Processes of late Quaternary turbidity current flow and deposition on the Var deep-sea fan, north-west Mediterranean Sea

High-resolution seismic boomer profiles, with a vertical resolution of less than 1 m, together with piston cores and previous side-scan sonar data, are used to describe late Quaternary sedimentation on the Var deep-sea fan. Chronological control is provided by foram biostratigraphy and radiocarbon dating in cores, and is extended over the fan by seismic correlation. Regional erosional events correspond to the oxygen isotopic stage 2 and 6 glacial maxima. Cores and seismic data define a widespread surface sand layer that is correlated with prodelta failure in 1979 and subsequent submarine cable breaks. Numerical modelling constrains the character of this 1979 turbidity current. It originated from a relatively small slide on the upper prodelta that put sufficient material in suspension to form an accelerating turbidity current which eroded sand from the Var Canyon. The turbidity current was only 30 m thick on the Upper Valley, but experienced significant flow expansion in the Middle Valley to thicknesses of more than 120 m, where it spilled over the eastern Var Sedimentary Ridge at a velocity of about 2·5 m s^?1. Other Holocene turbidity currents (with a recurrence interval of 1000 years) were somewhat muddier and thicker, but also deposited sand on the levees of the Middle Valley, and are inferred to have had a similar slide-related origin. Late Pleistocene turbidity currents deposited thick mud beds on the Var Sedimentary Ridge. The presence of sediment waves and the mean cross-flow slope inferred from levee asymmetry indicates that some of these flows were many hundreds of metres thick and flowed at velocities of about 0·35 m s^?1. This contrast with Holocene turbidites suggests that a slide origin is unlikely. Estimated times for deposition of thick mud beds on the levees are many days to weeks. The Late Pleistocene flows may therefore result from hyperpycnal flow of glacial outwash in the Var River. The variation in the Late Pleistocene to Holocene turbidite sedimentation is controlled more by variations in sediment supply than by sea-level change.     

豫西东部黄土工程特性研究

豫西东部堆积了第四纪不同时期的风成黄土及冲积、冲洪积黄土状土,全新统黄土、上更新统黄土具有湿陷性,为弱—中等湿陷。中更新统黄土一般不具有湿陷性。黄土的微观结构与土的形成时代、成因类型关系密切,全新统黄土颗粒间为开放或次开放式架空结构,具有较高的湿陷性,上更新统黄土接近接触式胶结,存在粒间架空孔隙,潜在弱—中等湿陷性;中更新统黄土为不等粒基底胶结结构,存在骨架接触式孔隙,一般不具有湿陷性;同时,黄土的渗透性又具有各向异性。     

大凌河河口地区中更新世晚期以来沉积环境演化

大凌河河口地区LZK06孔40m以浅岩心的沉积学、古生物学和年代学等综合研究以及该地区LZK02- 04钻孔资料,揭示了研究区中更新世晚期以来经历了两次海侵- 海退旋回,依次形成了中更新世晚期湖相/河流相 SymbolnB@ 晚更新世海相- 湖相/河流相 SymbolnB@ 全新世海相- 河流相地层。全新世早中期由于物源供给很少,研究区处于长达约10ka的饥饿滞留相沉积环境,平均沉积速率仅约0. 02~0. 05cm/a。全新世晚期约1500a cal BP以来,由于人类活动导致水土流失,河流输砂量增加,研究区开始了快速加积过程,平均沉积速率约0. 9~1. 2cm/a,下辽河平原被快速充填,开始成陆。与全球海面变化时空分布特征的对比,推断辽东湾的第II海相层发育于MIS 5- MIS 3早期,第I海相层发育于MIS 1阶段高海面时期。晚更新世以来频繁的海面升降是辽东湾泥质海岸带地层和环境演化的主要控制因素。     

An archaeological perspective of the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in northern South America

In this paper, I examine Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene adaptations of hunter-gatherers to different ecosystems in northern South America. The role played by the climatic events associated with the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary in the evolution of culture in that part of the Americas is assessed in the light of those adaptations. The conclusion is that the Pleistocene/Holocene boundary is not very useful in understanding the human process of early colonization and adaptation to the various ecosystems of northern South America, because a mechanism of cultural change cannot be linked to that boundary.     

