Temporal merging of remote sensing data to enhance spectral regolith,lithological and alteration patterns for regional mineral exploration

Remote sensing has been widely used to map geological structure, regolith materials and hydrothermal alteration minerals in different regions of the world, based largely on the spectral characteristics of clay/carbonate and iron oxide minerals. Given that features related to minerals may form very subtle patterns in Landsat imagery, finding suitable methods for enhancing the spectral information due to alteration minerals has been the subject of much research since the satellites were launched. Although multispectral sensors such as Landsat do not have enough spectral resolution to distinguish between specific minerals, effective processing of the data does yield useful images for regional exploration and targeting when combined with a good understanding of the associated landforms. ASTER and various airborne systems can now provide useful, high-resolution mineral information. However, the cost and time taken to acquire and process good resolution spectral data should now be balanced against the enhanced spectral discrimination possible using temporal merging, or data stacking, from the existing Landsat data archive dating back to 1972. One critical characteristic of the spectra related to surface mineral composition is its persistence over time. This study proposes a further enhancement to the data using temporal merging to create images that are both easier to interpret, and more reliable indicators of lithology and alteration. The new approach is to select a large number of scenes, typically separated by two or more years, and to merge the data for each band to give a cumulative spectral signature. The technique of stacking Landsat data to create a new dataset with much greater spectral depth is termed Landsat TM3, or Landsat TM Temporal Merge for Terrain Mapping. This emphasises not only the process used to create the dataset, but also the dominant use to which these data are ideally suited, namely mapping geological and mineral-related terrains.     

遥感技术在西藏东部找矿中的应用研究

西藏东部地区复杂的地质构造地貌条件使得实地踏勘工作难度很大,因此在研究中利用遥感影像来进行蚀变异常区域的解译.在解译过程中,针对于热液蚀变型矿床引入TM数据的热红外波段和比值分析进行RGB合成的方法.解译结果显示:在藏东特殊的地质成因下,应用热红外波段进行蚀变异常解译具有可行性.     

Spectral characteristics of minerals in alteration zones associated with porphyry copper deposits in the middle part of Kerman copper belt,SE Iran

Visible near infrared and shortwave infrared (VNIR-SWIR, 350 to 2500 nm) reflectance spectra obtained from an analytical spectral device (ASD) have been used to define alteration zones adjacent to porphyry copper deposits (PCDs), in the central part of Kerman magmatic arc, SE Iran. The spectral analysis identified sericite, illite, halloysite, montmorillonite, dickite, kaolinite, pyrophyllite, biotite, chlorite, epidote, calcite, jarosite, and iron oxyhydroxides (e.g. hematite, goethite) of hydrothermal and supergene origin. Identified alteration zones are classified into six principal types namely phyllic, phyllic/propylitic, propylitic, potassic, argillic and advanced argillic. The iron oxide minerals in the oxidized zone were also identified using spectral analysis. Results of spectral analyses of samples are consistent with mineralogical data obtained from X-ray diffraction (XRD) and petrographic studies. Spectroscopic studies by ASD demonstrate that this tool is very useful for semi-quantitative and cost effective identification of different types of alteration mineral assemblages. Furthermore, it can provide a valuable tool for evaluating aerial distribution of alteration minerals while coupled with remote sensing data analysis.     

西藏日土以东地区蚀变遥感异常特征

根据蚀变岩的TM波谱特征,在日土县以东地区进行了蚀变岩遥感信息提取。通过对研究区羟基（OHA）和铁染（FCA）两种异常的分析,为下一步地质调查工作提出建议。     

Detecting Clay Minerals in Hydrothermal Alteration Areas with Integration of ASTER Image and Spectral Data in Kösedag-Zara (Sivas), Turkey

Remote sensing technology and its terrestrial components are more useful than classical geological investigation in mineral exploration and mapping the hydrothermal alteration areas and help to investigate larger areas in short time. Intrusive and volcanic rocks, namely Kösedag syenite and Karatas volcanics in Kösedag (Zara) area shows argillic alteration zones. Two different test area were chosen and sampled for mineralogical studies. XRD-CF investigations showed that kaolinite and illite are the dominant clay minerals in test areas of A and B respectively. The spectroradiometer measurements were carried out 5 times on different surfaces of clayey samples with self-illuminated contact-probe lens within the wavelength range of 350-2500 nm. The spectroradiometer measurements used as endmember were resampled to ASTER short wave infrared (SWIR) bandwidths. Band ratio, principal component and decorrelation stretching analysis were performed to visualize the distribution of clay minerals. In spectral classification method, matched filtering (MF) was used for integrating the satellite image and spectroradiometer measurement data. It was concluded that co-interpretations of the band ratio, principal component, decorrelation stretching analysis, MF results and geological map are very useful in determining, classifying and mapping of the argillic alteration zones related to hydrothermal processes on ASTER image and they seem to be very useful to identify the target areas for mineral exploration.     

