Fraunhofer 漂浮式雷达与固定式测风塔测试阶段结果对比

为了验证国内首批漂浮式雷达测风装置的相关性和可靠性,了解设备测风精度的真实水平,在福清兴化湾样机试验风场区域通过漂浮式雷达测风装置与岛屿固定式测风塔同步测风。利用3个月的实际测风数据,对比分析岛屿固定式测风塔测风数据和漂浮式雷达测风装置在10,70,90和110 m四个高程的风速和风向数据,验证2种设备测风数据的完整性、合理性和相关性,最终论证漂浮式雷达测风装置在风速和风向方面的可靠性。对比结果表明:漂浮式雷达测风装置数据合理,完整率达到90%以上,相关系数超过0.95,漂浮式雷达测风装置各高度风速、风向均满足风资源评估的要求。     

海上风电测风塔的选型

风资源的获取与评估是风电前期投资的一项重要工作。作为海上风电,需要动用船舶、浮吊等海上工程机械,施工局限性大,成本高。对目前国内外已经使用的各种测风塔进行了比较,分析了各种测风塔的优缺点,选出适用于海上风电的测风塔塔架和基础形式,为海上风电的开发提供了理论指导。     

一种新型激光雷达测风浮标设计及海试应用

精确获取剖面风数据对海上风电场规划选址、风能资源评估等至关重要。针对测风塔建设成本高、拆卸移动困难,而传统浮标电源供给较小、摇晃角度大等缺点,设计一种新型激光雷达浮标,实现了对目标海域的风资源剖面数据的观测、解算与自存储。在南海海域进行海试应用,并对观测的剖面风数据和传统大型海洋资料浮标风数据进行同步比测分析。结果表明,激光雷达测风浮标的测量结果与大型浮标测风数据吻合较好,风速R~2相关系数达到0.975,风向R~2相关系数达到0.932。该研究成果可为激光雷达测风浮标在海上风电开发和开展风场变化的科学研究等提供参考。     

舟山摘箬山岛风能资源评价

文章利用摘箬山岛风电场70 m高测风塔2011年1月—2014年1月的观测资料,对平均风速、风速频率、风向频率、风能频率、有效风力时数及风功率密度等风能参数进行计算分析,并依据国标《风电场风能资源评估方法》(GB/T18710-2002)中风功率密度等级划分标准对风电场的风能资源进行评估。结果表明:风电场各高度年平均风速在3.28~6.56 m/s,风速频率主要集中区间为1~8 m/s,有效风力时数为54.5%~86.9%,年平均风功率密度为54.8~283.2 W/m2。风电场10 m和70 m处主导风向分别为N风和S风,频率分别为13.0%和13.4%,主导风能分别为N风和NNW风,频率分别为14.7%和14.8%。该风电场风功率密度接近3级,具有一定开发利用价值。     

台风“达维”影响期间江苏海域台风浪研究

2012年 10号台风“达维”是历史上登陆长江以北的最强台风。以 NCEP 风场和 J el es ni ans ki经验模型构造台风风 场,利用波浪谱模型 SW AN 对“达维”影响期间江苏海域台风浪进行数值模拟,模拟结果和实测结果吻合较好。在利用实 测风、波浪资料验证的基础上分析江苏海域台风浪的时空分布特征。“达维”影响期间,测风塔 100 m 高度实测最大风速为 42. 2 m/ s ,实测最大波高为 6. 17 m。数值模式结果显示江苏外海有效波高最大值超过 9 m,台风移向的中心右侧风速和有效 波高均较大,波向基本与风向一致;在台风移向的中心左侧一般风速较小,风速和有效波高也均比右侧小,波向与风向不一 致。在近岸台风浪要素受地形影响较大,与外海特点不同。     

关于海面风应力的计算问题

海面风应力是大气通过海面直接向海洋输送动量的唯一方式,它密切联系着海洋动力要素(海流、海浪、风暴潮等)的发生和发展。因此无论从动力海洋学和海洋气象学的理论抑或实用预报角度来看,风应力的研究历来是个十分重要的课题。由于海上测风资料十分匮乏,广义的风应力的研究应该包括两方面的问题:(1)海面风应力和海面测风高度上风速的关系;(2)海面测风高度上的风速和海面地转风的关     

