层柱粘土材料制备与应用研究

简述了层柱粘土矿物材料研究与应用的现状和进展。利用粘土矿物蒙脱石作母体，通过大体积的铝、锆、硅等交联剂插层可制成层柱多孔材料，在酸催化、氧化还原催化中均有十分广阔的应用前景。研究表明，改进制备工艺后可提高层柱蒙脱石的热稳定性、比表面积和催化活性；通过酸或表面活性剂等预处理，再进行粘土的支撑，可以调节和控制层柱粘土的结构与性能；采用有机改性和模板导向等技术，可获得孔径介于大微孔和中孔之间的新型层柱粘土矿物材料，并应用于大分子催化反应与吸附，为粘土矿物材料合成和应用开辟了新方向。     

柱撑粘土矿物材料的晶体结构和晶体化学特征

以铝基柱撑粘土矿物和钛基柱撑粘土矿物为例，讨论了柱撑粘土矿物材料的晶体结构和晶体化学特点，Al多核笼状阳离子基团的结构形式为1：12Keggin型离子，Ti多核笼状阳离子基团的结构形式为2：19Dawson型离子，两类笼状阳离子的直径均在1nm左右，前者的高度约为0．9nm，后者的高度约为1．4nm，经与粘土矿物层间阳离子交换后，择位固定在粘土矿物层间，由于多核笼状阳离子与粘土矿物硅氧四面体之间形成了较强的化学键，其具有不可交换性，铝基柱撑粘土和钛基柱撑粘土的层间孔道分别为1．2nm*1.2nm*1.2nm，和0.52nm*0.52nm*1.60nm。柱粘土矿物材料有很好的化学稳定性和耐热性，且又有一定的层间化学活性，可用于催化剂载体，由于它又具有选择性吸附能力，有望制造成新一代环保材料。     

粘土质沉积物的成岩作用

粘土质沉积物主要由粒度<0.004毫米的粘土矿物组成,含有大量由机械作用形成或胶体沉淀形成的具有象云母晶体结构的含水层状铝硅酸盐矿物。这些层状铝硅酸盐矿物由两种基本结构层构成。一种是硅氧四面体;另一种是铝氧八面体或镁氧八面体。     

矿物材料在纳米科技中的应用

纳米材料由于其独特的性能和广阔的应用前景被称为21世纪的新材料、其制备技术是纳米科技的核心和研究基础。具层状结构和微孔空间的矿物材料可用于制备纳米微粒，为纳米科技提供了新的思路和生长点，也为矿物材料在高新技术领域的应用开辟新的途径。本文综述了蒙脱石、高岭石和文石珍珠层在纳米科技中的应用，粘土／有机物纳米复合材料、无机介孔材料和仿生纳米材料的制备和应用前景。     

焦磷酸根在即时合成阴离子粘土结构中的嵌入作用

污染物在矿物结构中的嵌入是固化、净化污染物的一种有前景的矿物学方法。焦磷酸根离子是工业废水中较难处理的工业磷污染源之一,研究新的除磷技术是水污染控制技术领域的重要课题之一。通过人工配制焦磷酸盐废水,初步研究镁一铝盐水解共沉淀法即时合成阴离子粘土去除焦磷酸根的效果、影响因素和焦磷酸根离子在阴离子粘土结构中的嵌入作用。研究结果表明,通过镁一铝盐水解共沉淀法即时合成阴离子粘土,焦磷酸根离子有效地嵌入阴离子粘土结构中,对焦磷酸根有非常好的去除效果。影响处理效果的主要因素是pH值和Mg／Al比值。pH值为9．0～10,Mg／Al比1：1～3：1时,都可以获得较好的去除效果。     

华北石炭─二叠纪煤系粘土岩夹矸中铝的氢氧化物矿物研究

华北石炭─二叠纪煤系太原组和山西组不同煤层粘土岩夹矸中，广泛含有一水软铝石、一水硬铝石和三水铝石。大多数一水铝石矿物呈薄纹层状、似层状及层状聚集于富岩质及富有有机质粘土岩夹矸条带中，有的呈细脉状沿炭质条带及粘土岩夹矸层理的节理裂隙分布，并与玉髓、方解石、高岭石或迪开石和铵云母细脉共生。铝的氢氧化物矿物可以作为成岩古温度和成岩阶段划分的标志矿物。最后还讨论了该矿物的成因。     