利用ASTER提取德兴斑岩铜矿遥感蚀变分带信息

在遥感光谱分析的基础上,结合德兴斑岩铜矿矿床地质特征,利用ASTER遥感数据提取了德兴斑岩铜矿的遥感蚀变分带信息.德兴斑岩铜矿蚀变分带根据蚀变矿物特征来分析,主要的蚀变矿物为白云母、伊利石、绿泥石、方解石、白云石;根据光谱特征,采用比值、斜率、相关吸收和主成分分析4种提取方法提取各蚀变矿物的信息,并采用叠加法对各蚀变矿物信息进行叠加,从而形成各个蚀变分带的遥感信息.各蚀变分带的遥感信息总体特征比较明显.最后,根据矿床成矿模式对蚀变分带信息进行了分析.     

基于遥感技术的龙门山前山带烃类微渗漏信息提取

通过对龙门山前山带含油区与非含油区的岩石、土壤、植被等进行测试,认为烃类微渗漏会造成地表热异常、红层褪色、低价铁富集以及粘土矿化等现象,并对研究区的粘土矿物、Fe3+、Fe2+与烃类的波普曲线特征进行了分析对比。以ETM卫星图像为主要信息源,选择了TM2/TM3、TM3/TM4和TM5/TM7进行比值处理,从光谱数据中直接提取出碳酸盐化、粘土矿化、红层褪色等油气蚀变信息,并在对研究区遥感地质解译的基础上,指出烃渗漏信息异常晕主要沿断裂带分布,特别在不同走向断裂的交汇区域分布面积和强度较大,而在已知油气圈闭区域,信息晕主要呈碎片状或斑点状零散分布,且以低值异常为主。根据烃渗漏异常的分布特征,提取出石板滩、中坝、孝泉、聚源、鸭子河以及邛崃等遥感信息异常区块。     

内蒙古苏莫查干敖包萤石矿区遥感蚀变信息提取及其找矿指示意义

利用遥感技术可以经济、有效地获取地质找矿信息。基于多光谱遥感数据的蚀变信息提取已在地质填图和找矿工作中广泛应用,近几年,中国高分五号（GF-5）高光谱数据以其较高的光谱分辨率为地表蚀变矿物的精细化识别提供了基础数据。文章结合Landsat-8 OLI多光谱和GF-5高光谱数据,对内蒙古苏莫查干敖包萤石矿及周边开展蚀变信息提取,分析有利成矿区域,并进行野外验证,进一步发掘外围矿产资源潜力并探究遥感地质勘查的可信度。笔者基于Landsat-8多光谱数据,利用主成分分析方法提取了铁染、羟基类蚀变,并对其异常等级进行了划分;基于GF-5高光谱数据运用最小噪声分离（MNF）算法、纯净像元指数（PPI）算法、混合调制匹配滤波（MTMF）填图方法,在研究区内提取出白云母、绿泥石、高岭石、磁赤铁矿和褐铁矿5种矿物。将两者蚀变信息提取结果叠加,笔者发现苏莫查干敖包萤石矿区及外围存在热液蚀变特征,具备金属成矿潜力,野外验证发现研究区除萤石外,还伴生有铅锌多金属矿。因此,笔者认为多光谱和高光谱遥感数据结合的蚀变信息提取在地质矿产资源勘查领域具有一定应用潜力。     

