楚科奇海-加拿大海盆表层沉积物中的氨基酸

对2003年中国第二次北极科学考察所获得的部分表层沉积物样品进行了总水解氨基酸(THAA)、氨基糖(HA)的测定。不同区域氨基酸主要成分不同,楚科奇海站位的氨基酸主要成分为甘氨酸(Gly)、谷氨酸(Glu),位于加拿大海盆的B80、B11、P27站THAA的主要成分为丝氨酸(Ser)。沉积物的总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、THAA、HA含量等特征随区域不同有较大差别,白令海峡的BS11站TOC、HA含量最低,加拿大海盆的B80站THAA、TN含量最低。楚科奇海R03站TOC、TN为最高,THAA在R11含量达最大值,HA在楚科奇海台的P11站最高。初步讨论了楚科奇海—加拿大海盆表层沉积物中氨基酸的空间分布,根据氨基酸选择性降解和主成份分析结果引入DI”指标,并对七个站位表层沉积物有机质新鲜程度进行了比较,新鲜度由大至小顺序为C15>BS11>R11>S11>P11>R03>B80,这与表层沉积物来源、水动力条件等有关,由此推测楚科奇海陆架、白令海峡沉积物有机质较楚科奇海台、加拿大海盆较为新鲜。     

热液活动对东二沟剖面玉尔吐斯组烃源岩形成的影响

研究热液活动是否会破坏烃源岩的形成。对塔里木盆地东二沟剖面玉尔吐斯组进行地球化学分析,利用δEu、Fe/Ti和（Fe+Mn）/Ti比值研究热液活动,Al/Ti比值替代古生产力,V/Cr、V/（V+Ni）和Ni/Co比值代表氧化还原环境,进而探讨热液活动与古生产力、氧化还原条件以及有机质含量之间的关系。玉尔吐斯组沉积时古生产力水平较低,为贫氧-厌氧环境,下部具有较强的热液活动,中上部热液活动较弱。下部的热液活动虽然促进了古生产力的提高,但TOC含量整体较低,为0.01%～3.58%,平均值为0.64%;中上部热液活动较弱,古生产力水平较低,TOC含量却较高,为0.06%～12.19%,平均值为8.95%,是较好的烃源岩层。岩石薄片显示,与热液活动相关的硅质岩中含有大量的藻类。研究结果表明,较强的热液活动会带来大量的富硅流体,稀释沉积物中的有机质,对烃源岩的形成起破坏作用。     

大兴安岭四方山天池15.4ka B.P.以来湖泊沉积记录

文章对位于大兴安岭中北段四方山天池湖泊沉积物进行了多指标的分析,结果表明,15.4ka B.P.以来,TOC和TN含量变化较大,两者正相关(R=0.99),TOC含量从冰期的1.60％逐渐上升到近代的34.40％,可能反映了湖泊有机质逐渐累积过程.TOC/TN比值的变化范围为10.4～18.8,平均值14.2;δ13Corg.值在-31.79‰～-22.51‰之间波动.四方山天池周边为森林,植被类型以C3植物占绝对优势,δ13Corg.值的变化可能主要受到有效降水量的控制.根据δ13Corg.的变化以及TOC、TOC/TN指标,本区域15.4ka B.P.以来的气候演化过程可以分为以下6个阶段:1)15.4～14.5kaB.P.,TOC含量低(1.60％ ～4.76％,平均值为2.95％),TOC/TN比值在10.4～13.8之间,可能表明沉积物有机质主要来源于湖泊藻类和陆生C3植物的共同输入,且水生植物贡献比例较高,δ13Corg.值相对偏正,有效降水量低,气候冷干;2)14.5～12.7kaB.P.,与Bφlling-Allerφd暖期相对应,TOC含量和TOC/TN比值显著上升,且波动明显,并于13.6ka B.P.左右同时达到此阶段的最大值,可能指示沉积物有机质主要来源在13.6ka B.P.左右发生了从以陆生植物为主到湖泊藻类和陆生植物贡献相当的转变,δ13Corg.值整体偏负,并在14.4ka B.P.左右出现最负峰值(-31.79‰),有效降水量有所增加,但也经历了明显的湿-千变化;3)12.7～11.3ka B.P.,此阶段对应新仙女木期,TOC含量稍有增加(6.33％ ～ 10.19％),TOC/TN比值持续下降(平均值为13.7),此时湖泊藻类和陆生C3植物对沉积物有机质都有贡献,但水生植物略多,δ13Corg.值严重偏负,有效降水量增加,气候冷湿;4)11.3～7.2ka B.P.,TOC含量有所增加且变化较大(8.49％ ～ 20.24％),TOC/TN比值在11.5～18.4之间,沉积物有机质主要来源于陆生植物和湖泊藻类的共同输入,δ13Corg.值是整个剖面曲线上最为偏正的时期,气候升温明显,有效降水量减少,但也有冷暖-干湿波动;5)7.2～4.5ka B.P.,TOC含量较高且基本保持不变,TOC/TN比值在高频振荡中逐渐升高,陆生C3植物对沉积物有机质的贡献比例逐渐增加,δ13Corg.值逐渐偏负,有效降水量增加,气候更加湿润;6)4.5ka B.P.以来,TOC含量显著升高(19.45％ ～ 34.40％),TOC/TN比值和δ13Corg.值变化不大,湖泊沼泽化明显,气候较为稳定且总体变干.四方山天池湖泊沉积物清楚记录了B-A暖期、新仙女木事件以及8.2ka B.P.冷事件等全球性气候事件的发生,并与东亚季风影响区的其他高分辨率记录具有可比性.     