福建沿海地区海陆风的时空分布特征

本文利用福建沿海8个70 m及2个100 m高度梯度测风塔1 a的多层风观测数据,分析福建沿海海陆风的时空及日变化特征.10个测风塔均匀分布于从南到北沿海,2009年6月1日～2010年5月31日开展了为期1 a的观测,采用50 m高度夜间02:00时前后的风向度数与午后14:00时前后的风向度数相减,其差值的绝对值在90°～270°之间,并且海风及陆风的维持时间均大于3h,定义为海陆风日.分析表明,受台湾海峡的影响,福建沿海海陆风日数南、北多,中部少,中部沿海海陆风日在44～ 60 d之间,长乐以北沿海为66 ～ 94 d,漳浦以南为69 ～92 d.海陆风的季节变化表现为春季最多,夏季其次,秋季最少.海陆风的日变化特征表现为:春季陆风变海风的时间在09:00 ～10:00时左右,夏季在08:00 ～09:00时左右,秋冬季在09:00 ～ 10:00时左右;而海风变陆风的时间各季均在20:00时左右.海陆风的转换一般从低层开始,至100 m高度相差30 min左右;由于受地形的影响,福建沿海大多数海陆风日有其特点,即风向转换时角度变化较小,风向不与海岸线垂直,反而近于与海岸平行;海陆风转换时,当海风为偏北风时,上午陆风变海风时风向顺时针偏转,傍晚逆时针偏转,由海风变陆风;当海风为偏南风时,正好相反.     

海上多桶复合式测风塔基础设计

多桶复合式基础在国外海上风电工程中已有少量使用,而国内目前多用于海上石油平台,海上石油平台主要承受竖向荷载为主,而测风塔作为典型的高耸结构其主控荷载为水平荷载,其竖向极限承载力、水平向极限承载力、抗倾覆性能、在往复荷载作用下的变形特性等研究的较少,相关的计算方法还不成熟。文章基于漳浦六鳌海上风电场测风塔建筑工程,介绍海上多桶复合式测风塔基础的设计及施工关键技术,可为类似结构设计与施工提供参考。     

渤海湾北岸海陆风及湍流强度特征分析

利用渤海湾北岸祥云岛岸基站2017—2018年观测数据和两座梯度测风塔2011—2013年观测资料分别分析了当地海陆风和湍流强度特征,并重点对不同天气系统所致大风条件下的湍流强度特点做了剖析。结果表明:渤海湾北岸海陆风特征明显,昼夜风向主要由SSW向ENE转变,夏季昼夜风向转换尤为显著。整体而言,风速和湍流强度随高度增大分别呈增大、减小趋势,且近海面层湍流强度小于近地层湍流强度。湍流强度具有显著的季节性特征,夏季大、冬季小、春秋季变化不明显,且近海面层湍流强度相对近地层变化平缓。近海面层70 m及以下湍流强度在偏东大风条件下反而比近地层湍流强度大,雷雨大风期间近海面层和近地层均出现湍流强度随高度增大而增大、风速随高度增大而减小的特殊情况,台风靠近风塔时各层风速显著增大、湍流强度变化不明显,但台风中心到达时湍流强度迅速增至峰值,二者时间一致并早于风速最小值出现时间约1 h。近海面层和近地层有8%～10%样本的湍流强度超出了IEC-61400设计标准,建议渤海湾北岸风力发电风机抗湍流参数调整至0. 43～0. 49。     

利用机载GNSS反射信号反演海面风速的研究

全球卫星导航定位系统的反射信号(GNSS-R)遥感技术作为一种新型的、低成本的、高机动性的海面微波遥感测风技术,与其他测风手段优势互补,可以增加测风手段的多样性,弥补局部测风手段不足的状况。研究了接收机在机载高度时,GPS反射信号功率理论模型四部分函数的性质,在此基础之上,数值模拟了机载高度下理论相关功率波形,基于海面风速对波形峰值与后沿的影响,提出了一种能够兼顾所有理论波形信息的二维插值风速反演方法。利用该方法,结合实测机载数据对海面风速进行反演,反演的风速均值与附近测站风速均值相差为1.4 m/s,与浮标数据相一致。     

风浪状态对海面风应力影响的初步研究

利用新近提出的海面风应力系数线性参数化理论,定性地分析了已有风应力和风浪的观测数据。分析发现这些观测数据表明在小波陡的情形下海面风应力系数随风速的变化较大波陡的情形更加迅速。结果定性地倾向于支持Toba等的结果,即成熟的风浪较年轻的风浪更加粗糙。     