利用TM数据进行金矿化蚀变信息提取方法探讨

利用ＴＭ数据进行金矿蚀变信息提取时在以下几方面应予以考虑：不同研究区金矿床可能有不同的蚀变组合类型，进而有不同的波谱响应特征；如何有效剔除植被干扰因素的影响同时又不致于漏失植被发育区的蚀变信息；如何有效剔除与金矿成矿作用无关的地质单元和其他非地质干扰因素的影响，以冀北张家口金矿化集中区的一段作为研究区，在典型金矿地物波谱测试的基础上，通过波段比值分析，图象掩膜处理，Ｋ－Ｌ变换，２值化处理等步骤对上     

新疆东戈壁地区高光谱遥感蚀变特征及找矿分析

针对新疆东戈壁地区还未开展高光谱遥感方面的相关研究问题,提出利用地面和航空高光谱遥感蚀变异常特征,进行蚀变异常带分析及找矿应用的工作思路,系统剖析蚀变矿物异常特征,圈定蚀变带,野外查证新发现多金属矿化线索,取得较好的找矿应用效果。东戈壁地区周边分布有较多的铁及多金属矿床、矿点,成矿地质条件优越,且属准平原状的丘陵地貌,植被覆盖少,基岩裸露好,围岩蚀变发育,具备开展地面和航空高光谱测量的地质和自然地理条件,可获取高质量的高光谱遥感数据并为找矿勘查服务。文章选择新疆东天山成矿带的东戈壁地区,利用FieldSpec Pro FR地面波谱数据和HyMap航空高光谱遥感数据,解析地面各地质体所反映的蚀变矿物异常特征,系统剖析褐铁矿+赤铁矿、绢云母、绿泥石、角闪石等蚀变矿物的异常分布规律和反映的地质意义,综合区域地质特征和成矿规律,圈定高光谱遥感蚀变带,开展蚀变带的野外查证,新发现赋存于石英岩化(含)铁碧玉岩、变细碧岩、石英脉体中的铁、钼等多金属矿化,结合地质、蚀变矿物特征,初步预测东戈壁地区具有形成火山-沉积-后期热液改造型铁矿床、石英脉型钼矿床的成矿潜力,后期应开展以钼、铁矿为主的资源评价,重点开展石英岩化(含)铁碧玉岩、变细碧岩、石英脉体与褐铁矿+赤铁矿、绢云母、绿泥石、角闪石等蚀变矿物叠加地段的地质找矿。高光谱遥感技术可以快速获取异常信息和精确定位矿化异常信息部位,可发现较好的多金属矿化线索,为东戈壁地区下一阶段地质找矿和资源评价提供依据。     

基于光谱特征空间的苏必利尔湖型铁矿高光谱遥感蚀变信息提取方法

由于境外铁矿床位置偏远, 现场研究困难, 旨在探讨苏必利尔湖型铁矿的高光谱遥感蚀变信息提取方法, 为境外找矿提供依据.鉴于传统蚀变信息提取方法的局限性, 研究了在二维光谱特征空间中提取蚀变信息的方法.高光谱影像经主成分变换后, 包含较多地物信息的两个主成分的二维光谱特征空间体现了各向异性的特点, 不同地物的聚类常呈类似椭圆分布.在蚀变信息的聚类椭圆中圈定散点, 并应用波谱特征拟合, 将异常散点的平均光谱与美国地质调查局(United States Geological Survey, USGS)光谱库中的矿物光谱匹配, 确定蚀变矿物类型.以苏必利尔湖型铁矿——巴西Aguas Claras铁矿区为例, 提取了赤铁矿、绿泥石等蚀变矿物, 结果表明矿物的类型和分布与该区地质概况吻合.      

基于多源遥感数据的矿物蚀变信息提取——以西藏甲玛铜多金属矿为例

以甲玛矿区的ETM+(TM)数据和Aster数据为数据源, 采用波段代数运算法和主成分分析法提取两种数据中的蚀变矿物信息, 然后将蚀变信息结果融合得到研究区矿物蚀变分布图。ETM+(TM)数据适合提取羟基、铁染、碳酸盐等基团(离子)信息, 为遥感找矿提供基础的技术支撑。Aster数据可以识别出更细化的蚀变矿物, 如方解石、褐铁矿、绿泥石、白云母和高岭石等。通过与研究区地质资料及前人勘探结果比对分析, 遥感矿物蚀变信息结果有效、可靠。      