长江口水下三角洲表层沉积物有机质分布特征

根据对长江口水下三角洲31个表层样沉积物粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)的测定,得出了粒度及有机质的分布特征,利用C/N比分析有机质来源及不同来源的贡献率.研究结果表明:1)长江口水下三角洲表层沉积物平均粒径介于3 ～8Φ之间,存在由陆向海变细的趋势;2)TOC含量在0.1％ ～1.2％之间,平均值为0.52％;TN含量介于0.02％ ～0.08％之间,平均值为0.057％.TOC和TN含量的分布特征相似,具有自陆向海、由低至高的变化趋势,这主要是受到沉积物粒径的影响,但是TOC在崇明岛东侧和九段沙东侧有两个高值点,可能与人类活动或局地因素有关;粒度校正之后,TOC含量在0.40％～1.67％之间,平均值为0.68％;TN的含量介于0.05％～0.10％之间,平均值为0.07％.TOC含量在近岸地区略高,TN含量是北部地区略高于南部地区,并且TOC和TN都在崇明岛东侧和九段沙东侧有两个高值点;3)C/N比值在6～16之间,平均值为9.6;利用C/N比值估算得到的陆源有机碳含量在35％ ～ 90％之间,平均值为60％.C/N比和陆源有机碳含量在长江口南支外围邻近海域表层沉积物中较高,表明南支带来了大量的陆源有机质入海,并呈舌状向东北方向凸出;而在长江北支附近其值相对较低,表明北支径流影响相对减弱,潮流作用相对增强.研究表明,长江南支是主要的陆源有机质入海通道,而进入水下三角洲之后陆源有机碳分布受到了河口混合过程的显著影响.     

云南抚仙湖沉积物有机质来源与时空变化特征

为揭示抚仙湖沉积物总有机碳(TOC)和总氮(TN)的时空分布特征及其主要来源,对抚仙湖表层沉积物和沉积物柱芯的TOC、TN和有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)进行了分析。结果表明,表层沉积物的TOC和TN含量分别为2.02%~3.40%和0.16%~0.36%;沉积物柱芯的TOC和TN含量分别为0.41%~6.63%和0.08%~0.77%,呈现出北湖高南湖低、表层高底部低的分布特征。内源有机质是抚仙湖沉积物中有机质的主要来源,不同湖区外源有机质的输入差异明显,其中南湖沉积物有机质中陆源比例较高。沉积物柱芯C/N值从底部到表层逐步增大,表明抚仙湖沉积物有机质中陆源有机质所占比例持续增加。与内源有机质相比,外源有机质输入增加更快,指示流域内人为活动增强导致流域侵蚀和水土流失加剧。     