Correction of the effect of relative wind direction on wind speed derived by advanced microwave scanning radiometer

The sea surface wind speed (SSWS) derived by a microwave radiometer can be contaminated by changes of the brightness temperature owing to the angle between the sensor azimuth and the wind direction (Relative Wind Direction effect: RWD effect). We attempt to apply the method proposed by Konda and Shibata (2004) to the SSWS derived by Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on Advanced Earth Observing Satellite II (ADEOS-II), in order to correct for the RWD effect. The improvement of accuracy of the SSWS estimation amounts to roughly 60% of the error caused by the RWD effect. Comparison with in situ observation at the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array shows that the root mean square error of the corrected SSWS is 1.1 ms⁻¹. It is found that the impact of the RWD effect on the estimation of the latent heat flux can amount to about 30 Wm⁻² on average. We applied the method to the SSWS derived by AMSR for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) and obtained a similar result.     

风向对航母甲板风影响的大涡模拟

采用低速气流运动控制方程组和湍流大涡模拟方法,研究了来风风向对航母甲板风的影响,得到了不同来风风向条件下,艏艉对称面附近、甲板上方低场及航母后方某点处压力和垂向速度随时间的变化关系。结果表明:航母有一定角度的侧向风对舰载机起飞有利,右舷风比左舷风有利;从有利于舰载机着舰角度看,右舷来风较左舷来风有利;从舰载机着舰下滑稳定性上看,来风风向角度越小越有利。     

The effect of statistical wind corrections on global wave forecasts

The skill of modern wave models is such that the quality of their forecasts is, to a large degree, determined by errors in the forcing wind field. This work explores the extent to which large-scale systematic biases in modelled waves from a third generation wave model can be attributed to the forcing winds. Three different sets of winds with known global bias characteristics are used to force the WAVEWATCH III model. These winds are based on the Australian Bureau of Meteorology’s ACCESS model output, with different statistical corrections applied. Wave forecasts are verified using satellite altimeter data. It is found that a negative bias in modelled Significant Wave Height (H_s) has its origins primarily in the forcing, however, the reduction of systematic wind biases does not result in universal improvement in modelled H_s. A positive bias is present in the Southern Hemisphere due primarily to an overestimation of high H_s values in the Southern Ocean storm tracks. A positive bias is also present in the east Pacific and East Indian Ocean. This is due both to the over-prediction of waves in the Southern Ocean and lack of swell attenuation in the wave model source terms used. Smaller scale features are apparent, such as a positive bias off the Cape of Good Hope, and a negative bias off Cape Horn. In some situations, internal wave model error has been compensated for by error in the forcing winds.     

降雨对SAR风场反演的影响及校正

合成孔径雷达（Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR）在风场反演中发挥着重要的作用,但由于受到降雨的影响,海面风场的反演精度会随之下降。本文利用Radarsat-2 SAR观测数据,准同步降雨数据和再分析风场资料对2014年台风"威马逊"外围风场受降雨影响的情况进行了分析,建立了雨致海表阻尼后向散射系数受降雨强度,入射角等因素影响的拟合模型,并对降雨引起的信号衰减,后向体散射进行了评估。实验发现雨致海表面阻尼作用抑制风致海面波的影响十分明显,且降雨造成的信号衰减随降雨强度和入射角的增大而增加,雨滴产生的后向体散射和雨致海表阻尼作用造成的后向散射系数变化随降雨强度的增大而增加,随入射角的增大而减小。实例表明本文建立的模型能够有效改善降雨条件下SAR风场的反演精度。     

考虑非线性频散效应的风浪关系及其应用

随着我国沿海地区海洋经济的快速发展,相关海域的风浪规律的研究越来越受到人们的重视。依据Toba的风浪3/2指数律和非线性频散关系推导得到一个新的波陡波龄关系式,简化获得适用于深水情况下的波陡波龄关系式;基于考虑非线性频散效应的波龄波陡深水关系式,并结合有效波能量平衡方程,进一步推导出包含非线性频散效应的深水海域风浪公式。利用新的深水风浪公式,并结合Mitsuyasu开阔海域风区、风速经验公式,研究了江苏沿海海域的风浪规律,且与NCEP再分析风浪数据以及其他公式结果进行对比分析。分析结果表明所获得的新深水风浪公式适用范围更广,且在只考虑风速这个单一参数条件下计算得到的江苏外海波浪要素与NCEP再分析风浪数据吻合程度最好,且更接近其他学者的研究成果。计算过程可避免开阔海域风区长度推算的不确定性和人为因素所产生的误差,可为我国风浪成长规律的理论研究和海洋工程深海风浪要素推算提供参考。     