黄河源区第四纪地质研究的新进展

通过对黄河源区的钻孔、自然露头的研究, 建立了黄河源区的第四纪地层层序。第四纪地层可划分为下更新统、中更新统、上更新统和全新统。下更新统为河湖相沉积; 中更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物和冰水沉积物; 上更新统主要有湖积物、冰碛物、冰水沉积物、洪积物和河流沉积物; 全新统主要由河流沉积物、洪积物和湖积物构成。黄河源区的冰期可划分为3期, 即末次冰期、倒数第二次冰期、倒数第三次冰期, 末次冰期又可分为2个冰阶。黄河源区的湖泊演化可划分为早更新世、中更新世和晚更新世—全新世3个阶段: 早更新世的湖泊范围小; 中更新世的湖泊范围明显扩大, 在位置上也较早更新世的湖泊南移; 晚更新世的湖泊经历了两次的扩张—收缩变化, 到了全新世, 除现今还发育的几个湖泊外, 大多数地区的湖水已退出, 基本上转变为河流环境。在晚更新世末期到全新世初期, 封闭黄河源区的多石峡被切开, 湖水外泄, 现今的黄河形成了, 同时发生了袭夺长江水系的水流。     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene small- and large-mammal faunas from the Northern Urals

Data from the mammal fauna of the North Urals during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene are synthesised. Analysis of differentiation the degree of small- and large-mammal faunas during this time has been undertaken. Only differences of mammal species composition were significant between the Late Pleistocene and Holocene complexes, and within these complexes, the distinction between faunas was insignificant. The transition from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene complex small-mammal faunas occurred in the Middle Late Valdai due to expansion of the forest species. In large-mammal faunas, the process was recorded later (in Dryas 3-Early Holocene) because of the extinction of some species and others that changed their areas of occupation.     

苏州澄湖SC1孔晚更新世晚期以来的古环境演变研究

通过对苏州澄湖SC1孔沉积物的粒度、磁化率、孢粉和有孔虫等的实验分析,并结合沉积物的岩性构造特征以及AMS 14C测年数据,探讨了晚更新世晚期以来苏州澄湖地区的气候波动特征以及海侵、海退沉积巡回序列。研究发现该区域气候与世界气候波动性一致,具有温暖湿润-冷而略干-温暖湿润-暖热潮湿-温凉略干-温暖湿润的波动变化特征;晚更新世晚期以来具有两个海相沉积地层,一为晚更新世晚期海侵(约为34 kaBP),另一为全新世中期海侵(（6 955±50）aBP);整个剖面缺失硬粘土层,与之对应的则是两海相地层之间的泥砂互层;沉积环境经历了晚更新世晚期海侵期河床、河漫滩相-末次冰期干冷期河流湖沼相-全新世早期河口湾亚相-全新世中期滨浅海相-全新世晚期淡水湖沼相的演变过程。     

The Oxygen Isotope Composition of Late Pleistocene and Holocene Ice Wedges of Kotelny Island

The aim of the work was to perform paleotemperature reconstructions for the Late Pleistocene and Holocene of Kotelny Island according to oxygen isotope analysis of syngenetic ice wedges. Variations of δ¹⁸O in the Late Pleistocene ice wedges formed on Kotelny Island are significant, exceeding 8‰ (from –30‰ to –22.9‰), while they are insignificant at –1.5‰ (from –23.1‰ to –21.6‰) for those in the Holocene. Reconstructions showed that the mean January temperature in the Late Pleistocene changed over 8 to 13°C. The mean annual temperature of frozen soils was about –19 or –20°C in the Late Pleistocene, and about –13 to –15°C in the Holocene, while the current temperature is about –14°C.