鹤庆钻孔沉积物总有机碳、氮含量测定的前处理方法及其环境意义

湖泊沉积物中的总有机碳含量(TOC)、总有机氮含量(TN)和碳氮比值(C/N)已被广泛应用于第四纪湖泊古环境研究中。对湖泊沉积物样品进行TOC和TN测定前, 首先要有效去除沉积物中的无机碳酸盐, 同时较好地保留有机质组分, 才能使实验结果较准确地反映古气候环境的变化。选取鹤庆钻孔不同深度的不同岩性样品, 分别进行粒度、盐酸浓度、洗除残留酸方法等对去除碳酸盐和总有机碳测定结果影响的前处理条件实验, 根据测得的TOC、TN和C/N, 结合总无机碳酸盐含量(TIC), 确定了鹤庆钻孔沉积物有机碳含量测定的前处理方法:室温条件下, 将磨得足够细(无需过筛处理)的样品与足量浓度为2mol/L盐酸充分反应24小时, 期间超声震荡3次, 采用离心加速沉淀的方法清洗酸处理样品至中性, 烘干, 研磨均匀上机测定。结果显示, 该流程可有效去除沉积物中的无机碳酸盐, 测得的TOC、TN数值具有很好的稳定性和可重复性。在此基础上测定了鹤庆钻孔沉积物样品的TOC、C/N和TIC, 它们间存在很好的正相关关系, 指示了西南季风强度的变化。      

海洋环境中的氨基糖及其在有机质循环过程中的指示作用

氨基糖作为海洋环境中一类具有重要地球化学特征的有机质,其在海水、颗粒物和沉积物中的含量和组成等信息能够有效反映有机质的来源、降解过程及成岩状态。从氨基糖的来源与组成、海洋环境中的分布特征和影响因素,以及其作为生物标志物对有机质来源和降解状态的指示作用等方面,系统总结了海洋环境中氨基糖的研究进展。结果表明,氨基糖的活性受其大分子形态、环境中溶解氧、营养盐水平和沉积环境的影响。葡萄糖胺/半乳糖胺(Glc N/GalN)和总可水解氨基酸/总可水解氨基糖(THAA/THAS)对有机质来源和降解状态的指示具有一致性,较高的Glc N/GalN和THAA/THAS值可反映浮游生物来源的新鲜有机质,其比值的降低表明有机质逐渐向细菌有机质转化。氨基糖的碳、氮归一化含量对二者的指示具有差异性,其比例的升高和降低取决于有机质降解程度和来源影响的相对贡献大小。胞壁酸可用于估算较为新鲜的细菌有机质对总有机质的贡献,但由于其快速循环而导致在溶解有机质中的含量极低,不适合应用在溶解有机质中。今后的工作应进一步加强不同微生物对海洋环境中氨基糖的贡献,区分有机质来源和降解对氨基糖的影响以及转化和归宿研究。     

热带东太平洋中国多金属结核开辟区深海成矿环境的氨基酸表征

为了解中国多金属结核开辟区沉积物有机质活性及深海成矿沉积环境特征，使用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法分析了表层沉积物氨基酸的组成状况。结果显示该区表层沉积物中氨基酸与氨基糖含量(干样)均较低，分别在0.30～0.59 mg·g-1及 0.10～0.17 mg·g-1之间。其中以中性氨基酸占绝对优势，占50%以上，其次为酸性氨基酸和含氢氧基氨基酸，分别占17%和11%，碱性氨基酸占9%，芳香与含硫氨基酸均在5%以下,表明深海沉积环境为氧化环境，且偏碱性条件。表征有机质活性的Asp/β Ala、Glu/γ Aba及DI值（（Glu+Phe+Leu+Ala+Val）/ (β Ala+γ Aba)）分别为1.1～1.9，0.8～2.2和1.4～2.9，表明该区有机质成熟度已很高。蛋白氨基酸/非蛋白氨基酸的比值为1.0～2.0，葡萄糖胺/半乳糖胺比值则在1.7～3.0之间变化，表明该海区有机质经过强烈的细菌改造，即海区存在强烈的细菌活动，活性较低，表征了多金属结核有机—微生物成矿的可能性。     