Rainfall effect on wind waves and the turbulence beneath air-sea interface

Rainfall effects on wind waves and turbulence are investigated through the laboratory experiments in a large wind-wave tank. It is found that the wind waves are damped as a whole at low wind speeds, but are enhanced at high wind speeds. This dual effect of rain on the wind waves increases with the increase of rain rate, while the influence of rainfall-area length is not observable. At the low wind speed, the corresponding turbulence in terms of the turbulent kinetic energy （TKE） dissipation rate is significantly enhanced by rain- fall as the waves are damped severely. At the high wind speed, the augment of the TKE dissipation rate is suppressed while the wind waves are enhanced simultaneously. In the field, however, rainfall usually hin- ders the development of waves. In order to explain this contradiction of rainfall effect on waves, a possibility about energy transfer from turbulence to waves in case of the spectral peak of waves overlapping the inertial subrange of turbulence is assumed. It can be applied to interpret the damping phenomenon of gas trans- fer velocity in the laboratory experiments, and the variation of the TKE dissipation rates near sea surface compared with the law of wall.     

小清河口附近海域泥沙运动特征及风场对泥沙输运的影响

根据对莱州湾内小清河口附近海域的海流、含沙量、底质类型分布的观测资料,并结合数值模型的计算结果,分析了该海域的泥沙输运趋势及底床冲淤变化情况。从整个海区来看,含沙量总体趋势为由岸向海逐渐增大,并呈现出北高南低的分布特点,在小清河入海口东北方向海域有一含沙量高值区;底质泥沙的分布沿纵向等深线显示了自岸向海由粗到细的分布规律,沿横向呈北细南粗的特征;浅滩泥沙局部搬运是泥沙淤积的主要来源,河口北侧海域有一较大侵蚀区,淤积区主要分布在河槽以南的滩涂和近岸区域,风场对该海域泥沙输运影响非常显著,小清河河口附近区域在一般天气下海水较清,如遇海向大风,则水体浑黄,但风后悬沙很快沉降,水体又变清。利用数值计算的方法研究了风场对该海域的影响,其影响大约是无风时平均值的10倍。     

Water-temperature effect on the spectral density of wind gravity waves and on sea-surface roughness

The results of hourly measurements of sea roughness and hydrometeorological parameters, which were automatically taken from special buoys over a long period of time, were used. These buoys were located in the open regions of both the Atlantic and Pacific oceans in different climatic zones; the mean water-surface temperature around the buoys varies from 1–3°C to 26–28°C. In addition to measurement results, the tables contain data on the spectral density of sea roughness for a wide range of frequencies. An analysis of these data, which was made for a short-wave region of the wind-wave spectrum, for the first time revealed a noticeable watertemperature dependence of the spectral density of wind waves within the frequency range 0.30–0.40 Hz, which corresponds to wave lengths of 9-4 m. The presence of such dependence is explained by a rapid temperature change in kinematic sea-water viscosity. Earlier, we indicated the temperature dependence of only very short spectral components that relate to a centimetric wavelength range. The statistical significance of the watertemperature effect on the spectral density of waves of the indicated frequency is supported by the results of a variance analysis. Temperature variations in the parameter of sea-surface roughness, which is determined, first of all, by the energy of the spectral shortwave region, are estimated. Altimetry is the basic method which is used in remotely determining the velocity of near-water wind. This method allows one to obtain records of deviations of the sea surface from the geoid surface and to calculate (on the basis of these records) the spectral density of wave components of almost any frequency. It is known that the wave-spectrum components in the region of low frequencies are almost always affected by ripple. Consequently, the energy of these components is determined not only by wind forcing, and only the components in the range of frequencies exceeding approximately 0.3 Hz are purely windy. Therefore, using the results of sea-surface altimetry in order to determine the velocity of near-water wind, one should use the spectral densities of wave components in this frequency region. The water-temperature dependence of the spectral density of short wind waves is manifested only in a certain frequency interval, which supports this recommendation.