进行LCZ类内温度差异的比较分析,可以发现主城区内的主要LCZ建筑类别存在0.5~1.5 ℃的类内差异,造成这一差异的主要成因包括植被、水体等环境要素配置、建筑布局与邻近效应;④ 建筑层高与地表温度呈现显著的负相关关系（r=-0.858, p< 0.001）,并且由于高层建筑对太阳辐射的遮挡,其建筑阴影能够部分降低周边相对低矮建筑的表面温度和区域温度;⑤ 在今后的规划中,低矮连片的高密度居住区是改善城市热环境的重点区域,同时高层建筑虽有一定的降温效果,但对于城市风道的阻挡作用不可忽视,应留出足够的城市通风道。     

基于城市园林树木景观三维模拟的绿视率估算方法

城市生态景观功能主要是绿色植物对人的视觉作用。绿视率被认为是一种比较好的衡量绿色空间视觉感受的描述因子。目前绿视率的估算主要基于静态的图像或者街景数据,而绿视率是一种动态的量,不同视点有不同的值,且植物是生长变化的。因此,本文提出一种基于数据和模型综合驱动的园林树木三维模拟景观的绿视率计算方法,其利用虚拟地理环境、虚拟植物等技术,通过道路、建筑物等硬质景观数据和树木模型驱动,建立城市园林树木三维景观;根据视觉成像原理,构建虚拟相机,模拟不同视点园林景观的视觉图像,然后识别表征植被信息的像素,从而计算绿视率。本文研发了园林树木景观三维模拟及绿视率估算原型系统,并以城市道路树木景观为例,模拟分析了机动车道中车辆乘客可获得的绿视率,与街景图像提取的绿视率值相近。该方法和系统可用于包含时间变量的不同生长阶段园林树木景观的绿视率评估,支持交互设置不同的视点参数,估算城市任意位置和任意方向的绿视率,评价过去、现在和未来的园林景观绿化质量,以人的视觉感知角度为城市绿地规划提供参考。