     

萨拉乌苏河流域地层沉积时代及其反映的气候变化

萨拉乌苏河流域位于我国北方沙漠/黄土过渡带和生态脆弱带,它对全球变化反映非常敏感,是研究全球变化的理想区域。本文根据地质测年、气候地层对比,以及地层中气候代用指标的分析,将萨拉乌苏河流域地层和气候变化划分为全新统的风成相与湖相沉积(0~11.5kaBP),早、中期气候较暖湿,晚期气候较干旱;上更新统城川组的风成相沉积(11.5~80kaBP),气候干旱寒冷;上更新统萨拉乌苏组的湖相沉积(80~140kaBP),气候温暖较湿润;中更新统上部的河流相与风成相互层(140~190kaBP),气候冷干与温凉半干旱波动;中更新统上部的冲洪积沉积(190~220kaBP),气候较暖湿等阶段。指出自中更新世晚期以来气候发生频繁波动,无论是暖湿还是冷干阶段,气候都波动频繁,气候变化不稳定性明显。     

Quaternary evolution of the Abu Quir bay,Egypt

The Pleistocene/Holocene history of Abu Quir bay and the adjacent shoreline has been studied using textural, petrological and geotechnical information obtained from 33 boreholes. The sedimentary vertical sequence is as follows reading from bottom to top: Late Pleistocene shelf sand and stiff mud, Late Pleistocene/Holocene transgressive sand, Holocene calcareous shelf mud, Holocene nearshore sand, prodelta mud, delta plain lagoonal and marsh mud, delta front mud and sand and coastal sand of beach and dunes. These units are produced as a response to shoreline fluctuation, resulting from a wide variety of deltaic and shelf environments. The study identifies delta lobes of the former Canopic branch which was located in the western part of the bay.     

Seismites in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the northwestern Kola region (northern Baltic Shield)

New data on soft-sediment deformation in Late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits of the northwestern Kola Peninsula (Pechenga River valley) are reported and analyzed in terms of paleoseismicity implications. Soft-sediment deformation is assigned to paleoseismic triggers on the basis of special criteria. One sedimentary section in the Pechenga valley bears signature of several seismic events at the Late Pleistocene–Holocene boundary, constrained by radiocarbon dates. According to the morphology, sizes, and types of seismites, the earthquakes had an MSK-64 intensity at least VI–VII. The observed earthquake-induced deformation may be associated with tectonic subsidence of the Pechenga valley block.     

Late Pleistocene to Holocene record of changing uplift rates in southern Calabria and northeastern Sicily (southern Italy, Central Mediterranean Sea)

A combination of published and new radiometric dates on uplifted Holocene fossil beaches from northeastern Sicily and southern Calabria (southern Italy) is compared with the altitude of the inner margin of the Last Interglacial (LIg) (Late Pleistocene, 124 ka) and older marine terraces in order to gain a regional-scale outline of uplift rates and their temporal changes in a region which is one of the fastest uplifting sectors of the Central Mediterranean Sea. Late Holocene radiocarbon dates from Ioppolo (southern Calabria) and Ganzirri (northeast Sicily), two newly discovered sites are here presented for the first time. The Holocene uplift rates are highest at St. Alessio and Taormina in eastern Sicily (2.4 mm/y) and at Scilla in southwestern Calabria (2.1 mm/y), two sites located across the Messina Straits and which separate the island of Sicily from mainland Italy. Uplift rates decrease towards the south and north from this centre of uplift. Late Holocene uplift rates show an apparent increase of between 64 and 124% when compared with the longer-term uplift rates calculated from the LIg highstand terraces. Furthermore, we discovered that the locations of fastest Late Pleistocene and Late Holocene uplift rates spatially coincide. To what extent the Holocene increase in uplift rates results from incomplete elastic strain release along the major extensional faults which frame the seismotectonic of the area, or indicate a true change in regional tectonic processes, is not resolved. Nonetheless, the heterogeneity of uplift, with a well-defined centre that crosses the Messina Straits, and its persistence at different time-scales indicates a tight connection between wider regional processes and fault-related displacement in controlling crustal instability in this area.     