21 kaB.P.以来大兴安岭中段月亮湖沉积物全岩有机碳同位素组成变化及其古气候意义

月亮湖是位于大兴安岭中段阿尔山一柴河火山区的一个火山口湖,地处现今季风/非季风影响的过渡地带,对气候环境变化反应敏感.月亮湖长约9m的沉积岩芯记录了21cal.kaB.P.来的古气候演化历史.月亮湖沉积物全岩有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg)、总有机碳含量(TOC)和总氮含量(TN)分析结果表明:δ13Corg值分布范围为-34.3%～-24.8‰,具有9.5‰的变化幅度,但总体仍然在陆生C3植物的变化范围内.TOC含量分布范围为1.04%～23.55%,TN含量分布范围为0.08%～1.78%,TOC与TN含量变化趋势相同,呈正相关性,两者都显示出末次冰期晚期时含量特别低的特征.沉积物的TOC/TN比值(原子比)分布范围为6.3～28.2,其中末次冰期晚期的值比较低,说明沉积物中有机质以内源水生生物为主,其后TOC/TN比值明显升高且多14,说明大部分有机质来源于汇水盆地中的陆生植物.根据多个指标综合分析,有效湿度的影响很可能是δ13Corg变化的主导因素.因此,近2万年来月亮湖全岩有机碳同位素组成变化与古气候变化的对应关系是:暖湿气候对应着偏负的δ13Corg值,冷干气候对应着偏正的δ13Corg值,全新世期间因植被变化不大,其δ13Corg值变化幅度也不大.     

火山喷发活动对烃源岩的影响：以拉布达林盆地上库力组为例

本文以拉布达林盆地下白垩统上库力组火山岩系中发育的一套优质烃源岩为研究对象,应用岩石热解、氯仿沥青抽提、镜质体反射率分析、饱和烃气相色谱分析和色谱-质谱分析以及全岩成分分析等多种方法和手段,探讨火山喷发活动对烃源岩中有机质成熟度、烃源岩生烃特征及优质烃源岩形成的影响.研究结果表明:烃源岩的有机质镜质体反射率(R0)在0.56%～0.62%之间,最大热解温度(Tmax)在429～442℃之间,部分样品的氯仿沥青"A"转化率(A/TOC)和烃转化率(HC/TOC)分别＞5%和＞3%.上述各种参数均指示有机质成熟度处于低成熟阶段,说明火山喷发活动对烃源岩有机质成熟度影响不明显.在火山喷发活动和烃源岩相互作用过程中,火山岩中过渡金属元素发生迁移,致使烃源岩中过渡金属元素含量增加.由于过渡金属元素对烃源岩生烃有催化作用,因此,火山喷发活动可以促进烃源岩早生烃,有利于低熟油的形成.火山喷发活动带来的热液一方面给湖盆水体中的水生生物带来了大量的营养物质,促进水生生物繁殖,为优质烃源岩的形成奠定了丰富的物质基础;另一方面,火山热液使水体含盐度增加,形成还原环境,为有机质的保存和转化提供了有利条件.     

Amino acid abundances and stereochemistry in hydrothermally altered sediments from the Juan de Fuca Ridge, northeastern Pacific Ocean.

The Juan de Fuca Ridge is a hydrothermally active, sediment covered, spreading ridge situated a few hundred kilometres off the west coast of North America in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. Sediments from seven sites drilled during the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Legs 139 and 168 were analyzed for total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), individual amino acid distributions, total organic C (TOC) and total N (TN) contents. The aim was to evaluate the effects of hydrothermal stress on the decomposition and transformation of sedimentary amino acids. Hydrolyzable amino acids account for up to 3.3% of the total organic C content and up to 12% of the total N content of the upper sediments. The total amounts of amino acids decrease significantly with depth in all drilled holes. This trend is particularly pronounced in holes with a thermal gradient of around 0.6 degrees C/m or higher. The most abundant amino acids in shallow sediments are glycine, alanine, lysine, glutamic acid, valine and histidine. The changes in amino acid distributions in low temperature holes are characterized by increased relative abundances of non-protein beta-alanine and gamma-aminobutyric acid. In high temperature holes the amino acid compositions are characterized by high abundances of glycine, alanine, serine, ornithine and histidine at depth. D/L ratios of samples with amino acid distributions similar to those found in acid hydrolysates of kerogen, indicate that racemization rates of amino acids bound by condensation reactions may be diminished.     