航空高光谱CASI-SASI数据蚀变矿物信息提取与应用 ——以甘肃省敦煌市小金窝子地区为例

航空高光谱遥感数据具有“空谱合一”的优势,深入挖掘并应用高光谱数据中蕴含的蚀变矿物地质信息具有重要意义。本文应用航空高光谱CASI-SASI数据,建立了基于“整体谱形-特征参量协同”的蚀变矿物信息提取流程,并在甘肃省敦煌市小金窝子地区开展了蚀变矿物信息提取、地质涵义分析和野外查证。基于高光谱CASI-SASI数据成功提取了褐铁矿、绿泥石、绿帘石、短波云母、中短波云母、中长波云母、长波云母共7种蚀变矿物。高光谱CASI-SASI数据提取的大面积区域性分布的蚀变矿物多为区域热液作用产物,小范围定向分布的蚀变矿物与断裂、岩脉等成矿热液活动关系密切,局部产出且具定向性的中短波云母与断裂构造及酸性脉体关系密切,基于野外地质调查和ASD光谱实测的蚀变矿物野外查证工作证实蚀变矿物提取结果可信。褐铁矿+中短波云母的蚀变矿物组合具有金矿化指示意义,为基础地质调查和矿产资源勘查提供了重要的遥感信息。     

基于GF-5、Landsat8与GF-2遥感数据的蚀变信息提取研究——以四川宁南铅锌矿集区为例

四川宁南铅锌矿集区是中国重要的铅锌矿成矿区之一，区内铅锌矿床广泛分布，其围岩蚀变主要为白云岩化、方解石化、黏土矿化、硅化、黄铁矿化及赤铁矿化，是重要的找矿标志，同时也为遥感提取铁染、羟基、碳酸根离子蚀变信息提供了重要的理论依据。由于遥感卫星传感器类型的不同，同一研究区内不同种类影像所得到的数据会有所差异，且采用不同的提取方法所得到的蚀变信息结果也会有所不同，因此，对同一区域进行单一影像或单一提取方法的研究往往存在偶然性与不充分性。据此，文章基于对研究区内Landsat8与GF-5两种影像数据的详细解读，采用3种有效方法进行蚀变信息提取。①波段比值法，对影像数据采用波段比值计算，并对波段比值进行密度分割，从中突出铁染，羟基、碳酸根离子蚀变信息；②主成分分析法和主分量密度分割法对铁染蚀变信息，羟基、碳酸根离子蚀变信息进行提取并作分级处理，结合GF-2高空间分辨率影像以及依据同谱异物、同物异谱、混合像元等原理剔除伪异常，以得到有效的蚀变信息；③光谱角匹配法，通过提取GF-5高光谱影像数据的纯净端员，结合光谱角匹配技术提取有效的蚀变信息矿物。对2种影像数据分别用3种提取方法所得到的蚀变信息结果进行对比，讨论其差异性，并通过叠合已知矿产地信息的方法筛选出效果较好的蚀变信息，将选取出的结果进行综合比对，最终在宁南矿集区圈定出预测靶区，经过室内化探数据验证及野外实地工作验证，证实其真实性，同时也为该地区下一步工作提供真实可靠的资料。     

新疆卡拉麦里成矿带赋矿岩层—矿化蚀变遥感特征

基于TM图像固有的结构特征和光谱特征，采用不同波段假彩色组合、波段比值、主成分分析、色度变换等多功能能组合方法，对卡拉麦里成矿带特定地理地质背景下有关构造特征、赋矿地层、含矿岩体、矿化蚀变等示矿要素进行增强处理，取得了很好的应用效果，为大区域快速进行遥感地质填图，有效建立找矿识别标志作出了有意义的尝试。     

遥感技术在矿化蚀变信息提取及矿产预测中的应用

遥感技术成矿探测的关键在于成矿构造及蚀变矿物信息的提取,以ETM+遥感影像为数据源,结合相关地质资料通过人工目视解译建立构造解译标志,对渝东南地区线性构造解译与环形构造解译,并分析了区内蚀变矿物的波谱特征,针对遥感影像,利用阈值分割、主成分变换及掩膜分析等手段提取了研究区的羟基蚀变信息和铁染蚀变信息。最后结合区内物化探等综合异常信息圈定了6个成矿预测远景区。     