长江河口地区晚更新世晚期以来沉积环境的变迁

本文所述长江河口地区,指河口附近的陆上部分,包括北部的三角洲平原,东部的滨海平原及西南部的冲积一湖积平原。全区除局部见有一些基岩山体以外,绝大部分为第四系覆盖区。整个第四系岩相层序比较复杂,反映沉积环境有过多次更替。     

黄河源区黄河袭夺长江水系之初探

对黄河源区的河流地貌研究表明,该区共发育三级阶地,其中第一、第二级阶地形成于晚更新世的末期至全新世,而第三级阶地形成于晚更新世晚期。在晚更新世晚期,多石峡被切开,黄河源区晚更新世湖泊消失,现今黄河形成。随着现今黄河的形成和晚更新世湖泊的消失,南岸支流之一的多曲向南溯源侵蚀加强,并穿越巴颜喀拉山,夺取了巴颜喀拉山南侧原属于长江流域的贝敏曲和洛曲,使分水岭向南推进了25km,袭夺的时间为晚更新世末期。     

长江三角洲地区晚新生代沉积物岩石磁学特征及其物源指示意义

对长江三角洲地区7个晚新生代钻孔沉积物的岩石地层和磁化率特征进行详细对比,并进一步选择浦东机场孔（PD孔）进行了详细的岩石磁学测试,讨论了该地区的晚新生代沉积物物源的演变。结果显示沉积物磁性的4次显著变化：  1）各钻孔上新世磁性强弱差异明显;   2）早更新世早期本区普遍表现出弱磁性;   3）从早更新世中晚期至全新世,磁性强度一般随粒度粗细变化波动,即砂质沉积磁性强,泥质沉积磁性弱;   4）晚更新世晚期以来,细颗粒沉积物的磁性较明显增强。磁性参数分析显示上新世和早更新世早期磁性矿物晶体颗粒较细,早更新世中晚期-晚更新世以粗晶粒磁性矿物为主,全新世细晶粒磁铁矿再次占主导。我们认为上述磁性变化反映构造沉降控制下现代长江三角洲地区物源区的不断扩大。     

北京南口-孙河断裂带(北段)的结构及活动性

通过可控源音频大地电磁测深(CSAMT)、浅层地震和高密度电法地球物理探测手段建立的联合剖面对比,同时开展钻探工程及古地磁样品测试,对南口-孙河断裂带(北段)结构及活动性进行研究。南口-孙河断裂带(北段)由1条主断裂和1条次级断裂组成,断裂带宽约400m,表现为阶梯状断层,向上延伸至第四系。第四纪以来,断裂带活动显著,体现为松散层浅部引张的特点。根据断裂两盘第四纪以来各阶段累积垂直落差,计算出主断裂及次级断裂的活动速率。主断裂在早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世、全新世活动速率分别为0.161mm/a、0.072mm/a、0.468mm/a、0.52mm/a,次级断裂在早更新世、中更新世、晚更新世、全新世活动速率分别0.049mm/a、0.052mm/a、0.223mm/a、0.04mm/a。     

青海湖滩坝分布规律及其古气候意义

青海湖是我国最大的内陆湖盆,对气候变化十分敏感,而滩坝是青海湖滨浅湖带最为发育的沉积类型之一,其滩坝分布规律对晚更新世以来的古气候演化具有重要指示意义。在对青海湖一郎剑剖面进行实地考察的基础之上,对滩坝的分布规律及沉积特征进行精细解剖。通过分析总结前人相关测年数据,并与青海湖滩坝分布规律进行对比,发现青海湖湖平面升降对滩坝分布有明显的控制作用,建立了18 ka以来青海湖滩坝的演化过程,并将近18 ka以来青海湖湖平面升降史分为4个阶段:(1)更新世末温湿期,湖平面在海拔3 197～3 202 m附近波动;(2)全新世冷干期,湖平面近乎干涸;(3)全新世大暖期,湖平面处于全新世以来的最高值,约为3 212 m;(4)全新世凉湿期,湖平面回落到3 200 m附近,并在近2. 5 ka湖平面加速下降。在晚更新世和晚全新世时,湖平面在海拔3 202 m附近波动时间较长,在该海拔范围内,形成了规模较大的复合滩坝;在早全新世,青海湖平面最低,多发育风成黄土和潟湖沉积;在中全新世,湖平面最高,形成了距离现今湖平面最远的数列单体滩坝。     