Geochemical Characteristics of Amino Acids in Sediments of Lake Taihu, A Large, Shallow, Eutrophic Freshwater Lake of China

To examine the biogeochemistry of amino acids (AAs) in the sediment of Lake Taihu, surface sediments (0–3 cm) and deeper sediments (18–21 cm) were collected at 21 sites from different ecotype zones of the lake. AAs were extracted from the sediments, and the total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA) were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography instrument. The THAA contents in Taihu sediment were much lower than that in marine sediments, ranging from 6.84 to 38.24 μmol g⁻¹ in surface sediments and from 2.91 to 18.75 μmol g⁻¹ in deeper sediments in Taihu, respectively. AAs were a major fraction of the organic matter (OM) and organic nitrogen in Taihu sediments. The AAs on average contributed 8.2% of organic carbon (OC) and 25.0% of total nitrogen (TN) from surface sediments, and 5.9% of OC and 20.5% of TN in deeper sediments, respectively. AA composition provided very useful information about the degradation of OM. Glycine (Gly) and lysine (Lys) were the predominant forms of AAs in the sediments, irrespective of lake regions, followed by alanine, glutamic acid, serine (Ser), and aspartic acid (Asp). The high concentrations of Gly, Lys, and Ser suggested that these forms of AAs were relatively refractory during OM degradation in sediments. The relationship between the Asp/Gly ratio and Ser + Thr [mol%] indicated that OM in surface sediment was relatively fresher than that in deeper sediments. The AAs-based degradation index (DI) gave a similar conclusion. The composition and DI of AAs in surface sediments are markedly different across different zones in Taihu. The percentages of AAs to organic carbon (AA-C%) and total nitrogen (AA-N%) were higher in phytoplankton-dominated zones than those in macrophyte-dominated zones. These results suggest that DI could provide useful information about the degradation of OM in shallow lakes such as Taihu.     

Amino acid biogeo- and stereochemistry in coastal Chilean sediments

The spatial distribution of total hydrolysable amino acids (THAA) and amino acid enantiomers (d- and l-forms) was investigated in sediments underlying two contrasting Chilean upwelling regions: at ∼23 °S off Antofagasta and at ∼36 °S off Concepción. The contribution of amino acids to total organic carbon (%T_AAC: 7-14%) and total nitrogen (%T_AAN: 23-38%) in surface sediments decreased with increasing water depth (from 126 to 1350 m) indicating that organic matter becomes increasingly decomposed in surface sediments at greater water depth. Changes in the ratio between the protein amino acid aspartate and its non-protein degradation product β-alanine confirmed this observation. Furthermore, estimates of THAA mineralization showed that sedimentary amino acid reactivity decreased with both increasing water depth as well as progressive degradation status of the organic matter that was incorporated into the sediment. Reactivity of organic matter in the sediment was also assessed using the Degradation Index (DI) developed by [Dauwe, B., Middelburg, J.J., 1998. Amino acids and hexosamines as indicators of organic matter degradation state in North Sea sediments. Limnol. Oceanogr.43, pp. 782-798.]. Off Concepción, DI was successfully applied to examine the degradation status of sedimentary organic matter at different water depths. However, unexpected results were obtained at the Antofagasta stations as DI increased with sediment depth, suggesting more degraded organic matter at the surface than deeper in the cores. The contribution of peptidoglycan amino acids to THAA was estimated from the concentrations of d-aspartate, d-glutamic acid, d-serine, and d-alanine. Peptidoglycan amino acids accounted for >18% of THAA in all investigated samples. In surface sediments peptidoglycan amino acids accounted for a progressively larger fraction of THAA at increasing water depths (up to >26%). Further, the contribution of peptidoglycan amino acids to THAA increased with increased sediment depth and age (up to 288-year-old) reaching up to 59%. Independent estimates based on d-amino acid concentrations in selected laboratory strains, bacterial counts and the sedimentary concentrations of d-amino acids indicate that a large fraction of the measured d-amino acids (>47 to >97%) originated from cell wall residues rather than from enumerated cells.     