基于特征导向主成分分析遥感蚀变异常提取方法

为利用多光谱遥感数据提取蚀变异常信息, 在分析蚀变矿物的先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪(advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer, ASTER)和影像短波近红外(visible and near IR-short wave-length IR, VNIR-SWIR)谱带的特征光谱曲线的基础上, 对传统的主成分分析法进行了改进, 利用特征导向主成分分析法对辽宁兴城地区进行矿物蚀变信息提取, 成功的对该地区内的褐铁矿(Fe3+)、绿泥石(Mg-OH基团矿物)和高岭石(Al-OH基团矿物)进行了蚀变异常信息提取.通过实践验证和研究区地质资料表明, 特征导向主成分分析法能够有效地提取蚀变信息并识别研究区内主要矿物, 可以为该区的成矿预测工作提供一定的依据.      

矿产资源评价与矿山环境监测中高光谱遥感技术方法应用的实例

近20年来,高光谱遥感技术（Hyperspectral Remote Sensing）发展迅速,已成为遥感技术的前沿,而矿产资源评价与矿山环境监测是高光谱遥感应用中最成功的领域。高光谱遥感技术具有分辨率高的特点,通过对矿物种类、丰度和成分的识别,特别是对与成矿作用、矿山污染源密切相关的蚀变矿物的识别,可以有效地圈定热液矿化蚀变带,定量或半定量地估计相对蚀变强度和蚀变矿物含量,从而进行岩石矿物的分类和填图,并为矿产资源评价与矿山环境监测提供靶区,指导进一步找矿勘探和环境监测工作的开展。介绍了高光谱遥感技术在矿产资源评价与矿山环境监测中的应用原理和成像光谱学的逐步完善,并详细列举了高光谱遥感技术在斑岩铜矿、热液型金矿、地浸砂岩型铀矿、油气、金刚石等矿种的找矿方面,以及在矿山废弃物中生成酸和缓冲酸分布的监测等方面的具体案例,以期为中国矿产资源评价与矿山环境监测中高光谱遥感技术的应用提供借鉴。     

浙江泰顺龟湖叶腊石矿床热液蚀变短波红外光谱分析

蚀变岩帽与斑岩体关系密切,具有形成斑岩-浅成低温热液型矿床的潜力.位于浙闽交界的龟湖地区发育规模巨大的蚀变岩帽(>30 km2),形成了龟湖超大型叶腊石矿床,矿体属于岩帽的一个分带.矿床及其围岩蚀变主要由粒度微小或隐晶质的层状硅酸盐蚀变矿物组成,矿物之间差别极为细微,仅凭肉眼难以区分.短波红外光谱技术可以有效识别这些蚀...     

Alteration paragenesis and mineral chemistry of the Tjårrojåkka apatite–iron and Cu (-Au) occurrences, Kiruna area, northern Sweden

The northern Norrbotten area in northern Sweden, is an important mining district and hosts several deposits of Fe-oxide Cu-Au-type. One of the best examples of spatially, and possibly genetically, related apatite–iron and copper–gold deposits in the region is at Tjårrojåkka, 50 km WSW of Kiruna. The deposits are hosted by strongly sheared and metamorphosed intermediate volcanic rocks and dolerites and show a structural control. The Tjårrojåkka iron deposit is a typical apatite–iron ore of Kiruna-type and the Tjårrojåkka copper occurrence shows the same characteristics as most other epigenetic deposits in Norrbotten. The host rock has been affected by strong albite and K-feldspar alteration related to mineralisation, resulting in an enrichment of Na, K, and Ba. Fe and V were depleted in the altered zones and added in mineralised samples. REE were enriched in the system, with the greatest addition related to mineralisation. Y was also mobile associated with albite alteration and copper mineralisation. The Tjårrojåkka iron and copper deposits show comparable hydrothermal alteration minerals and paragenesis, which might be a product of common host rock and similarities in ore fluid composition, or overprinting by successive alteration stages. Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of the alteration minerals (apatite, scapolite, feldspars, amphiboles, and biotite) indicate a higher salinity and Ba/K ratio in the fluid related to the alterations in the apatite–iron occurrence than in the copper deposit, where the minerals are enriched in F and S. The presence of hematite, barite, and in SO₄ in scapolite suggests more oxidising-rich conditions during the emplacement of the Tjårrojåkka-Cu deposit. From existing data it might be suggested that one evolving system created the two occurrences, with the copper mineralisation representing a slightly later product.