锌叶绿泥石矿物学研究

绿泥石类矿物是含水的镁、铁、铝层状硅酸盐,矿物结构由似云母层和似水镁石层交替沿C轴堆砌组成。按八面体空穴填充情况分为三八面体和二八面体两类,根据八面体中的阳离子种类不同可形成多种绿泥石矿物,由于四面体中硅被铝置换程度差异又可分为若干亚种。 1973年我们研究鄂北杨家堡下寒武统黑色页岩中的钒矿床时,发现一种绿色粘土矿物,当时定为镍锌绿泥石,后来发现其结构不同于普通绿泥石。进一步研究做了一些工作,今将结果综合     

华北克拉通南缘嵩箕地区喀斯特铝(粘)土矿成矿作用及其后生改造研究

华北克拉通铝(粘)土矿是我国喀斯特型铝(粘)土矿的典型代表,前人针对其物质组成、物质来源、成因机制开展了大量研究,但对其成矿后生改造尚未开展系统研究。本文对嵩箕地区铝(粘)土矿进行了研究,野外剖面显示,含矿岩系由底到顶包括风化壳层、铁质粘土岩、粘土质铝土矿、粘土岩、块状铝土矿层。通过矿物空间穿插关系、X射线衍射、扫描电镜、电子探针分析显示,铝(粘)土矿成矿期主要形成矿物包括硬水铝石、锐钛矿、伊利石、绿泥石等矿物。黄钾铁矾、赤铁矿、针铁矿、高岭石代表了后期改造矿物。矿物垂相分布指示赤铁矿和针铁矿随着深度变浅逐渐减少,硬水铝石在粘土质铝土矿层显著富集,黄钾铁矾广泛分布于铁质粘土岩层和风化壳顶部,穿插于粘土矿物或围绕在硬水铝石周围,以脉状、颗粒状分布,且与伊利石含量呈消长关系。同时,元素地球化学垂相分带显著,大离子亲石元素(Rb、Cs、Ba、Sr)与K₂O以及高场强元素(Zr、Hf、Nb、Ta、U、Th)与TiO₂显示正相关。铝土矿层中Al₂O₃明显富集,而SiO₂则明显亏损。底板灰...     

铝土矿粘土研究的回顾

建国以来近半个世纪由于冶金工业的快速发展，其矿物原料之一的铝土矿粘土等必先走在前头，笔者有幸一直在本单位从事这方面的研究工作。从无到有，从少到多，随我国钢铁产量甚少到1996年超亿吨而居世界之首，有关矿物原料的研究积累了丰富的经验和重要的成果。当然也涉及到有关其它方面的一些工作成果。个人粗略回顾主要列出以下十点：1．发现自然界的新矿物有偏岭石、硅铝尖晶石、变高岭石等三种。2．发现自然界的新岩石有偏岭石粘土岩、堇青石莫来石岩等及新矿床类型岩溶坠积再生f铝土矿、变高岭石刚玉铝土矿高铝粘土矿床及英来石接触变…     

伯克霍尔德菌作用下黑云母的风化作用——对次生矿物的初步研究

以黑云母为矿物材料,以伯克霍尔德菌为微生物材料进行了矿物风化的长期培养实验。用X射线衍射仪测定了小于1μm粒级的固相产物的矿物成分,用扫描电子显微镜/X射线能谱仪观察和测定了矿物形态和化学成分。结果表明,伯克霍尔德菌菌株8B不仅能加速黑云母的风化进程,而且能促进形成鳞片状和球状粘土矿物(很有可能分别是蛭石和蒙脱石)。通过对次生矿物形成过程的分析,认为蛭石是黑云母通过结构转变的方式而形成,其转化过程具继承型模式的特点;蒙脱石则可能是黑云母溶解后重新结晶而成,属于溶解-沉淀模式。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with