湖泊沉积物中蛋白质和氨基酸的动态变化

测定了阿哈湖和百花湖沉积物孔隙水中蛋白质和氨基酸的含量。蛋白质含量分别在0．32－1．71mg/ml和0．22－1．38mg/ml之间，氨基酸含量分别在1．15－5．01μg/ml（以含N量计）和1．41－4．16μg/ml之间。两湖沉积物氨基酸含量逐渐增高，表明扩散作用的存在。随着时间的推移，蛋白质在沉积物各层中得到了很好的保存，说明它的分解比较有限。沉积物孔隙水中氨基酸含量和微生物活动有关，氨基酸在27cm以后的阿哈湖沉积物中明显积累，可能指示微生物活动的减弱。     

Amino acids and hexosamines in the Hess Rise core during the past 220,000 years

Core sediment samples collected from the Hess Rise, North Pacific, were analyzed for 20 common amino acids (AA) and two hexosamines (HA) to understand the relation between glacial–interglacial variations and deposition/preservation of sedimentary organic matter (OM). The sediments are predominantly carbonaceous (carbonates 35–80%). AA-based parameters—aspartic acid/glycine ratio and serine+threonine relative mole content—suggest that calcareous plankton was the major source of OM in these sediments. This inference is supported by the similarity in distribution patterns of AA and HA contents with that of organic carbon. Low values of AA/HA and glucosamine/galactosamine ratios (average 4.4 and 1.1, respectively) imply that much of the planktonic OM was replaced by microbial OM. The relative molar concentration of two nonprotein AA (β-alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid) varied with age of sediments; i.e., they were less abundant in recent sediments and more abundant in the oldest sediments. This trend is an indicator of extremely slow but continuous enzymatic degradation of proteinaceous OM within the sediments. So far, bulk OM has been believed to be one of the best proxies for estimation of primary productivity. However, it may be an underestimate, even for the late Quaternary sediments. Comparison of AA and HA content variations with SPECMAP stack revealed their enhanced deposition and preservation during glacial periods relative to interglacial periods. This, in turn, affected not only the planktonic production in surface waters but also the benthic community, including bacteria on the seafloor.     

Bacterial reworking of terrigenous and marine organic matter in estuarine water columns and sediments

Amino acids and the bacterial biomarkers muramic acid and d-amino acids were quantified in the ultrafiltered dissolved, particulate and sedimentary organic matter (UDOM, POM and SOM) of the St. Lawrence system (Canada). The main objectives were to better describe the fate of terrigenous and marine organic matter (OM) in coastal zones and to quantify the bacterial contributions to OM composition and diagenesis. Regardless of their origin, the carbon (C) content of the particles substantially decreased with depth, especially near the water-sediment interface. Major diagenetic transformations of organic nitrogen (N) were revealed and important differences were observed between terrigenous and marine OM. Amino acid contents of particles decreased by 66-93% with depth and accounted for 12-30% of the particulate C losses in marine locations. These percentages were respectively 18-56% and 7-11% in the Saguenay Fjord where terrigenous input is important. A preferential removal of particulate N and amino acids with depth or during transport was measured, but only in marine locations and for N-rich particles. This leads to very low amino acid yields in deep marine POM. However, these yields then increased to a level up to three times higher after deposition on sediments, where SOM showed lower C:N ratios than deep POM. The associated increase of bacterial biomarker yields suggests an active in situ resynthesis of amino acids by benthic bacteria. The N content of the substrate most likely determines whether a preferential degradation or an enrichment of N and amino acid are observed. For N-poor OM, such as terrigenous or deep marine POM, the incorporation of exogenous N by attached bacteria can be measured, while the organic N is preferentially used or degraded in N-rich OM. Compared to the POM from the same water samples, the extracted UDOM was poor in N and amino acids and appeared to be mostly made of altered plant and bacterial fragments. Signs of in situ marine production of UDOM were observed in the most marine location. The POM entering the St. Lawrence Upper Estuary and the Saguenay Fjord appeared made of relatively fresh vascular plant OM mixed with highly altered bacterial debris from soils. In contrast, the POM samples from the more marine sites appeared mostly made of fresh planktonic and bacterial OM, although they were rapidly degraded during sinking. Based on biomarker yields, bacterial OM represented on average ∼20% of bulk C and approximately 40-70% of bulk N in POM and SOM, with the exception of deep marine POM exhibiting approximately two times lower bacterial contributions.     