Biodiversity,taxonomic richness and specialists-generalists during Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene times in Pampa and Patagonia (Argentina,Southern South America)

Human subsistence systems in the Pampa and Patagonia regions evolved from generalists during the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene to specialists during the Middle Holocene, according to diversity and relative taxonomic richness counts. The general hypothesis is summarized as follows: 1) at the end of the Pleistocene and beginning of the Holocene (interval between 13.0 and 8.5 ka), the Pampean and Patagonian landscape was different from the present one, with a mammal biodiversity larger than in the Middle Holocene; 2) during the Middle Holocene, the highest mammal taxonomic richness corresponds to one species, Lama guanicoe. Although available biomass was the same for the hunter-gatherers, it was due to the larger abundance of individuals of that single species; 3) the emerged continental surface during the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene was more extensive than during the Middle Holocene. In ecological terms, this greater land mass is reflected in an equally larger biodiversity, even assuming that populations of Pleistocenic megafauna were diminishing in number since ca. 13,500 years BP.Based on the analysis of our own information and published data, we state that the human groups which colonized the Pampean and Patagonian regions towards the end of the Pleistocene and beginning of the Holocene used generalist strategies encompassing a wide range of faunal resources (birds and mammals, especially of terrestrial habitats). Plasticity of hunter-gatherer societies, plus a complex technology, a higher social mobility and unfilled territories, allowed them to rapidly replace one resource for another in conditions of environmental stress. This lifestyle resulted in the occupation of different ecological zones (niches) and the evolution to specialized systems, based on one or a few mammal species, once the colonization and support in the different environments were successful and the resources of the Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene disappeared.     

大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山分期: K-Ar年代学与火山地质特征

大兴安岭中部哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山区分布有34座火山,这些火山总体呈北东向带状分布,火山岩分布面积约400 km2,岩性主要为碱性橄榄玄武岩.根据火山地质特征,结合火山岩K-Ar测年结果,哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山可进一步划分为早、中、晚更新世和全新世4期.早更新世火山岩,由于被后期火山岩覆盖,主要分布于火山区周边和出露在河谷中.中更新世火山活动最强,不论火山数量(27座)还是熔岩流规模都超过该区第四纪火山的一半以上.晚更新世时期火山活动趋弱,火山活动范围缩小,只局限于小范围区域.全新世火山活动又进入新的高峰期,强爆破式喷发和规模宏大的熔岩流,以及保存完好的熔岩流地貌是全新世火山之特点.     

Mammal fauna during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene in the far northeast of Europe

The paper summarises materials on the mammal remains in northeastern Europe, dated by radiocarbon. Altogether, 23 local faunas of small mammals and 47 local faunas of large mammals were analysed. Multidimensional statistical analysis shows a strong correlation between changes in small mammal fauna composition and climate changes throughout time. The correlations with the spatial gradients, however, are less pronounced. The faunas are classified into three groups: (1) faunas of Holocene age; (2) Late Pleistocene ‘stadial’ assemblages; and (3) Late Pleistocene ‘interstadial’ assemblages. In some cases, changes in species abundance are better understood in terms of biotic interrelations rather than of climatic effects. The most pronounced change in small mammal fauna composition and structure occurred at the Preboreal/Boreal boundary, and a less conspicuous alteration took place at the LGM/Lateglacial transition. The most noticeable transformation in the large mammal fauna composition is dated to the early Holocene. Less significant changes are observed at the Middle Weichselian/LGM transition and at the LGM/Lateglacial transition. It is safely concluded that variations in the faunas of small and large mammals recorded in NE Europe during the last 35 000 years occurred synchronously and unidirectionally.