冲绳海槽Jade热液活动区块状硫化物的铅同位素组成及其地质意义

新测行Ｊａｄｅ热液活动区中５件块状硫化物样品的铅同位素组成,具有较小的变化范围,表现出较均一的铅同位素组成特征。在Ｐｂ－Ｐｂ图解上,块状硫化物的铅同位素数据构成线形排列,与该区沉积物和蚀变火山岩的铅同位素组成一致,而与该区新鲜火山岩相比具较高的放射成因铅,证实了该区海底块状硫化物中的铅是由沉积物长英质火山岩来源铅共同构成的混合铅。不同热液活动区铅同位素组成对比研究表明,地质－构造环境的不同是导致各     

Influence of organic-mineral aggregates on microbial degradation of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea

Aggregation of particulate organic matter (POM) and mineral grains may result in physical protection of organic matter (OM). To test this, phytoplankton cells of the dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea were inoculated with a natural bacterial assemblage and incubated with or without the clay montmorillonite. Within 5 h, aggregation of phytoplankton OM and clay resulted in transfer of the majority (∼80%) of OM into the >1.6 g cm⁻³ density fraction. Degradation of particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate nitrogen (PN), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and dissolved and particulate total hydrolyzable amino acids (THAA), were modeled with a multi-G approach. Quantity of resistant OM was between two and four times larger during clay incubation relative to clay-free incubation. The two incubations did not exhibit significant differences in degradation state of particulate amino acids nor were there indications of preferential sorption of basic amino acids. The results suggest that a considerable fraction of phytoplankton OM can become resistant, at least on a timescale of weeks, mostly due to aggregation of POM and clay mineral grains.     

Tectonic and climate control of oil shale deposition in the Upper Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation (Songliao Basin, NE China)

Oil shales were deposited in the Songliao Basin (NE China) during the Upper Cretaceous period, representing excellent hydrocarbon source rocks. High organic matter (OM) contents, a predominance of type-I kerogen, and a low maturity of OM in the oil shales are indicated by bulk geochemical parameters and biomarker data. A major contribution of aquatic organisms and minor inputs from terrigenous land plants to OM input are indicated by n-alkane distribution patterns, composition of steroids, and organic macerals. Strongly reducing bottom water conditions during the deposition of the oil shale sequences are indicated by low pristane/phytane ratios, high C₁₄-aryl-isoprenoid contents, homohopane distribution patterns, and high V/Ni ratios. Enhanced salinity stratification with mesosaline and alkaline bottom waters during deposition of the oil shales are indicated by high gammacerane index values, low MTTC ratios, high β-carotene contents, low TOC/S ratios, and high Sr/Ba ratios. The stratified water column with anoxic conditions in the bottom water enhanced preservation of OM. Moderate input of detrital minerals during the deposition of the oil shale sequences is reflected by titanium concentrations. In this study, environmental conditions in the paleo-lake leading to OM accumulation in the sediments are related to sequence stratigraphy governed by climate and tectonics. The first Member of the Qingshankou Formation (K₂qn₁) in the Songliao Basin, containing the oil shale sequence, encompasses a third-order sequence that can be divided into three system tracts (transgressive system tract—TST, highstand system tract—HST, and regressive system tract—RST). Enrichment of OM changed from low values during TST-I to high-moderate values during TST-II/III and HST-I/II. Low OM enrichment occurs during RST-I and RST-II. Therefore, the highest enrichment of OM in the sediments is related to stages of mid-late TST and early HST.